“stand on the shoulders of giants,” but …. use your … · generation of cairo university...

“STAND ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS,” BUT …. USE YOUR OWN VOICE! On escaping the trap of plagiarism!

ILOS

¢  By the end of this module, each attendee should be able to: �  (Knowledge and Understanding: )

¢  5.1. Define plagiarism

¢  5.2. Contrast quoting, citation, and copy-pasting

¢  5.3. Identify why plagiarism is unethical and sometimes criminal

¢  5.4. Differentiate the different types of plagiarism and be able to distinguish them

¢  5.5. Propose alternatives for copying and pasting

ILOS

¢  By the end of this module, each attendee should be able to: �  (Skills):

¢  5.6. Be able to detect textual plagiarism in a given document ¢  5.7. Be able to interpret the output of at least one plagiarism-

detecting software ¢  5.8. Be able to properly cite and reference literature ¢  5.9. Be able to merge information from different sources

through rephrasing, paraphrasing, and writing

�  (Attitudes): ¢  5.10. Adopt a zero-tolerance policy towards any sort of

plagiarism ¢  5.11. Develop the right sensitivity towards detecting

plagiarized work and against copying in general ¢  5.12. Develop an attitude of independence and appreciation of

having a recognizable scientific style

PRELUDE: SOME ETHICAL GOLDEN RULES

¢  Do to others as you would like them to do to you

¢  When in doubt, follow your heart استفتِ قلبك

¢  (Unless you have OCD), if you feel it’s wrong, then there’s something probably wrong about it!

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

DEFINING PLAGIARISM

plagiarism |ˈplājəˌrizəm| noun the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

DERIVATIVES plagiarist noun, plagiaristic |ˌplājəˈristik|adjective ORIGIN early 17th cent.: from Latin plagiarius ‘kidnapper’ (from plagium ‘a kidnapping,’ from Greek plagion) + -ism.

TO PLAGIARIZE = TO KIDNAP

TO PLAGIARIZE = TO STEAL

TO PLAGIARIZE = TO LIE

http://images.clipartpanda.com/liar-clipart-liar-clipart-pinochio_liar.jpg

TO PLAGIARIZE = TO LIE

TO PLAGIARIZE = TO FALSIFY, TO MISLEAD

ACTIVITY # 1: THINK-PAIR-SHARE: WHAT IS AND WHAT ISN’T?

NOT Plagiarism Plagiarism


¢  In pairs (teams of 2): discuss whether the following situations are plagiarism or not

¢ Situations:

�  You copy an entire sentence from a reference you are citing in the introduction of your MSc thesis in physiology.

�  You rewrite, almost verbatim, the methods section from your past paper as you used the same method, but you avoid citing your past paper to avoid being accused of self citation.


�  You copy and cite a verse of a poem you are analyzing in a paper about Greek poets living in Alexandria.

�  You use a paragraph from a paper by your ex-supervisor, after carefully re-wording it. The paragraph cites two papers by Smith et al. and Johnson et al. You cite these two papers in the same paragraph, but you haven’t really checked them.

�  You used a figure from a paper published in PLoS ONE (an Open Access journal) under a CC-BY license. You cite the paper from which you used the figure and mention the license in the figure legend.


�  You were asked to write a review article about the latest advanced in your field of specialty. You used a really good review from 2013 that is outdated as a guide for structuring your review: you used the same rubriks and updated each of them totally using your style and including all new data.

�  After submitting an article that you genuinely and entirely wrote in your style, you found out many resemblances to an older paper that was assigned to you 6 years ago when you were studying your pre-master courses. It seems that your subconscious has retained many attractive titles of that old paper, and now you find textual overlaps!


NOT Plagiarism Plagiarism

IT’S NEVER BLACK & WHITE!

http://nangalama.blogspot.com.eg/2017/05/uganda-media-is-lying-to-nation.html


White List Black List Gray Area

TEST YOURSELF: MOMENT OF TRUTH!

¢ You discovered a “pandora box” in your late great-grandfather’s house. A box full of notebooks and old manuscripts that almost exist nowhere else. They have rich scientific material, illustrations, very old lectures by the first generation of Cairo University faculty members, etc.

¢ You can freely copy among these. It’s almost impossible that someone will catch any similarity in your work.

¢ WOULD YOU DO IT?

TEST YOURSELF: MOMENT OF TRUTH!

¢ You discovered a “pandora box” in your late great-grandfather’s house. A box full of notebooks and old manuscripts that almost exist nowhere else. They have rich scientific material, illustrations, very old lectures by the first generation of Cairo University faculty members, etc.

¢ You can freely copy among these. It’s almost impossible that someone will catch any similarity in your work.

¢ WOULD YOU DO IT?

Is it because you think it’s wrong

or because you’re afraid of getting

caught?

TYPES AND EXTENT OF PLAGIARISM

¢ Direct plagiarism �  Textual (words, titles, constructs) �  Conceptual (structure, ideas)

¢ Mosaic plagiarism �  Mix and match �  reorder

(“A cat and a rat had a fight over a hat” vs. “There was a fight between a rat and a cat over who gets the hat”)

¢ Accidental plagiarism �  Unlikely coincidences/ unintended/ subconscious

¢ Self-plagiarism �  What is “self”?

SELF-PLAGIARISM: WHAT IS AND WHAT ISN’T?

¢ You have two articles that debate the issue…

�  Depends on the field

�  Depends on the number of authors

�  Depends on the team authoring the study

ACTIVITY #2: CASE STUDIES à POLL

Activity 2 cases

TECHNICALLY, HOW TO DETECT? Plagiarism checkers

“SNIFFING” FOR PLAGIARISM

“SNIFFING” FOR PLAGIARISM

¢ The signs: �  Variability in language strength

(strong vs. poor English) �  Variability in style �  US vs. British English (e.g., color vs. colour) �  Misuse of pronouns: “In 2003 we found!” �  Misuse of tense

AUTOMATED DETECTORS

¢ Turn-it-in/ iThenticate ¢ ET-BLAST (currently not online) ¢ Grammarly (App) ¢ Plagiarism Checker

¢ AND… Google always work “slice by slice”

LET’S GET A BIT DEEPER Why one plagiarizes?

OPEN DISCUSSION: WHY ONE PLAGIARIZES?

¢ List of “excuses” �  Ignorance of the

concept? �  Poor language (non-

native speaker)? �  “Oral culture”? �  “It’s normal” �  “Everybody does it”

LET’S BE POSITIVE Avoiding plagiarism?

THE COMPONENTS OF AN ‘ANTI-PLAGIARISM VACCINE’

¢ Savoir (To know)

¢ Savoir fair (To do/ to master)

¢ Savoir être (To be)

1) “TEACH ME HOW TO FISH!” EMPOWERING (YOUNG) RESEARCHERS WITH TOOLS

¢ Which tools you think are the most needed for avoiding plagiarism?

2) “I WRITE THEREFORE I AM” BUILDING STYLE, IDENTITY, AND INDEPENDENCE

¢ How can we learn/teach others to have an independent style?

3) “YOU GET WHAT YOU REWARD” FIXING OUR REWARD AND INCENTIVE SYSTEM SINCE UNDERGRAD

¢ What are better alternatives than the current reward/promotion systems?

¢ What are possible minor improvements to the current system?

4) “DO WHAT I SAY NOT WHAT I DO!” à NO! *IT’S ALL ABOUT* BEING A GOOD EXAMPLE (TEACHERS, PROFESSORS, MENTORS)

5) “IT’S IN THE AIR” NURTURING A CULTURE OF HONESTY, INTEGRITY, AND INDEPENDENCE

THE COMPONENTS OF AN ‘ANTI-PLAGIARISM VACCINE’

¢ Savoir (To know): �  Clearly defining what plagiarism is �  Distinguishing the white, black, and gray areas �  Understanding and applying the rules of citing and

referencing

¢ Savoir fair (To do/ to master) �  Citation skills �  Language skills (paraphrasing, rephrasing, etc.)

¢ Savoir être (To be) �  Zero tolerance with misconduct �  Proactively building attitudes �  Being a good example �  New culture à new generation

ACTIVITY # 3: ONE MINUTE PAPER! WRITE A ONE-MIN PAPER ABOUT PLAGIARISM.

¢  In teams (3-5 members, and given printed resources (5-6 articles), spend 20 min to prepare one or two paragraphs (that will be read in one minute) about plagiarism.

¢ Skills to learn: �  How to cite properly �  How to use references without copy/pasting them �  How to merge, paraphrase, rephrase cited material �  How to seamlessly seal the deal: (i.e., reconcile

different styles, reconcile American vs. British English, etc..)

OPEN DISCUSSION: SPECIAL CASES: TEACHING MATERIAL

¢ What can I use and not use in teaching my lectures, including this workshop?

(Refer to IP lecture)

OPEN DISCUSSION: SPECIAL CASES: USING IMAGES IN PRESENTATIONS

¢ What images can I use from the Internet; how to use it; how to cite it; would I be in trouble?

(Refer to IP lecture)

USE YOUR OWN VOICE! AND LIVE HAPPILY EVER AFTER

On escaping the trap of plagiarism!

“stand on the shoulders of giants,” but …. use your … · generation of cairo university...

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