aon’s 11 th energy insurance training seminar
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Aon’s 11 th Energy Insurance Training Seminar. Overview of Energy Insurance Euan Nicholson. Upstream, Midstream & Downstream. Onshore….. Downstream / Midstream. Midstream Definition: After initial production until point of sale ( processing, storage, transportation and marketing) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Overview of Energy Insurance Euan Nicholson
Aon’s 11th Energy Insurance Training Seminar
Upstream, Midstream& Downstream
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Onshore….. Downstream / Midstream
Midstream Definition:
After initial production until point of sale ( processing, storage, transportation and marketing)
Downstream definition:
After Production phase until point of sale
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Where does Offshore end and Onshore begin?
• Rig – Tanker – Processor
– Oil is onshore as soon as it leaves the flange of the tanker.
• Rig – Pipeline – Processor
– If the pipeline goes straight from the rig, offshore market can provide cover all the way to the refinery.
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History of Refining
• First ever refineries….
– Jaslo, Austrian Empire (now Poland) in 1854-56
– Small refineries.
– Whaling
– Kerosene for lamps.
The process has become increasingly complex …
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Onshore Facilities: Types of Plant
Types of Non-Marine onshore plants:
Refineries
Ethylene Plants
Aromatics
Oil/Gas Stabilisation
Oil/Gas Storage
Pipelines
Transportation
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Onshore Facilities: Chemical Plants
Downstream derivatives:
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
PTA (Pure Terephthalic Acid)
MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether)
Synthetic Rubber
VCM (Vinyl Chloride Monomer)
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Why Refine?
Crude Oil needs to be processed.
Oil Products:
– Gas
– Naptha
– Kerosene (Aviation Fuel)
– Light and Heavy Gas Oils
– Lubricants
– Gasoline
– Tar
– Coke
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Why Insure?
• Onshore hazards:
– Fire
– Explosion
– Lightning
– Aircraft
– Storm
– Flood
– Earthquake
– Machinery Breakdown
– Sabotage, riots, strikes, civil commotion, malicious damage…
– War, terrorism
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Resulting damage… Big Spring 2008
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Resulting damage… Big Spring 2008
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Big Spring loss 2008
• Loss Limit
– US$350,000,000
– EML now clearly too low
• Loss Cost
– Vastly in excess of US$350,000,000
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Closer to home…
• Coryton Refinery
– Partial Loss in October 2007.
– Small fire in dehexaniser column.
– Affected production but not distribution.
• Buncefield storage depot, December 2005
– Physical Damage loss.
– Damage to surrounding property.
– Negligence!
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Major losses in modern history
• Flixborough (1974)
– 28 killed, 36 injured.
– Poor engineering planning.
– BIG loss at the time.
• Phillips 66, Pasedena Chemical Complex (1989)
– 23 killed, 130-300 injured.
– Including BI, loss over US$1,000,000,000.
• Toulouse Fertiliser Plant (2001)
– 29 killed, 700 injured.
– Including BI, loss over US$1,000,000,000
All VAPOUR CLOUD
EXPLOSIONS
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Insurance
• The pooling of fortuitous losses by transfer of such risks to insurers, who agree to indemnify insureds for such losses, to provide other pecuniary benefits on their occurrence, or to render services connected to the risk
• So it is the transfer of loss and sharing of losses with others
– Risk Transfer
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Key Features of Insurance Contracts
• Indemnification
• Valuation of Insured Losses– Replacement Cost– Actual Cash Value (ACV)– Agreed-upon Value– Deductibles
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Physical Damage & Business Interruption
• Covers:
~ All Physical onshore assets, including:
– Refinery
– Pipelines
– Jetty
– Storage tanks
– Vehicles
– Unprocessed Oil and its products
• Premium setting:
~ Insurers will apply a rate to the sum insured to reach the premium.
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Long term consequences
Shareholder dissatisfaction
Lender dissatisfaction
Loss of continuity of market
Potential for sale & take-over of the business
Deferral of expansions
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Upstream: Exploration & Production
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Offshore Production and Drilling Platforms
Concrete gravity based structure
• Relies on weight to keep stable
• Made of steel and concrete
• Up to 300m jacket height
SPAR
• Deepwater
• Oil storage in hull
• Mooring lines connect platform to seabed
Tension Leg Platform
• Deepwater
• Tension legs permanently moored to seabed
• Hull is a buoyant structure
Conventional Platform
• Steel jacket supporting topsides
• Jacket legs piled into seabed
• Shallow – medium depth water
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Offshore production and drilling platforms cont.
FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading)
• Deepwater or isolated areas
• Low cost option
• Ability to weather vane
FLNG (Floating Liquefied Natural Gas)
• Gives access to stranded gas reserves that cannot be transported to land
• Liquefaction process takes place on board
• Deepwater and problematic areas can be accessed
• LNG takes up less space than natural gas
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Offshore production and drilling platforms cont.
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The scale of the industry
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Increasingly Complex risks
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Offshore Construction: Different Phases
Design
Engineering
Project Management
Testing and Commissioning
Installation
Hook-up
Fabrication
ProcurementOffshore transits
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Offshore Construction
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Deepwater Repair
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Deepwater Drilling Challenges
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Life is Risky….