“construction aggregate - university of colorado boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/colorado-geology/timescale/
![Page 3: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Construction Aggregates“Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in drainage applications such as foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under foundations, roads, and railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or building), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.”
(Wikipedia, 2016)
![Page 5: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Concrete Aggregates The American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) publishes an exhaustive listing of specifications including ASTM D 692 and ASTM D 1073
http://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/library/materials/Aggregate/Aggregatesmain.htm
http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/PCA_manual/Chap05.pdf
http://www.concretenetwork.com/aggregate/
![Page 6: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Adapted from Brunkel (2012)
Igneous Rocks
![Page 8: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Two Types of Igneous Rocks
Extrusive, or Volcanic rocks Rocks formed from lava that crystallizes at the surface
Vulcan – god of fire
Intrusive, or Plutonic rocksRocks formed from magma that crystallizes at depth
Pluto – god of the underworld
![Page 10: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of Lava
Rhyolite Felsic lava
800°-1000°C Lower temp and higher silica = more viscous
![Page 11: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of LavaTypes of BasaltMafic Magma Flood Pahoehoe Aa Pillow
![Page 12: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of LavaAndesitic
Intermediate between basalt and rhyolite
![Page 13: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Felsic or Sialic Magma
Mafic Magma
Intermediate Magma
![Page 14: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Igneous Textures
Factors affecting crystal size & texture: Rate of cooling Fast rate forms many small crystals Very fast rate forms glass
Amount of silica (SiO2) presentAmount of dissolved gases (volatiles)
![Page 15: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of Igneous Texture
Definite Extrusive textures:Glassy
Aphanitic – Fine GrainedVesicular - Holey
Pyroclastic – FragmentsPorphyritic – Fine & Coarse Grained
Definite Intrusive textures:Phaneritic – Coarse GrainedPegmatitic – Very Coarse Grained
Porphyritic – Fine & Coarse Grained
![Page 16: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Divergent Boundaries Newest crust
material being formed
![Page 17: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Continent-Ocean convergence
![Page 18: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Global Pattern of Volcanism
![Page 20: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Extrusive Igneous
Volcanic Erupts at the surface of the Earth Magma/lava cools very RAPIDLY, crystals do not have time to
form, very fine grained crystal structure
![Page 23: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Aphanitic texture (Fine Grained)
Rapid rate of cooling of lava or shallow magma
Very small crystals
May contain vesicles (holes from gas bubbles)
![Page 24: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Extrusive Igneous Basalt is the most common example, dark, black, dense, no
mineral grains- iron rich, olivine, dark minerals
![Page 25: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Glassy texture
Very rapid cooling ofmolten rock at surface
Unordered ions are“frozen” before theycan organize as crystals
Resulting rock is called obsidian
![Page 26: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Vesicular Texture
Type of aphanitic texture
Bubbles from volatilegas
![Page 27: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
How to make Andesite
![Page 28: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Pyroclastic TextureComposed of fragments ejected during
violent volcanic eruption
![Page 30: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Anatomy of a Volcano
Conduit, Pipe, Vent, Crater, Caldera, Parasitic cone, Fumeroles
![Page 31: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Classified based on particle size:Ash and dust - fine, glassy fragmentsPumice - porous rock from “frothy” lavaCinders - pea-sized material Lapilli - walnut-sized material Particles larger than lapilli Blocks - hardened or cooled lava Bombs - ejected as hot lava
Materials Extruded During an EruptionPyroclastic materials – “Fire fragments”
![Page 32: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Pyroclastic flows Hot ash, dust, and gases
ejected from the volcano that rolls down the slope as a glowing avalanche
![Page 33: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pyroclastics
![Page 34: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
volcanic bomb- ejected as hot lava, streamlined
Bomb is approximately 10 cm long
![Page 35: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Intrusive Igneous
Magma/lava cools very SLOWLY, crystals do have time to form, coarse grained crystal structure
Three major rocks:- Granite: from sialic magma- Diorite: from intermediate magma- Gabbro: from mafic magma
![Page 38: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Intrusive Igneous
![Page 39: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sheet Joints
![Page 42: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Exfoliation, or sheet joints, are common in massive plutonic rocks, like this Sierra granite. These are likely produced by a combination of mechanisms, not simply load removal.
![Page 43: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The spacings between sheet joints tend to increase with depth and confinement (overburden), as shown in this Yosemite granite quarry
![Page 44: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Spheroidal Granite
![Page 47: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Weathering
![Page 48: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Engineering with Igneous
Parker Dam, AZ (pg. 279)
![Page 50: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Engineering with Igneous
Weathering products of volcanic rocks Depth of weathering inverse with joint spacing – which can
be highly variable Basalt deposits include minerals more readily weathered than
those of granite However they tend to look fresh because they are geologically
young In areas of older deposits – basalt goes to montmorillonite clay
![Page 51: “Construction aggregate - University of Colorado Boulder · reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041806/5e54751a9b47b91e35457136/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Engineering with Igneous
Highly variable
Multiple layers of different material Interbeds of impervious material
Deposits follow pre eruption topography Inverted topography
Welded vs. non-welded deposits