“A Wise Conservator”The Life and Times of

HENRY HILL GOODELL

Student of ConstantinopleSoldier of Abraham LincolnSamaritan of the College

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Henry Hill Goodell

President of the Massachuse!s Agricultural College(now the University of Massachuse!s Amherst)

In o"ce1883, 1886!– 1905

Preceded by James C. Greenough Succeeded by Kenyon L. Bu"er#eld

Member of the Massachuse!s House of Representativesfrom the Fourth Hampshire District

In o"ce1885–1886

Preceded by Chester H. GraySucceeded by Charles S. Boynton

Personal detailsBornMay 20, 1839Constantinople, O!oman EmpireDiedApril 23, 1905 (aged"65)Aboard the steamship Nacoochee on the AtlanticPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseHelen Eloise StantonAlma materAmherst College (B.A., M.A., LL.D.)

Signature

Military serviceNicknameDaddy[1], Harry[2]

AllegianceUnionService/branchUnion ArmyRankFirst LieutenantCommands25th Regiment Connecticut Volunteer InfantryWars/Ba!lesAmerican Civil War

# Bayou Teche Campaign# Ba!le of Irish Bend# Ba!le of Vermillion Bayou# Siege of Port Hudson

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Henry Hill Goodell (May 20, 1839 – April 23, 1905) was a professor of English and history, a lieutenant during the American Civil War, and one of the founders of the Massachuse!s Agricultural College (now the University of Massachuse!s Amherst), where he served as the "rst college librarian, the "rst director of the Hatch Experimental Station, and went on to become the seventh and longest-serving president or chancellor of the institution's history.[3][4]

Born in Constantinople, Goodell would spend much of his childhood in the O!oman Empire as his father, William Goodell, performed missionary work there. In 1856 he arrived in America, immediately enrolling in the Williston Seminary of Easthampton, Massachuse!s.[5] He graduated from the seminary two years later, and proceeded to enroll at Amherst College in the autumn of 1858. During his time in college, Goodell took great interest in the American Civil War, and considered it his duty to forgo his senior year and enlist in the Union Army. At the persuasion of friends and family, he waited one more year and "nished his studies, graduating from Amherst College in the class of 1862.[6] A#er brie$y running a recruiting station in New York City, to no avail, he le# for Hartford and enlisted as a second lieutenant in the 25th Regiment of Connecticut Volunteers. By the war's end he had achieved the rank of "rst lieutenant and went on to become aide-de-camp of Colonel George P. Bissell of the 3rd brigade, fourth division of the Nineteenth Army Corps.[7]

A#er the war, Goodell returned to Amherst and was appointed as teacher of social sciences at the Williston Seminary, a title he would hold from 1864 to 1867. In the year that followed, he was o%ered a professorship at the Massachuse!s Agricultural College by then-President William S. Clark; although Goodell's o&cial title was "Professor of Modern Languages", over the years he would serve as a lecturer in history, entomology, physiology, agriculture, zoology, elocution, and military tactics, as well as the secretary of faculty, and college librarian.[8][9] With President Greenough's resignation in 1886, Goodell reluctantly accepted the title of college president, a position he would "ll until his death in 1905.[10] During his incumbency, the college accepted more students than any previous time in its history; the "rst women were accepted, the practice of mandatory student farm labor ceased, the "rst student senate was created, the department of natural history was established, the Hatch Experiment Station was created, and the college's "rst doctorate degree was given in entomology.[11][12]

[13] However Goodell's in$uence was not limited to the a%airs of the college alone; he also was involved in the national development of higher education as a founding member, and eventual chairman, of the executive commi!ee of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.[14] He later became a prominent cabinet nominee, as a candidate for President McKinley's Secretary of Agriculture.[15][16] Goodell was viewed as a highly regarded "gure in the Amherst community as a whole, having served on several town boards and single-handedly developed the "rst card catalogue for the Amherst public library.[17] He remains the longest serving president or chancellor in the history of the University of Massachuse!s.

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Table of Contents

Education and Early Life 7

Civil War 8

Marriage and Family 12 $e Goodell House 12

Massachuse"s Agricultural College 14 Professor 14 State Representative 15 President 16 Acting President 16 Removal of President Greenough 16 Initial resignation 17 Academic expansion 17 Agricultural outreach 18 Development of the campus 19 Student relations 20 Librarian 22

National Work 26

Contributions to the Town of Amherst 29

Notable colleagues and pupils 29 Francis Amasa Walker 29 Sir Chentung Liang Chen 29

Personality and philosophy 30

Decline and death 31 Waning health 31 Funeral procession and burial 33

Legacy 35

Selected Works 37

References 38

Notes 39

Illustration Credits 53

Appendices 54 A. Helen Eloise Goodell 54 B. Prof. Charmbury and the American Tonic Sol-fa Movement 57 C. $e Annotated Memorial Booklet 59

Education and early life'e seventh child of missionaries William Goodell and Abigail Perkins Goodell (née Davis), Henry Hill Goodell was born in Constantinople on May 20, 1839.[5][18] As a boy, he was home-schooled, with his sisters teaching him English, mathematics and history, his father serving as his Latin teacher, and having picked up Greek and French from others in Constantinople.[19] From the beginning Goodell took a deep interest in language and literature, and would o#en read books under the "g trees of his family's garden overlooking the Bosphorus. Coincidentally, one of the Goodell’s favorite childhood

authors, Jacob Abbo!, was an Amherst resident and professor himself.[20]

Goodell was barely a teenager at the advent of the Crimean War, and would witness many soldiers and the leaders of other nations pass through the capital.[21] Although he and his siblings were born in the O!oman Empire, both of Goodell's parents originally hailed from Massachuse!s; the Goodell name (alternatively spelt Goodale) was one from the early Puritan se!lers of the Massachuse!s colony, with over 80 listed as soldiers in the American Revolution.[22] At the age of 17, Henry Goodell, accompanied by an older sister, le# for the United States on a sailing ship, and a#er sixty-seven days at sea arrived in New York City on October 7th, 1856.[23]

Almost immediately upon landing in America, Goodell enrolled in the Williston Seminary of Easthampton, Massachuse!s, and graduated a year early with the class of 1858. In autumn of that same year he entered as a freshman at Amherst College, where he made many friends with faculty and students alike. Goodell was extensively involved in the student government, contributing to the class's biography as well as a compilation of the college's songs. He would also become a member of the college chapter of the Psi Upsilon fraternity.[24][25] During his time in college Goodell became increasingly interested in joining the Union Army but was ultimately convinced by his friends and colleagues to "nish his studies, instead devoting more of his time to gymnastics and military classes before graduating in the class of 1862.[26]

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Williston Seminary campus, c. 1856

Civil WarIn 1862, Goodell le# for New York City, and opened a recruiting station there within months of graduation. 'is endeavor proved to be unsuccessful however, with only one prospective enlistee who turned out to be a taylor interested in peddling his business cards; by the end the third week Goodell gave up on the venture, and le# for Hartford to enlist in the 25th Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry.[27]

On August 16th, 1862, Goodell enlisted under the rank of second lieutenant in Company F, called "Naphey's Brigade" by the soldiers for its commanding o&cer, Captain George H. Napheys. 'e companies of the 25th, under the direction of Colonel George P. Bissell, departed from Hartford on November 14th, 1862 to rendezvous at Centreville, New York (present day Ozone Park, Queens) with Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks.[28] A#er two weeks had passed, Company F was about to depart from Brooklyn on November 29th when orders came down that they, and several other Companies of the 25th were to remain there until departure with the 26th Connecticut Volunteers. Unfortunately, the orders came in late enough that the tents, blankets and baggage of those remaining behind had already gone ahead with the rest of the 25th.[29] A#er much delay, Goodell and much of the remaining regiment set sail onboard the USS Merrimac,[30] leaving port on December 18th, 1862. Nine days later the ship made a stop at the port of Hilton Head, South Carolina for repairs.[31] A#er several more days at sea the company arrived in New Orleans; much of the regiment stopped only brie$y to rest before continuing to Baton Rouge. In his correspondence, Goodell was decidedly unimpressed by the architecture of the city, noting "Its stores and principal buildings cannot compare with those of N[ew] York";[32] he did however marvel at the $ora of the region writing of "citrons almost as large as my head and lemons as would make the heart of a thri#y house-wife rejoice."[33]

While Goodell's company was delayed in New York, General Banks had departed with the others on November 29th, arriving in New Orleans on December 14th, 1862, days ahead before the remaining Connecticut troops le# port.[28][34] Two days later, General Grover would depart with some of those forces for Baton Rouge; it was in the best interest of the Union Army to use this city as a garrison to launch an o%ensive against the Confederate stronghold of Port Hudson. 'ese regiments took control of the city almost immediately upon arrival, as they were met with no resistance from a small group of retreating Confederate soldiers.[34] General Banks realized that in order to aid General Grant in taking Vicksburg, he would need to create a safe route for troops leaving New Orleans, which would only be possible by defeating the Confederate army to the west of the Mississippi.[35] 'is would be the beginning of the series of ba!les now known as the "rst Bayou Teche Campaign.[35]

On January 15, 1863, Goodell and the remaining companies of the 25th Connecticut were sent northward up the Mississippi to Baton Rouge. 'ere they would join several other companies of the 25th and would be merged with the 13th Connecticut, 26th Maine, and the 159th New York into the 3rd Brigade of the Fourth Division of the Nineteenth Army Corps.[35] Goodell's le!ers seem to indicate that he enjoyed his "rst active duty stationed outside of the Louisianan capital, with his sole complaint being the lack of books and non-army literature.[36] In another le!er he would go on to request that a former classmate routinely send down copies of 'e Spring"eld Republican, and also described at length the growing impatience of the men at the camp, many of whom had been struck with fevers since their arrival.[37]

'is all changed when on March 10, 1863, Admiral David Farragut requested that General Banks aid him in ge!ing his $eet past the ba!eries of Port Hudson; it was the admiral's hope that he could intercept Confederate troops to the north and assist General Grant in the siege of Vicksburg.[38] 'e 25th Connecticut along with a cavalry and an artillery unit were sent behind the fortress to create a diversion, but by the time they were within cannon-shot of the stronghold, it was too late.[38] Of the four ships in the $eet, only the $agship USS Hartford, and its cohort the USS Albatross, managed to make it past the gun"re. Sometime a#er midnight, the frigate USS Mississippi was grounded and subsequently torched to prevent her capture. 'e resulting "re quickly spread to the ship's armory, triggering a massive explosion. 'ere were a great number of casualties, and those who did survive were taken aboard the remaining ship.[38] Although this is well recorded by others on the ground, Goodell's account of these events remains missing from university records.[38] During the war Goodell was also

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a correspondent for the (original) New-York Observer, as his brother-in-law, Dr. Edward Dorr Gri&n Prime, was a contributing editor there. 'e paper, originally a Presbyterian publication, became an increasingly secular account of the Civil War and is described in the WorldCat library catalog as "one of the important New York journals in the period a#er the Civil War".[39] While no comprehensive archive of the Observer currently exists, Goodell's le!ers to the paper are remain under the care of the Louisiana State Museum, and "contain information concerning prices, a!itudes of Confederate women... [and the] cowardice of Federal o&cers."[40] Goodell did nonetheless describe the weary retreat back to Baton Rouge, and noted that the following day's heavy rain likely prevented the Confederate infantries from advancing on Union troops.[41]

A#er returning to camp Goodell and a few other troops were sent o% on a foraging trip, during which they managed to cull a couple of stray cows and stumbled upon an abandoned sugar plantation, returning to camp with a $ask of sugar water as well. Over the next few days the troops remained at rest, Goodell met with several classmates from Amherst who were enlisted in the 52nd Regiment Massachuse!s Volunteer Infantry; for the next days he exchanged stories with them and passed time smoking the peace calumet. 'ings remained quiet in the camps as much of the "ghting was still far to the north, until on March 20, 1863 when marching orders came down from the military brass to return to Baton Rouge. From there the companies travelled further south to Donaldsonville, and then on to Brashier City [sic].[42] In his le!ers Goodell describes a long, confused and demoralizing march, with the troops traveling to deserted towns and parishes day by day, while anxiety and uncertainty grew over when the next "ght would be.

During this time, General Banks had commanded other regiments in the Ba!le of Fort Bisland on April 12, 1863. 'is key victory would lead to the Union's relative success in the "rst Bayou Teche Campaign, as it was the the defeat of the last Confederate forti"cation holding back the Union's southern Louisiana o%ensive. With the fall of Fort Bisland, Banks a!empted to place his troops along the routes of the the retreating Confederates, while Confederate general Richard Taylor made every a!empt to regroup and slow Banks' advancement to his ultimate objective- Alexandria, Louisiana. Brigadier General Cuvier Grover had been leading his division (of which the 25th Connecticut was a part of) to cross Bayou Teche and siege Franklin, Louisiana. When Taylor heard of this advancing threat, he withdrew his remaining troops from Fort Bisland and had them intercept Grover's forces. 'e early morning ba!le that ensued was an intense display of gun"re, with shots peppering the air so thick they could be seen pi!ing the ground surrounding the Union troops. Goodell had two bullets narrowly graze him, with one cu!ing the sleeve of his le# arm and the other passing across his baldric. In his le!er he estimates that 2/3rd's of the Union's losses occurred in a span of less than ten minutes. 'e companies had no choice but to fall back until reinforcements arrived; Goodell mentions an a!empt to carry back a fellow wounded soldier, only to "nd him dead in his arms, killed by a stray shot.[43] 'e 25th Connecticut regiment was ahead of the other companies at the time the shooting broke out, and though Colonel Bissell, running up and down the lines, managed to leave the ba!le unscathed, much of the regiment that did survive endured gruesome injuries. For the la!er part of the ba!le Goodell and four other soldiers were ordered to carry out reconnaissance work in the woods and report back on the whereabouts of the Confederate troops. With the arrival of the remainder of Grover's Union troops in the late a#ernoon Taylor had no choice but to call for a retreat; the Union won the ba!le, but not before the loss of over 300 of its own troops.[43] For his service in the ba!le, Goodell was promoted from Second Lieutenant to the rank of First Lieutenant of the 25th's Company F.[44] 'e next morning, the brigade set out for New Iberia with General Emory's troops "ghting o% rebel forces ahead of the company. When they arrived in New Iberia, they found the town to be "more union than [they had] previously seen...of a be!er class than the ordinary run".[43] 'e troops were able to stock up on basic necessities and reportedly discovered one its churches loaded with powder and munitions. On April 17th, a twenty-mile trek was made by the division with Emory's men talking an alternate route, and a#er several exchanges of gun"re and a number of casualties, the brigade was forced to a halt as the Confederate troops burned the next bridge in their path. 'roughout the night shots were "red by artillery from both sides of the river until Taylor's troops "nally withdrew; this exchange came to be known as the Ba!le of Vermillion Bayou. Goodell's regiment spent the next day rebuilding this bridge before proceeding north to Opelousas. By April 20th

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the temporary capital of the Confederacy had fallen, and the 25th Connecticut was stationed in Barre's Landing, a small village to the east.[43] Goodell had become far more optimistic since his last writing, exclaiming in his next le!er that "the rebel capital of Louisiana...has surrendered at discretion and lies prostrate at the feet of the American eagle...Since the ba!le of Irish Bend we have pressed the rebels hard all the way to O[pelousa], "ghting with their rear guard and taking prisoners all the way and they were so completely demoralized that they sca!ered in every direction."[45]

By May 1st, the soldiers had received their "rst pay in six months. Many of them needed to send it o% to family who had not seen any money since their departure for the war. Lieutenant Goodell was nominated by Colonel Bissell and voted unanimously by the regiment to carry the pay back to New Orleans.[46] He was miles from the line of "re (then in Alexandria), but Goodell got no rest during this mission. A#er the money had been counted and the addresses of delivery were "lled, Goodell boarded a recently captured Confederate steamer with a haversack stu%ed with the pay. 'e small ship also carried the brigade's sick and wounded, but contained no locked rooms or safe, so the bag remained in Goodell's possession at all times. When he later recalled the journey, Goodell described the South's beautiful $ora and fauna in great detail but also the lingering feeling of suspicion and urgency that came with his cargo. By 2AM the ship had broken down three times and Goodell, now pacing the deck, decided he'd best meet his connection on foot. He had 5 hours to make it to Brashear City, where a single train was to depart for New Orleans. At the break of dawn he le# with a wounded private from his regiment who insisted on joining him. 'e two made their way through the mud and Spanish moss for several miles, dropping out of sight at the sight of any "gure in the distance. Once they'd reached the open "elds, Goodell's companion began to fall behind. Goodell told him that he could not a%ord to wait any longer, and proceeded to stand him up at a tree, "and taking his gun marched o% a couple hundred yards, then la[id] it down...shouted to him to come on...[and] set o% at the top of [his] speed." Goodell would never see the man for the rest of the war but was apparently able to make amends with this private many years later.[47]

"At the last reunion I a!ended, I was called upon to respond to the toast '"e Postal Service of the Regiment, and What You Know About It," and at the conclusion of my remarks, a stout grizzled veteran grasped my hand and said: 'Look, I'm glad to see you. I thought it pre!y cruel to leave me alone in Dixie, but you had warned me beforehand and I guess you were right.'”

Goodell did his best to avoid towns the rest of the way there, running across "elds in the "nal stretch of his journey. He arrived at the departure point just a#er 6 o'clock and, a#er ge!ing a freedman to take him across the river, ran for the train. In his later account of the incident Goodell a!ributed his extra gym training at Amherst College the year before for the stamina he had to reach the train in time. He arrived in New Orleans on May 2nd, late in the a#ernoon. Having had no sleep and nothing to eat for the last day, he made his way to the express company o&ces and retrieved around "ve hundred money orders and envelopes for the pay. A#er grabbing supper and a drink at a saloon, he set down in his room, locked the door and began counting out the money. To his astonishment, he found its value totaled at $24,346 dollars (approx.

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Published version of a map of the Ba!le of Irish Bend drawn by Goodell in a le!er to a "iend.

$450,000 in 2011 U.S. Dollars[48]). A#er barricading his door with a table and "wedging a chair in between it and the bed, [he] thrust the haversack between the sheets...[and] laid [his] revolver by his pillow," before ge!ing his "rst sleep in nearly two whole days. Upon obtaining receipts for the pay the next morning, he was berated by the clerk when he had told him he'd kept this sum in his room during the night. Fortunately, by the time the money had arrived in New York, only 1 envelope of the entire regiment pay was ever misplaced, for which the delivery company assumed responsibility.[47] Goodell rejoined the ranks of the regiment on their way south from Alexandria. A#er meeting them at Simmesport, he distributed pay receipts to each soldier over dinner and the next day the regiment continued on its march toward Port Hudson.[49] 'e rest of Goodell's accounts focus primarily on this siege. A#er taking the steamship Empire Parish down to Bayou Sara on May 21st, the troops continued on foot through a number of skirmishes before se!ing up their encampments outside the fortress. Goodell continued to record the drills of day to day military operations but also mentioned some rather amusing details such as going black-berrying out under the Port Hudson artillery at 4 in the morning.[50] Ba!eries were set up, charges were made (unsuccessfully), territory was gained and lost, and the siege drew on for months, until the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg fell on July 4th, 1863. Upon hearing this the Union troops immediately broke out into cheers, while the Confederates would not yield until July 8th, once the siege was con"rmed. With the previous day spent negotiating the terms of their surrender, the Confederates at Port Hudson laid down their arms on July 9th, 1863. By that time Goodell had been promoted to aide-de-camp of Colonel Bissell; the 3rd Brigade of the 4th Division was under his command during that last "nal day of negotiations. Goodell sailed north to Hartford, Connecticut with the rest of the 25th regiment; he was honorably discharged in Hartford, on August 26, 1863.[44]

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Marriage and familyTen years a#er his honorable discharge from the Union Army, Goodell married Helen Eloise Stanton on December 10, 1873.[APPENDIX A] Helen was the daughter of John Stanton, a wholesale iceman from New Orleans, and though it isn't known exactly how she and her husband met, her brother Charles Stanton was a member of Goodell’s graduating class.[51]

[52][53] Helen Goodell was among the founding members of the Amherst Woman's Club, and was o#en present at college socials, town meetings and the banquets that she and her husband would hold for visiting academics and o&cials at their home.[54][55] 'e couple would have two sons, John and William. 'eir eldest son John Stanton Goodell, named for his mother's father, would go on to become a civil engineer and worked for a number of railroad companies in the westward states.[56] 'eir youngest son, William Goodell, was named for Henry Goodell's father, the abolitionist missionary. 'ough it would seem equally "!ing had he been named for Goodell's brother, the prominent gynecologist from Philadelphia, as William the younger would go on to pursue a medical degree himself.[57]

#e Goodell HouseWithin a year of his marriage, Goodell purchased land from Levi Stockbridge and the Westco! family of Lincoln Avenue, just to the south of the agricultural college at 43 Sunset Avenue.[58] 'ough $anked by other buildings today, the spot was originally chosen for its clear view of Hadley farmland, the Connecticut Valley and its picturesque mountain scenery.[59] One account from the Jones Library lists the house as having been built in 1875, with E. C. Jones, a civil engineer from Northampton, as its chief architect.[60] However, no additional sources con"rm this; it cannot be said to what extant Goodell was involved in the planning of the house, though its design is described in Norton's Guide to Amherst Architecture as "too self-conscious and abreast of the times to have been drawn by anyone other than a professional."[58] 'e house, being modern for its time, was built in the Victorian Stick Style, and was one of the earliest in Amherst to incorporate such amenities as a furnace, and hot running water.[61]

'ough the college president's house (presently known as "Hillside", the Chancellor's House) had been "nished and previously occupied by President Greenough by the time Goodell assumed o&ce, he insisted that he remain in his own home as it was much closer to town. 'e president's house was brie$y occupied by Henry Alvord, then the new professor of agriculture but following his later resignation, its subsequent tenants remain in obscurity.[62] Goodell's own home would serve many of the same functions as its campus counterpart, and during his two decade tenure as president he hosted many functions there. 'ese socials were o#en held during the visit of the thirty or so members of the state commi!ees of agriculture, military, and education, and were regularly a!ended by the faculty, their families, the Experiment Station sta%, and a number of college alumni. On one occasion a reception was held in honor of Sir Henry Gilbert, a world-renowned British chemist and pupil of Liebig, who, with agriculturalist John Bennet Lawes pioneered crop and animal sciences and established Rothamsted, one of the "rst agricultural experiment stations in the world.[63] Initially, Gilbert was to deliver a series of lectures at the Chicago World's Fair but for reasons unknown, these arrangements had fallen through; it was soon decided that these lectures were to be held at one of the country's agricultural colleges instead and of those that applied, the Massachuse!s Agricultural College was chosen. Gilbert gave a series of six lectures in the Old Chapel that were open to the public, with many of the townspeople in a!endance and typewri!en excerpts of the lectures sold by request.[64][65][66]

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#e Goodell House, c. 1890

Many guests were present at the Goodell house reception, among them were Amherst College Professors Harris and Tyler, as well as President Merrill Gates, and many unnamed prominent citizens of the town.[63]

'e house was kept by the family a#er the Professor Goodell's death in 1905, and served as the summer home of Chinese ambassador Liang Chen, who had been close friends with Goodell and his family since his boyhood as an exchange student in Amherst.[67] 'e house remained in the care of Goodell's widow, Helen Stanton, for a number of years until she died in 1928,[68] leaving it in the care of their youngest son, William.[58] 'ree years later William Goodell would sell the house to Robert Frost, who had just been o%ered an English professorship by Amherst College.[69] Frost lived there for a number of years but a#er his wife, Elinor, passed away in 1938, he le# Amherst and sold the house to Amherst College. Although he and his family had only lived there for seven years, the building is best known today as the "Robert Frost House".[61] For nearly three decades, Amherst College owned the estate, using it to accommodate new faculty members before it was sold in 1961; the house now serves as a private residence.

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Massachuse!s Agricultural CollegeA#er his discharge from the army, Goodell spent nearly a year living in Hartford, focusing only on catching up with his reading. Not long a#er his return to Massachuse!s he was conferred an honorary master's degree by Amherst College for his years of service. Not altogether certain what his future career would be, he moved to Easthampton, Massachuse!s in the next year and taught literature studies at his other alma mater, the Williston Seminary. In addition to his English duties, he was also the school's "rst instructor of anatomy and physiology.[70] During his time there he worked alongside such notable colleagues as Francis Amasa Walker and Charles Henry Parkhurst,[71] and would continue to teach at that institution until 1867 when he was approached by Col. William Clark. Goodell would later recall the events that followed at an alumni dinner a#er Clark's death in 1886:[72]

"It was in the summer of 1867 that I received a brief note #om him asking me to come to Amherst and see him. No building had as yet been erected, and the several farms of which the college property was composed had not yet been thrown into one. Leading me out into the $elds, very near where South College now stands, he unfolded his plans, and turning to me with his hand on my shoulder said: '"ere is a great and glorious work to be done. Will you come and help?' And what could I do with that eye looking straight into mine and that hand resting on my shoulder, but say, 'I will'"

Clark had been professor of botany and chemistry at Amherst College during Goodell's time there, and had been an acquaintance of his over the years. 'ough the exact nature of their relations is unknown, Goodell, not unlike Stockbridge and Goessmann, remained a con"dant of Clark's for many years.

ProfessorIn the "rst years of the college, Goodell, being one of only four faculty at the time, also assumed the duty of giving the entrance exams in history, geography and English to new students.[73] O&cially he was "Professor of Modern Languages", but his responsibilities extended far beyond this title; over the next twenty years he taught the "rst classes in entomology, zoology, anatomy, physiology, history, gymnastics and military tactics among other subjects.[74] Drawing on his experience in the la!er, he was an accomplished instructor of gymnastics and military science, being the "rst to head the modern-day equivalent of the college ROTC which was "rst required in the Morrill Land Act of 1862. During the state legislature's "rst visit to the college, Clark gave a tour of the facilities while Goodell drilled the students in "an exhibition of military tactics and light gymnastics", the discipline of which decidedly impressed the visiting statesmen.[75] Goodell's o&cial tenure as head of military sciences was short-lived, as in 1867 an order was issued by the Department of War amending the Morrill Act's requirements with the establishment of military professorships at public colleges around the United States.[76][77] A#er a period of consultation and organizing, Captain Henry Elijah Alvord was hired by the Massachuse!s Agricultural College in 1870 as the new Professor of Military Science; Alvord would later serve as the college professor of agriculture.[78] Other duties would occupy Goodell's time in the coming years, but he remained a friend of the o&cers who "lled this military seat and a mentor of the "Clark Cadets" long a#er taking his post as college president.[79]

Of the classes falling under his titular subject, Goodell was known to have given lectures on rhetoric, elocution, English, French, German and Latin with an emphasis on literacy rather than $uency for French and German.[74][80] For a number of years he also served as the college's chief lecturer of history, with lecture subjects ranging from 2nd century Europe to the history of Islam and the prophet Muhammed, to the founding of colonial America. Evidently the student body thought highly of his own teachings, as the class of 1886 formally passed a motion that put him in charge of appointing guest lecturers.[81]

'ough o&cially the professor of modern languages, Goodell was the college's "rst instructor of the natural sciences. In the early years of the college's existence he brie$y taught classes in entomology and zoology as well as anatomy and physiology.[74] Although he only taught these courses brie$y (most during the year of 1869-1870), Goodell remained dedicated to the subject of natural history outside of the classroom as well. For six weeks during the winter of 1869-1870, he accompanied

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the notable entomologist, paleontologist, and fellow lecturer Alpheus Spring Packard, on an expedition to Key West and the Tortugas, where he helped to amass a large collection of crustacean specimens.[82] A#er students founded the agricultural college's Natural History Society in 1883, Goodell remained extensively involved in its a%airs, organizing "eld trips, as well as securing the services of several guest speakers even while assuming his regular duties as secretary of faculty (from 1882-1886) and as college president.[83][84]

State representative Goodell never showed exceeding interest in political o&ce, but in his early years he remained active in the Hampshire County Republican Party,[85][86] serving on its commi!ees and participating in its caucus on a regular basis. Although he had always been a prominent member of the local branch of the party, he had never sought candidacy until a turn of events brought him to the memberships a!ention at a momentous caucus on October 27, 1884.[87] 'ough the exact details of this meeting remain lost to history, the party was evidently divided over its priorities at the time, and in a state of relative dismay. In the midst of this confusion it was decided by the caucus that Goodell should be nominated for the election, not necessarily as a "dark horse" but rather as a member who "was likely to unite con$icting interests and secure victory for the party at the polls.”[87] Initially Goodell declined, he didn't seem to enjoy the a!ention and had no intention to run against the other nominee who, for many years "had been like a father to him."[87] However, support for his name remained overwhelming and in the end he accepted the nomination, winning an overwhelming majority of 517 votes out of the 793 cast.[87]

Goodell went on to win the general election and was elected as a state representative in the Massachuse!s General Court, serving the constituents of the (former) Fourth Hampshire County District, which consisted of the towns of Amherst, Pelham, Presco! and South Hadley.[88] Because of the distance between his home and Beacon Hill, he put his teaching duties on hold and stayed in the nearby United States Hotel during the legislative sessions.[88][89]

During his year as a legislator, Goodell managed to serve the interests of the agricultural college considerably. He obtained a seat on the joint education commi!ee, and with this position managed to meet many other statesmen interested in the cause of public higher education, some of whom would later serve on the board of trustees.[85][88] 'e college, which had been at odds with the legislature since its "nancial struggle in the late 1870s,[90] regained the legislature's respect chie$y through Goodell's e%orts; state senator and trustee William R. Sessions later proclaimed that he was "convinced that the favorable change in the temper of the Massachuse!s legislature toward the College, which set in at that time, and [had] continued ever since, was very largely due to President Goodell's in$uence on the representative men from all over the state, with whom he was brought in contact during that season's service at the State House."[87] Goodell managed to successfully advocate for appropriations to construct a new South College to replace the old building that had burnt down in the winter of 1885, and had secured funds for the new chapel and library. 'e contents of the la!er would be paid through President Greenough's e%orts to solicit support from alumni.[91] 'ough initially met with resistance,[92] Goodell had managed to turn the tables for the college both "nancially and politically, and would secure over $50,000 (more than $1.1 million in 2011 US dollars[48]) in his time at the state house. With these funds, new buildings were constructed,

15

#e United States Hotel of Boston, where Goodell stayed during his time as a legislator. c. 1904

repairs and improvements were made, and urgently needed supplies were purchased- ensuring much of the colleges newfound success and favorable publicity in the decades that followed.[87]

PresidentActing PresidentCon$icting reports exist that claim Goodell was "rst granted the responsibilities of the presidency in 1876 when President William S. Clark went to Japan to found the Sapporo Agricultural College.[93] 'is claim is limited to one account though and it is generally maintained today that Professor Levi Stockbridge had held this interim position.[94][95] With President Clark's resignation in 1879, Goodell was nominated as his successor by a poll of several alumni, though he expressed no interest assuming the o&ce and ultimately the board of trustees would appoint Charles Flint, the Secretary of the Massachuse!s Board of Agriculture, to this position.[96] A#er making what cuts he could to make the debt-ridden college pro"table again, Flint resigned at the end of the school year in 1880.[97][98] For the next two years this position was held by Levi Stockbridge, another of the college's founding four and the "rst professor of agriculture, until his retirement in the spring of 1882. Having brie$y worked for the college in 1866, Paul Chadbourne returned to the helm but was only able to perform preliminary curriculum work before his untimely death in February, 1883.[99][90] With Chadbourne's passing, Goodell served as acting president for the remainder of the semester, leaving the position in the following September when James Greenough became the college president, the "#h in 5 years.[10]

Removal of President GreenoughPresident Greenough was arguably one of the most successful presidents in the history of the college up to that time. In a span of only 3 years he had rallied the alumni to fund the new collections of the college's "rst library building (the new Chapel), oversaw construction of the Presidents' house, greatly raised the institution's academic standards, and made the college farm pro"table for the very "rst time.[100][101] Goodell had been working closely with Greenough as a state representative to raise the funds and support needed for these new projects.[102] However, Greenough was viewed as a very divisive "gure by the state's farmers and trustees, someone whose perceived interests did not align with those of the state's agricultural community.[101] 'ese tensions did not help when he instituted an annual election of faculty in an a!empt to remove professor of agriculture Manly Miles without directly seeking his resignation.[103] 'ough li!le information exists about the nature of their con$ict, it ultimately resulted in the board of trustees voting to keep Professor Miles and oust the incumbent Greenough. In the midst of division and shock among the board members, this vote was struck from the record and President Greenough was given the option to formally resign. Initially refusing, he eventually turned in his le!er of resignation days a#er the board had unanimously agreed to elect an apprehensive Goodell as their new college president.[103][10] In college histories since that time, this dismissal has been recorded with respectful ambiguity, with o&cial records leaving out the speci"c reason for President Greenough's resignation where it is alluded to.[104][105][106]

Initial resignationOnly 10 months a#er the controversial vote, President Goodell sent in his le!er of resignation, stating that though he was honored to receive the o&ce, he felt his health would not permit him to maintain its responsibilities any longer.[107] E%ective July 1st, 1887, he would step down as president and resume his sole duty as an English professor. With the next meeting of the trustees, the commi!ee on the course of study and faculty were assembled to confer with the president, in hopes that a compromise could be reached. A#er much discussion two resolutions were unanimously adopted by the college, the "rst stating that it was "with the most sincere regret" that they received his resignation and the la!er "earnestly requesting that President Goodell withdraw his resignation and continue to act as President of the College...trusting he will consent to withdraw his resignation".[108] Being the minority of the vote Goodell conceded, and decided to withhold his resignation until January 1st of the following year.[109][110] During negotiations he made it clear that he didn't want a motion passed that would have faculty take on his duties, believing it would make it appear that he did not have their full support. A#er some debate, the board agreed and noted it would not formally accept or reject the president's new date of resignation until its next meeting that winter.[109] When the New Year's Day of 1888 "nally arrived, the trustees o%ered their acceptance of Goodell's resignation on the condition that it be further delayed until July of that year. With some

16

hesitation of the president agreed to this concession, despite the calls from the faculty and students that he withdraw his resignation altogether.[111] At the next summer meeting of the trustees, a permanent accord was "nally reached; Goodell would remain president of the college and suspend his work in declamation and composition under the provision that these additional responsibilities not be assigned to another current member of the faculty.[108] 'e board agreed and in the end granted Goodell a personal amanuensis, who relieved him of the minutia in the college's day-to-day operations.[112] 'e ceaseless stalling of the trustees, faculty and the town had become a decided success, and Goodell never again found reason to resign.

Academic expansionAt the outset of his presidency, Goodell set to work modernizing the college in both faculty and facility, calling for the creation of new departments and the construction of lecture halls and laboratories to accommodate them. In 1886, he hired on Dr. Charles H. Fernald to chair a newly founded department of natural history. Fernald, who had previously been lecturing as a professor of natural history at Maine State College,[113] would maintain close ties with Goodell over the years and later served as acting president during Goodell's 1891 hiatus in Europe.[114] In 1890, Goodell had hired James B. Paige, an alumnus of the college himself, to chair the re-established veterinary science department which had previously been cut during the college's "nancial struggles.[115][116] In the same year he also brought on George F. Mills to chair the new English department; although Goodell himself had been professor of English literature since the college's inception, there was previously no department of English as literary classes had been divided between him and several of the other faculty members.[116] A#er just a few years with Goodell at its helm, the college was already gaining prestige in the public eye, although its raised academic standards were met with resentment by some in the alumni community.[117][118] In 1895, Philip Hasbrouck was hired to replace previous mathematics professor Clarence Warner; he would later become the "rst chair of the college's physics department.[119][120] With the retirement of the college botanist, Samuel T. Maynard, in 1902, esteemed landscape architect Frank A. Waugh was brought in from the University of Vermont, establishing the "rst landscape architecture program of any land-grant institution in the country.[121][122]

Under Goodell's administration, MAC began to o%er its "rst formal graduate programs. Although a number of graduates had studied under the faculty in years prior, their numbers had declined in the 1880s and no advanced degrees had ever been o&cially conferred.[123] 'e college's "rst graduate courses were initially o%ered in 1892, with the "rst master's degrees conferred upon two students in 1896. 'e "rst doctoral degree, one in entomology, would be presented to another student six years later.[124] Goodell also introduced the college's "rst two year agricultural program which, although short-lived, served as the predecessor of the Stockbridge School of Agriculture.[125][126] A second two-year program was launched in 1902, when the College partnered with Simmons College to o%er a non-degree horticultural program for women. In this curriculum, women would spend their "rst two years studying introductory coursework in Boston, and an additional year at MAC learning commercial gardening practices. 'ere was also an optional fourth year was o%ered for further academic pursuits, but by 1906 the program had folded.[127] With the college's diversi"ed curriculum, it became necessary to expand its faculty as well; in 1893, the "rst assistant professorships were created to "ll this need. Of the initial "ve, three were alumni of the agricultural along with a recent graduate of Amherst College.[128][129] By 1903 the "rst electives were o%ered to upper-classmen, a routine feature of colleges today.[130] By the end of Goodell's tenure, both the faculty and the student body had all but doubled in size and would continue to grow in the year's that followed.[131][132]

Agricultural outreach'e idea of the agricultural colleges had long been disregarded by farmers themselves, but by the end of 1880's the concept had begun to gain traction in the agricultural community. A number of steps were taken by Goodell during his tenure to extend the college's services to farmers in the Commonwealth.[133] 'e college had maintained an experiment station under the supervision Clark, Stockbridge, and Goessmann since 1878, making it the oldest agricultural experiment station to be associated with a state college (Connecticut's experiment station would be the "rst state experiment station associated with private institutions).[134][135] By 1882, the small enterprise had gained o&cial state recognition, and with Professor Goessmann serving as it's "rst director.[134] A year a#er Goodell assumed o&ce, the Hatch Act of 1887 was passed, and the

17

"rst Federally-funded experiment stations were established at land-grant institutions all across the United States. For the next "ve years the State and Federal stations functioned as separate departments under M.A.C., with Goodell chairing the Hatch Station and Goessmann maintaining the State Experiment Station.[136] Goessmann and Goodell would later oversee the consolidation of the two stations as director and vice president (respectively) of the 1894 commi!ee that brought this proposal before the Legislature.[137] Goodell served as director of this merged station for the remainder of his tenure.[138]

With the advent of the gypsy moth outbreak, Goodell took an active role in advocating for its extermination. In December of 1890 he wrote to Governor-elect Bracke! urging him to introduce a new measure in the Legislature for the removal of this invasive species. In the following year he would chair the state agricultural board's petition to Beacon Hill urging for immediate Legislative measures to be taken against the pest.[139] Goodell worked alongside Professor Fernald, who headed much of the state's gypsy moth work in the coming years, and encouraged a number of students to volunteer in the e%orts.[140] Regre!ably, none of them would see the day when Lymantria dispar, aptly named "the unequalled destroyer", was "nally eradicated from the Commonwealth.[141] Today, this invasive species still remains a major problem for many foresters and farmers in the Southern United States.

In his time, Goodell was known to have used his director's title to reach out to the state's farmers, giving lectures at several Commonwealth agricultural institutions, including the State Grange and the Massachuse!s Horticultural Society.[142][143]

[144] He would use these speeches and lectures in part to promote the college and experiment station but also to address issues facing farmers at that time. One of the his most prominent speeches was given before the National Farmers' Congress in 1899, in which he proposed that introduced seed varieties of foreign crops be tested through the experiment station's to demonstrate their productivity; a work which Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson was dedicated to at the time.[145][16] His most widely cited work is undoubtedly his history on "'e In$uence of the Monks in Agriculture", an address given before the State Board of Agriculture in 1901. In this piece he argued that monks were indeed the pioneering scienti"c agriculturists of Europe and the founders of English agriculture as it is known today. Since its publishing, this piece has been cited in several works for its portrayal of the church's early role in agricultural science.[146][147][148][149]

Development of the campusFrom 1885 to 1905, the campus witnessed unprecedented growth with real estate holdings increasing from $233,000 to $333,000 dollars by the time of Goodell's death[150][151] 'e State Legislature that had wanted to shu!er the College only a decade before, now began appropriating funds to update its campus infrastructure, with the construction of a modern sewer system and the electri"cation of several buildings.[152][153] 'e experiment stations were among the "rst of these projects, with the West Experiment Station completed in 1886 as a state facility and the East Experiment Station completed in 1887 through appropriations from the Hatch Act.[58] A#er Goodell's term as a representative, the college would enjoy support for many of its projects in the years ahead. Construction began on the pond, now a campus icon, in 1892 when alumnus engineer William Wheeler oversaw the construction of a stone dam in one of the campus streams.[154] During the winter of that year an unexpected frost nearly destroyed the incomplete dam, but it was saved through the e%orts of several students who made use of it later in the season for iceskating. Goodell and several of the faculty successfully rallied to fund the project and by 1893 the dam was completed and the interest was paid. [155] 'e pond was originally conceived for more practical uses than aesthetics, serving mainly refrigeration and experimental purposes before Waugh added his landscape of trees and undergrowth over the next few decades.[152]

'e College had been in need of new agricultural buildings since its initial decline in the 1870s, and President Greenough had emphasized the need for the chapel/library over the need of a new barn in the decade that followed.[156] By the time Goodell had become president the facilities were considered unsanitary and outdated by modern standards; their replacement would be crucial if the college was to be considered a model agricultural institution. In their 1893 annual report, Goodell and Professor Brooks, called on the Commonwealth to appropriate funds for a new barn, one with team-accessible $oors and a complete dairy.[157] 'is symbol of college pride soon became nothing short of a necessity, as the old main barn was destroyed in an arson "re on June 9, 1893. Fortunately student volunteers managed to save all of the

18

livestock and barn equipment as well.[158] Of this agricultural complex, only the horse barn remains standing today. Modernization continued as Goodell rallied for the construction of the college's "rst veterinary laboratory in 1898, which he asserted, was the "rst place in the state "where the prime object is the study of the diseases of domestic animals."[159] At the time, an estimated 6% of all annual livestock revenue was lost to illness, and states such as New York had allocated funds exceeding $150,000 for similar provisions. Presented with this statistic, the Massachuse!s Legislature granted Goodell's request of $25,000 and the laboratory that is presently known known as Munson Hall was completed in the spring of 1899.[160]

'e "rst women's dorm, Draper Hall, opened in February 1903.[161] 'is building also served as the college's "rst modern dining hall. 'e original mess hall, an unnamed building constructed in 1869, was described as being in such poor condition that "it [had] been patched up, until it [was] hard to locate the original structure...it was unanimously condemned."[162] 'e college power plant was built that same year for the cost of $35,000, and at the time was open "for students in mechanical and electrical engineering to observe the modern utilization of steam and electricity."[162]

Wilder Hall would be the last building constructed during Goodell's administration though it would not be completed until January 1906, nearly a year a#er his death. 'e building was "rst suggested by Goodell when he had hired Professor Waugh in 1902, but dispute over funding caused the project to stall. By the end of it's construction, it's initial proposed budget of $6,000 had risen to a grand total of just under $40,000.[163] 'is cost was not borne without distinction, it's unique architectural Cra#sman-style earned it a place with the Old Chapel in an 1982 survey by the Massachuse!s Historical Society.[164] 'e building was not only a source of pride for the college at the time, but remains historically signi"cant today as the "rst building in the United States dedicated to the study of landscape architecture.[165]

Student relationsFrom the beginning, Goodell maintained close and respectful ties with the student body. Indeed he lived with many of them in the dormitories until his marriage to Helen Stanton in 1873. In his earliest days as a professor, this young man, then in his thirties, was seen as a companion and brotherly-"gure to his students, o#en playing sports with them on their

days o%. In his obituary, George F. Mill's quotes one of these early students as saying "[Goodell] came closer to the college lives of the boys than any other professor, and his in$uence during his long years of service was wholly for the truth and the upli#ing of character."[166] He was described by alumnus Joseph L. Hills as "a persona grata to us all...[whose] kindness was not taken for granted, though students were known to heckle Stockbridge (another lauded "gure of the college), not once would they cross Goodell, even in jest."[80] It seems his interest in their wellbeing was not solely in their intellects, for even a#er he had moved out of the dorms he was known to look a#er those who were sick. In one of his journal

entries Hills recalls Goodell coming up to his room with a doctor to check up on his sick roommate, and that he had later sent up "a brace of quail, how like him!"[80]

Under Goodell, the student body consistently grew for the "rst time in the college's history; by 1890, the incoming class of freshman exceeded 1870's for the "rst in twenty years.[167] Even with this growth, Goodell remained troubled by the fact that one in three of the college's applicants were "plucked" by the entrance exams. He did not see the exams as the best measure of a student's potential and ascribed these failures to the way students were being advised; "the time devoted to preparation is too short".[159] As the student body grew, so too did the college's graduates. Goodell was also responsible for the "rst complete documentation of alumni, and compiled a former sta% and student directory with alumnus lecturer

19

Old Chapel overlooking the campus pond, with the North and South Colleges to its right, c. 1894

Frederick Tuckerman in 1886.[74] 'is catalogue received such praise from the community, that alumni organizations urged him to put together a second edition only a decade later, and Goodell was known to have kept correspondence with many former students throughout his tenure.[168][169][170]

Many reforms were made in the twenty years that Goodell presided over the college. Among the most important, was the admission of the "rst woman in 1892. From the president's 1893 report we learn that "one young woman, braving the discomforts of being the only one of her sex in college, joined the freshman class and did most excellent work, but lack of funds compelled her withdrawal before the close of the "rst term." He goes on to say "'ere is no reason why the young women of the Commonwealth should not avail themselves of the opportunities o%ered here. 'e doors are open, and they will be welcomed both by teacher and student."[154] Although initial female enrollment remained in the single digits, Goodell would continue to promote agricultural studies for women during his incumbency, speaking before the Amherst Woman's Club, as well as an audience that included the Secretary of Agriculture at a Woman's Congress summit in Boston.[20][171]

Student responsibilities were revised with the college's modernization. Under Goodell the "rst student council was formed, although it would be later reorganized under President Bu!er"eld. 'e "rst o&cial student newspaper, Aggie Life, was launched in 1890 and for many years served as a predecessor to the Daily Collegian. At some point a student senate was organized as well, but would later be restructured under President Bu!er"eld who would grant this body greater authority.[13] Despite his own position of authority, Goodell tried to listen to the wants of his students. A#er being criticized for banning the glee club from rehearsing in the chapel in 1892, he responded by organizing a College Singing School the following year under the direction of one Professor Charmbury. By the end of the year a signi"cant number of students had taken part in this voluntary program and the school was lauded as "a decided success".[172][173][Appendix B] Students were also relieved of mandatory farm labor duties; it was no longer considered relevant to the modern college curriculum, in his own words Goodell would inquire "Why should the boy who has hoed corn and dug potatoes all his life at home be set to doing it at college?".[124]

Although he had supported the construction of the Chapel-Library under President Greenough, Goodell had never been an ardent supporter of religion in public schooling. Indeed his lifelong friend Calvin Stebbins, a pastor himself, stated in his biography "many of the symbols of religion in common use were exceedingly distasteful to him...as president [he] a!end[ed] services at the College chapel, although he always maintained that the college, being a state institution, should not be connected with any particular form of religion."[174] While Goodell had allowed the services held at the college to continue for a number of years, he did not share the same passion for religious teachings as Greenough, who had, in his last year in o&ce, framed himself as the "College Pastor and Professor of Mental and Moral Science".[175] In 1899, Goodell made church service voluntary, and by 1903 regular Sunday services had ceased altogether, though optional weekday prayer services would be held through the end of his tenure.[176][132]

'ough he was widely seen as a friend of the students, the President was not one to ignore poor behavior. As Winthrop Stone described in his obituary, "his relations with students were "rm but kindly; severe in discipline, but only as a last resort."[170] Up until this time hazing had been openly practiced and o#en celebrated by upper classmen who would o#en promote such practices in the yearbook, accompanied by celebratory hymns and poetry. 'e most active

20

Cartoon of Goodell presiding over a theatre class; "om a student yearbook, c. 1893.

of these groups seems to have been the infamous "Owl Club", that o#en abducted and humiliated freshman in the wee hours of the morning. Despite known division amongst the faculty, Goodell set his foot down in 1895, expressly forbidding such activity for that year.[177] 'is initial expulsion seems to be temporary however, as the club resumed its activities in 1896 and 1897 before an ultimatum was "nally issued.[178][179] In 1898, he and the faculty issued a statement to the student council that the Owl Club and it's activities were to be permanently banned. 'is order was published in a ruefully-worded resolution by the sophomore class commi!ee which "deeply sympathiz[ed] with its bereaved patronizers."[180] Hazing would undoubtably persist in college cultures around the valley and the nation until the passage of preventative laws at the end of the century, but this resolution produced by "Prexy Goodell" was undoubtedly the "rst time it had been condemned on the public record. What may have seemed like a formality at the time, became an important step in the development of the college today.

LibrarianIt may be said that Goodell's greatest and most enduring accomplishment in his time at the college was the creation of its library. Although the library was o%cially established in 1865 with the founding charter, it remained in relative neglect for its #rst 20 years of existence.[181] $e #rst library collections were li"le more than 1000 books, mostly used for class curriculums, housed on the lower &oor of the #rst South College in a small room on its northwest side.[80][182] Reference books and reserve shelves did not exist, most volumes concerned practical information on agriculture, botany or chemistry and students were only granted access to these by request. More o'en then not, students were referred to Amherst College's library, of 30,000 volumes, located in Morgan Hall (the present day Basset Planetarium), but many of the students and faculty knew this was only of limited use, since the same books in

the extensive collection also served the faculty and students of that institution.[181][80] Although Clark requested new sciences building with an entire &oor devoted to a library, his calls went unanswered, as he had made this request in 1878, at a time when college was regarded unfavorably both by the press and government.[181][183][90]

Henry Goodell, who served as the college's early professor of both English and history, had always retained an interest for books and knowledge since his childhood days. Many of his Civil War correspondences describe the same euphoric reaction to receiving copies of $e Atlantic Monthly that one might expect from a soldier receiving his supply of tobacco.[184][185] It is also said that during his time teaching at the Williston Seminary he was on record as saying he was "beginning to have something like a passion for books";[80] it is important to note that he was not a

book collector or a bibliomaniac in the traditional sense, rather "literature was to him not so much an interpreter of nature and man, [but rather] a revelation of the widening possibilities of human life, of #ner modes of feeling, and of nobler thoughts."[186] It was by this philosophy that he set about collecting the college library, in the belief that "What tools and stock are to the workman, books are to the professor and student."[158]

From what li"le contemporary accounts exist, it seems that Goodell took up the post as librarian on his own accord.[187] Early on in the college's history there had been a tradition among students to gather at Professor Goodell's lecture room on a given night out of the year where di(erent periodicals would be auctioned o(.[182] As the college's #rst librarian, Goodell's #rst order of business was to single-handedly catalogue the library's extant collections in the Dewey decimal system, a'er which it was opened with regular hours for its #rst time in its nearly 20 years of

21

Goodell’s o$ce, c. 1898

existence. For the #rst time books were being regularly purchased through college funds as well as donations from alumni and the trustees, and Goodell would devote much of his time to raising the library to higher educational standards.[188]

A'er the completion of the Chapel Library in 1887, the library became an object of new possibility. Goodell would now hold regular library hours on weekdays during his o%ce hours (as the building also housed the president's o%ce) and additionally on weekends, giving students a place apart from their dorms to study and socialize.[189] One of the things he found most important was the need for a permanent librarian who could aid students in their research, as card catalogues were otherwise the only means of #nding books, a librarian knowledgable about the volumes they were concerned with was essential.[158] Goodell's library work was not, however, limited to the college, he also was extensively involved in organizing the town's Jones Library, having served on their book commi"ee, and most notably creating its #rst card catalogue, with some 7000 entries in his own handwriting.[17][80][190] Around the same time that he began building the college's library, he also received a job o(er from the Amherst College to serve as their librarian for the same salary he was receiving as president of the agricultural college, and though he turned down his alma mater, he did manage to open the #rst formal interlibrary loans between the two institutions thanks to an agreement made between he and President Gates.[191] [192] Over the next 15 years, Goodell would almost single-handedly expand the college library, o'en to be seen strolling down Lincoln Avenue to a brisk step with a stack of books in hand that would be added to the catalogue before the day was out.[80] Although the library mostly contained books on practical scienti#c subjects such as agriculture, chemistry and mathematics, these early collections were known to cover a wide range of other scienti#c and social genres. Among his thousands of literary procurements, Goodell was known to have purchased Charles Dudley Warner's book, As We Go., a collection of his Harper's Magazine essays, Travels in a Treetop, the lyrical writings of naturalist Charles Conrad Abbo", and !e Ancient Lowly,[193] a curious purchase for the time, as this book was wri"en by contrarian and social radical Cyrenus Osborne Ward. In brief, Ward was an anti-eugenics, anti-”Social Gospel” Marxist and socialist who had come to reject his brother, Lester Ward's, views of race, class, and the capitalist system.[194] An active organizer of early American socialism,[195] one of his major themes in the two-volume literary work was his view that Christianity was originally a communally founded religion. Wri"en through the eyes of the laborer with the few documents available, Ward argued that early Christianity had been a communal religion that was corrupted into an elitist doctrine once its supporters a"ained state power in Rome, granting authority to clergyman and a hierarchal church. Considering that Goodell was known to read many of his hand-picked purchases, it is especially interesting that he, a professed Republican with a reformed Protestant upbringing, would add a book to the agricultural library that "remained a Bible to generations of religious-minded radicals"[196] into the 20th century. If anything, such a case at least shows his desire to have a complete and thorough library, and his willingness to allow students to learn of views dissimilar to the societal conventions of the time. Another unique addition to this collection was a set of seven architectural plates of elaborate architectural designs, known as the "Jeypore Portfolio of Architectural Details". $ese lithographic plates, a gi' from Maharaja Sawai Madhu Singh of Jeypore, were created under the supervision of engineer Colonel S. S. Jacob and were distributed to many libraries around the world, including the New York Public Library, the Bavarian State Library, La Bibliothèque

22

nationale de France, and the University of Manchester among others.[197][198] A request had to be put in by the librarian of each public institution, and then the portfolio provided free of charge with the only costs being shipping. To have such an elaborate work given to an agricultural college must have seemed novel at the time to say the least; these plates are still available today in the W. E. B. Du Bois Library Special Collections for viewing and research.

Being an English professor, Goodell added the #rst works of literature, namely #ction, to a library that had otherwise been strictly scienti#c works, best known for its volumes on agriculture. Curiously enough Goodell seems to have downplayed these books, saying in one report that the collection, then numbering at nearly 10,000, was "not the ordinary run of books drawn from libraries (for the college library contains hardly #'y volumes of #ction), but sound, healthy books of instruction."[199] Two years earlier, however, he discloses that the library contained 285 volumes of literature,[200] leading one to believe that perhaps he had trivialized this number either to impress the governor for more book appropriations, or perhaps the "volumes of #ction" he referred to were those that he felt were not worthy of even being used in an English class. Today, one can only speculate.

$ough the library grew immensely from year to year, Goodell was hardly parsimonious with its collections. Following the University of Virginia's "Great Rotunda Fire" of 1895, which had all but destroyed their library, Goodell sent along 30 "valuable volumes of scienti#c works" and the student body sent with this a formal resolution o(ering condolences and any assistance that the university so needed to rebuild a'er the tragedy.[201] A number of books on agriculture were also donated by him to the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts that same year.[202]

By 1899 Goodell's health, duties and involvement in a(airs outside of the college led him hire on the #rst full-time librarian, Miss Ella Frances Hall, to assist him with in building upon and curating the growing reserves.[188] During Goodell's tenure as librarian, the college library had increased nearly ten-fold, from just under 3000 unsorted books, to an impressive, organized collection of nearly 27,000 volumes at the time of his passing. He had also used his national in&uence to lobby, with limited success, for the acquirement of Federal agricultural documents for the college library, and it appears that some resolution was passed that made the chapel library an early Federal depository, although the Congressional act that made all land-grant libraries depositories would not be implemented until 1907, two years a'er his death.[203][204][205] $e library was seen a symbol of pride to the college, central to its faculty, alumni and students, and Goodell made sure that the college community could bene#t from it, frequently requesting for the contribution of student publications, and also using the revenue from late fees to help fund the

college's relatively new athletics association.[206] With the wide array of books that had accumulated in the last 20 years, the library, at least once contemporarily referred to as "$e Goodell Library", was regarded as a one of the best selected and arranged agricultural libraries in the country at that time, surpassed only by the National Agricultural Library in Washington.[80]

[207][170] By the end of Goodell's life, the Chapel library had long since reached capacity, with many infrequently circulating books being placed on top of shelves or in piles on the &oor. From 1903 until his passing, Goodell would continue to lobby for the construction of a new, larger, #reproof library building to accommodate these growing collections.[161][208] However, like many times before, this request remained unanswered. Following his death others continued to appeal for this new library, and a'er

23

#e Chapel in 1904, for many years this building housed the college library. #e Olmsted Road elms can be seen in the foreground.

thirty years of de#cient funds and revised blueprints, the Goodell Memorial Library was erected in 1935.[209] A monument to his achievements, Goodell would have been astonished to see that over a century a'er his work, the University of Massachuse"s library system remains one of the largest libraries in the world, with more than 3.5 million volumes. Today, it consistently ranks among the top 100 libraries in the United States.[210][211][212]

24

National workSoon a#er assuming the presidency, Goodell's in$uence began to extend past the college and the Commonwealth, and became directly associated with the national organization of the agricultural experiment states and colleges. A#er two decades of mixed success, the agricultural land-grant colleges were met with skepticism and uncertainty. At the same time, the country had been experiencing lackluster crop yields. Many farmers found themselves in debt and the relative amount of research going into agricultural science was still minute compared to that of Europe, where, in a land without virgin soil, successive methods were needed to maintain a steady supply of food for an increasingly dense populace. A#er intense debating in Congress through many dra#ed bills, the Hatch Act of 1887 was signed into law, and in 1887 the "rst federal experiment stations of agriculture were established.

With the founding of these national experiment stations, it became apparent that an organization would be needed to represent their mutual interests, and so in that same year the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations was founded.[213] From the beginning, Goodell and the Massachuse!s Agricultural College had a say in its formation with Henry E. Alvord, the college's professor of agriculture, serving as the head of the association's "rst executive commi!ee.[214][215] Goodell joined their ranks the following year alongside Alvord who, by that time, had been made the president of the Maryland Agricultural College.[216] He would remain on the executive commi!ee until 1902, serving as the association's president in 1890 and then the executive commi!ee chair from 1894 until his retirement from the commi!ee in 1902.[217] 'roughout Goodell's tenure, many resolutions would be introduced and passed through his e%orts and those of his colleagues. Of these introduced resolutions, many focused on such subjects as the organization of the association, collection of intercollegiate statistics, the publishing and distribution of agricultural literature, and the curricula of the land-grant colleges. Even a#er relinquishing his executive commi!ee position, Goodell remained involved with the association, a!ending meetings as a regular delegate and introducing his own resolutions, one notable motion calling for the documentation of the origins of the experiment stations.[218]

Goodell’s work with the Association wasn't solely on internal a%airs alone; although his never was a household name, for a few brief moments he held a spot on the national stage. In 1893, he served as chairman of the Association's cabinet commi!ee, which formally recommended Maj. Henry Alvord as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture to President-elect Grover Cleveland.[219][220] Although there is some evidence that the President-elect acknowledged this commi!ee, he was at odds with them from the start, having appointed conservative Democrat J. Sterling Morton as his Secretary of Agriculture. In April of 1893, only a month a#er Morton's appointment, Goodell wrote to Penn State president George W. Atherton, that "there seems to be in [Morton's] mind...a rooted antipathy to anything connected with college or station."[221]

Further personal exchanges from Alvord revealed that Morton saw the stations as "useless" institutions, and indeed Morton was known to have felt this way about all public research, having once asked an employee to give him "a single instance where any good had resulted from any scienti"c man working under Government employ."[221] Early on in negotiations it seems Goodell managed to keep incumbent Assistant Secretary Edwin Willits on until an agreement could be reached, but in the end Morton refused to appoint Alvord to the position.[222] By December of that year another candidate, one

25

Charles W. Dabney, had been hired on.[223] Secretary Morton may have embodied all that Goodell and the Commi!ee were against, but it seems that Dabney's appointment played in their favor, as he himself was an agriculturalist and would go on to serve as an experiment station director and land-grant president later in life.[224]

For a brief time in 1897, Goodell was considered for a cabinet position in President-elect McKinley's administration, having been listed as a prominent candidate for the title of Secretary of Agriculture.[16] A#er some period of time it seems he met with McKinley in his travels, and dismissed the o%er; alternatively McKinley may have dismissed Goodell, having chosen another candidate. No formal account of their meeting is currently known to exist.[15][225]

26

Contributions to the Town of AmherstAlthough his responsibilities in Washington and at the college took much of his time, Goodell was devoted to the Amherst community, and remained an active and in$uential "gure there, contributing to the town's welfare in a myriad of ways.

For decades he was extensively involved with the town library,[226] serving a number of positions on its commi!ees, as a member of its board of managers (1878-1880, 1886-1905), the treasurer (1880-1881), the library association president (1881-1885), a member of the "nance commi!ee (1893-1905) and a member of the book commi!ee (1878-1881, 1883-1905), becoming chairman of the la!er from 1886 until his death. Among his many responsibilities there, he oversaw the creation of the town’s "rst catalogue, hand-wrote the card entries for over 7000 of the collection volumes and also produced the library's annual reports for the years of 1881, 1882, 1886-1888, and 1896.[227]

Having served in the Union army himself, Goodell was frequently involved in the town's veteran a%airs as a founding member of the local E. M. Stanton post of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Loyal Legion. In 1889, he was appointed to a commi!ee of three to compile a complete list of soldiers from Amherst who served during the Civil War and ultimately oversee the construction of the town monument, a set of marble slabs with the names engraved.[228] He was also associated with the Grace Episcopalian Church, having served as a clerk, vestryman, and delegate to the Diocesan Convention for a number of years. Widely known in the community, Goodell was a charter member of the Amherst Club,[229] its vice president from 1894 to 1897 and its president from 1887 to 1889.[227]

Goodell would also make many speeches outside the college on a variety of subjects, including several at the alumni meetings of his alma mater, the Williston Seminary,[230] an address to the Amherst Woman's Club on the writers of Amherst, and one to the Pi!s"eld Wednesday Morning Club on the "Charitable Institutions of the Middle Ages".[231] In response to the Armenian massacres of 1895, the town of Amherst held a mass meeting on February 13, 1896, over which Goodell presided. Drawing on his knowledge of the O!oman Empire, he addressed the crowd, outlining the atrocities commi!ed by the Turks. He then closed by appealing to the town citizens to make donations to aid the Armenian people and in the following weeks, collections were taken for such a fund at the college chapel, with considerable success.[232] Goodell would give many more lectures in Amherst and across the Commonwealth, continuing to speak at many societies and events up until a year before his passing.[233] [234]

27

Notable colleagues and pupilsFrancis Amasa WalkerAccording to Stebbins' biography, Goodell worked alongside several other notable "gures in education during his brief tenure at Williston Seminary. Among these was Francis Amasa Walker, who would later be credited with securing the future of the Massachuse!s Institute of Technology.[235] Having both a!ended Amherst College at the same time, Walker and Goodell remained casual acquaintances for a number of years.[53] Walker was known to have criticized Goodell and had openly mocked the concept of agricultural colleges , but even as he and Goodell were fervently competing for Federal grants for their respective institutions, both presidents "came into court every morning, shook hands, cha!ed together and addressed each other by the old familiar names of 'Frank' and 'Harry.'"[2]

Sir Chentung Liang ChenIn 1872 the Chinese government sent over 120 male students of high ranking families to the United States to study at several prestigious American schools and universities.[236] A small cadre of these boys were sent to Amherst, where they were taken in by a number of host families in town. One of these boys was Liang Chen, then known by the name Pi Yuk, or "Pi[e] Cook", as the students would call him.[237] Liang spent his "rst couple years in America living in Amherst, where he became $uent in English and gained a notable reputation for his skill at baseball. At some point in his time there he was introduced to President Goodell, who took an immediate interest in tutoring the boy, having been born in a foreign country himself. 'ough Liang never lived with the Goodell family, he was a frequent guest of theirs, and was known to have planted at least one of the trees on the house's property with the president's youngest son, William.[67]

In a two year's time, Liang enrolled at the Phillips Andover Academy where he excelled in his studies and entered the annals of the academy's athletic history for his triple hi!er that had won the school's championship over Exeter Academy's baseball team.[237] He had planned to enter Amherst College a#er graduation, but was promptly recalled home along with the other exchange students in 1882. By the time he returned to Amherst, Sir Chentung Liang Chen had been appointed ambassador to the United States. In his time doing diplomatic work as a delegation secretary for China he had been knighted by Queen Victoria, made a member of the French Legion of Honor, Russia's Order of St. Ann, as well as the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun. He was also the ambassador who had negotiated with 'eodore Roosevelt on the terms of American reparations for the Boxer Rebellion.[238] Despite his departure from Amherst, Liang Chen had been made an honorary member of the Amherst College class of 1885, the class he would have graduated with had he not been recalled to China. With his arrival in 1903, he had brought along several young men he wished for Goodell to send to the area colleges. Sir Liang's life had come full circle.

When Goodell passed away in 1905, the ambassador was in Washington at the time but caught the "rst train up to Amherst, cancelling two weeks of appointments in the process. Of Goodell he would say, "he has been as a father and a brother to me."[239] Sir Liang would spend his next summer in Amherst, and was the keynote speaker at the Chinese Student Alliance convention held at M.A.C. the following year; a delegation that consisted of some 300 students.[240] All of this stemming from the unlikely friendship forged between a young Chinese student and an American English professor.

28

Personality and philosophyGoodell was generally described as a man of "active humanitarian sentiment"[2] having a cheery disposition, kind but stern. When he wasn't disciplining his students, he was known to humor them; "a lad translating the German word 'bauer' meaning peasant called it 'pheasant'. Quick as a $ash, Goodell looked up over his glasses and exclaimed, 'Don't make game of the poor chap'.”[80] One of the most revealing passages we have of his character comes from the childhood memoirs of Mrs. Mary Adèle Allen, who had grown up in Amherst at that time. Goodell was a good friend of her family's likely having known her father, a town selectman, and seems to have been a regular visitor of the household.[241]

“"e same faultlessly a!ired Professor Goodell % he was the Beau Brummel of the faculty % had the heart of Lewis Carroll within him. He came dancing through our big #ont door one evening in 1871, crying, "I have the most wonderful story that you ever read," and he took #om his coat pocket a book bound in coral color with a gilt medallion of a li!le girl on the cover. It was "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." I sat by him enchanted while he read, and though I did not understand any of the grown-up philosophy he was chuckling over, I was fascinated by the story. I learned 'How doth the li!le crocodile' by heart and recited it before the class in the Amity Street school. When I was asked many years later to de$ne 'Homeric laughter,' I exclaimed instantly, 'It was Professor Goodell as he read "Alice in Wonderland".' My college professor in Greek knew Professor Goodell's capacity for merriment and accepted the answer. "e li!le book he gave me is still on my shelves.”

Always reading books, it seems he was well-acquainted with literature and ever eager to share the joy it brought him. Among his favorite poems was Edmund Spenser's epic, the Faerie Queene, and of the English dramatists it was said he preferred the plays of Philip Massinger.[186]

He viewed the country and particularly Massachuse!s with regard that may seem uncanny to today’s citizen. "[When speaking] of the invocation at the end of the Governor's Proclamation for the annual 'anksgiving, ('God save the Commonwealth of Massachuse!s,' ( he said, 'It always "lls me with uncontrollable emotions, and I wonder how anybody can read it in public.'"[242]

An English professor by trade and training, Goodell was also a great admirer of the sciences. He evidently thought highly of Baconian method, having described Lord Francis Bacon in his own words as "the great father and founder of all fruitful investigation."[142] He may have also been the "rst faculty member at the college, an institute traditionally in$uenced by Christianity, to teach the theory of evolution, as well as the social construction of gendered language.[243]

“"e subject of today's lecture then will be the growth and decay of language, the arbitrary use of gender, or rather the origin of its application to inanimate and material objects, - the importances of the study of words, and a few other facts connected either directly or indirectly with these topics. As we go back to the primitive races of men, to the prehistoric tribes, we $nd that the words of any given language become fewer and fewer, until $nally reaching those creatures, not worthy to be called men, #om whom, according to the theory now agitating the world, we have the honor to derive our origins, we $nd or reasonably expect to $nd the analogy of all language ceasing, and natural u!erances and sounds assisted by signs taking the place of articulate speech.”

He never thought of the agricultural college as a vocational school , and believed a background in the humanities was just as essential to a comprehensive education as the hard sciences, telling one State Grange audience "you will further "nd that the study of your own language is made the basis of all study, is interwoven with every course; in fact, is the warp and woof of every branch you pursue."[142]

Of Goodell's views on alcohol there seem to be few accounts. While he was running on the GOP ticket, the party had become divided over the temperance movement into factions of “wet” and “dry” Republicans.[244] One alumnus recalls his contemporary, Captain Walter Mason Dickinson, as giving this piece of "last advice to [his] class, [in] June 1896; 'Young Men, Fight Alcohol!'"[79] Indeed Charles Fernald, another of Goodell's closest associates was also quoted as saying that he used alcohol only to preserve his specimens.[245] Yet Mary Heaton Vorse places Goodell as one of "the people who came to drink a glass of beer and chat with [her father]",[246] and in his retelling of the delivery of the regiment pay, Goodell goes on to say- "My next adventure [in New Orleans] was in a saloon where on calling for a drink of whiskey I was informed that

29

they were not allowed to sell to privates. On my throwing down my pass signed by Gen. Banks, the courteous keeper acknowledged his mistake, and invited me to take something at his expense."[47] While no later claims can be substantiated, it seems possible that Goodell was also in favor of temperance at some point during his life, but certainly not the teetotalism that would later characterize prohibition.

30

Decline and deathWaning healthTowards the end of his life, Goodell o#en had to take leaves of absence due to his declining health. He su%ered from osteoarthritis and chronic pleurisy and had to carry a tin of amyl nitrite ampoules in his vest pocket due to the risk of angina "ts.[80] Goodell's condition was well known by students and faculty, as his poor health was the cited reason for which he'd o%ered his initial resignation.[247] During his tenure at the college he had taken many trips for his health, to places such as the Adirondacks, Georgia or Europe, usually to be found well rested and recovered upon return.[80][248][249]

By the fall of 1902, his health had greatly deteriorated, but still he insisted that he continue his work despite the many calls of his colleagues for him to go on hiatus. Upon hearing of his friend's condition, Colonel Mason Tyler, of Plain"eld, New Jersey, o%ered to compensate Goodell in full for travel costs and any of the other "nancial burden for taking such a break. 'is o%er was quickly seconded by the board of trustees, who promptly voted to allow him leave with normal pay. Goodell yielded to these o%ers soon a#er, though he would not depart for Florida until January of 1903, ever determined to "nish the year's annual report.[250]

However, upon returning to Amherst, April 13, 1903, it was apparent to all that his health had not greatly improved in this time. In the days that would follow, a number of physicians were called upon. With their diagnoses Goodell was put on a prescription of iron supplements, quinine and strychnine,[251] as well as nitroglycerin capsules to take when feeling short of breath.[252] In addition, a custom corset (fashionably worn by both men and women in this time period) was made for him with less restriction on his ribcage. In spite of these precautions, the doctors' words were hardly reassuring, as they could not put his symptoms in the scope of any speci"c disease. Days a#er receiving their recommendations, Goodell expressed his concerns to a friend-[253]

"I have delayed writing until I could give you the report of the Doctors. $ey have now pinched, punched and rapped at the seat of life. $ey have listened to the prolonged expulsion of the air from my lungs and they have twisted, pulled out sideways and shut up like a jack-knife my legs, and they all with one accord declare there is nothing the ma"er with me except 'that tired feeling.' ...$ey #nd no organic disease, but declare me to be worn out and without strength to expel the air from my lungs; and hence the struggle, in which the impure air gets the be"er of me. It is very mortifying to know that I am not sick but only tired, and so I am slapping into my sacred person all sorts of poisonous and sedative drugs and trying to sleep eight hours a night. Please don't think I am exaggerating, for I do not believe I have one single word. But when Dr. S. in New London, Dr. H. in Amherst, and Dr. G. in Boston, all tell me the same thing, I can't help feeling a li"le bit easy round the edges as if I had been babying myself ) and yet they all hint at all sorts of abominable things if I don't let up on work. It's dreadful hard when there is so much to be done."

Eventually Goodell's health improved such that he could continue his duties at the college, though the struggle with his condition began to show, his friend and biographer Calvin Stebbins described "it [as] very apparent...even to the casual observer that every movement was the result of conscious e%ort of will."[254] 'ough the days of Goodell striding down Lincoln Avenue carrying a stack of books in hand had passed, his mannerisms and exchanges with faculty and students remained very cheerful, as he continued his duties without a moment of outward dejection.[254][80] Even a#er his "nal and

31

A tin of amyl nitrite ampoules, similar tothose sold in Goodell's time.

fatal angina a!ack, he completed his last annual report as he normally did, in it leaving much praise and arguably more emphasis on the future needs of the college than in any of his nearly-twenty previous reports.[254][132]

'is a!ack would prove to be his most devastating and would leave him in a semi-critical state for the remainder of his life. At the time of its occurrence, it seems he was unaware of how unstable his health was. One day in the middle of December, 1904, while waiting for a car in Holyoke, he felt a sudden chill shaking his body that le# him "u!erly prostrated."[255] Unlike any bout he had ever experienced before, this one remained with him, he now had severe emphysema and his limbs had become weak and swollen. For nearly two weeks he was given bed-rest and a diet of milk and soda water and by the end of this time he had made only slight recovery.[255] By then word had long since reached Colonel Tyler, who, along with the board of trustees, gave Goodell the means to travel south. Upon hearing this, Goodell was overwhelmed, writing:[256]

"No human being has ever had so many friends as I have. It is almost worth failing on evil days to see how they rally round me. God bless and keep you all. Pardon my delay in not answering your last, but I have had three very bad days without any breath to speak of. $e serum in my chest has stopped being absorbed and I don't know when the Doctor will let me start."

Goodell's condition remained unstable, and a specialist was sent for from Boston, telling him he was in no condition to travel, not for some time at least. It was then decided that the college's day to day operations were to be overseen by William Brooks, the Professor of Agriculture, and a man long involved in the college's a(airs since its opening. In the next couple months Goodell did what li"le work he could from his bed, mostly replying to the many le"ers he'd received from his friends and cohorts. His correspondences from that time seldom contained word on his symptoms, it seemed he did his best to ignore them, rather poking fun at friends in his le"ers as a distraction.[257]

On March 6, 1905, Henry Goodell le' for Florida, accompanied by his wife.[258] It would be the last time he would see the town of Amherst, and though he showed no lack of courage, he knew and acknowledged (without fault) the gravity of his situation.[112]

"For all your hopes and prayers in my behalf, accept my thanks. I need them all. For verily I have been down into the depths and my head is barely above the waves now. 'Yes,' said the doctor, 'there is not an organ in your body performing its functions properly, sir.' Hence you may know why I closed up my note so hurriedly last week. $e spirit indeed was willing but the &esh was almighty weak. We expect this a'ernoon to proceed to New York and take boat for Jacksonville. I do not know whether serving two masters is another case of God and Mammon, but anyway I commend to your care Professor Brooks. Deal gently with him ) and hold the fort."

$e trip proved anything but bene#cial, and Goodell's strength continually weakened until it had reached the point that his wife, Helen, had to dictate his le"ers. His symptoms reached a new height during his visit at St. Augustine, and he had to be brie&y hospitalized there in early April. Despite his good spirits, the doctor advised the couple to return north. Henry and Helen both knew what this meant, inescapably his end drew near. $ey le' as soon as possible, catching the steamer Nacoochee out of Savannah, expecting to reach Boston by April 24; their plans were to visit Helen's friends in Winchester and get all ma"ers in order in the time that remained.[259][260]

While aboard the steamship, only hours away from the shores of Boston Bay, Henry Hill Goodell quietly passed away in a brief moment he may have mistook for sleep, at 1:45AM, on Easter Sunday, April 23, 1905. He was 65 years old.[260][261][262][263]

32

Funeral procession and burialLater on that Sunday morning, a phone call was made to the college informing acting president William Brooks and the rest of the faculty (through other wires) of Goodell's passing.[264] 'e next morning Brooks said a few words at the student assembly in the chapel, concluding the meeting saying the greatest thing students could do to respect his memory was go about their daily work as usual. All $ags on the campus, in the town and at Amherst College were lowered at half mast for the week, in respect to the former president's passing.[260] On Tuesday, April 25, Goodell's casket arrived in Amherst, accompanied by his wife and his youngest son, William Goodell, at the time a student at Harvard Medical School, who had with his mother in Boston.[265]

'e funeral was held on 'ursday, April 27th at 3 o'clock in the agricultural college's chapel; the pews were completely "lled and the assembly hall was over$owing with people of all backgrounds, united by the common ground that all had known the late president. Among those in a!endance was the entire student body, the faculty and sta%, the trustees, a number of Amherst College faculty and alumni, members of the Grace Church vestry (of which Goodell had been a member of for 25 years), members of the Amherst G.A.R. post, residents of the town, Major McManus of (who'd served alongside Goodell in the 25th Connecticut Infantry), and Sir Chentung Liang Cheng, then the Chinese ambassador to the United States, who had dropped everything and le# Washington to pay respects to his childhood friend.[263][266] 'e service opened with a male quartet from the college choir, the scripture was then read by Goodell's former classmate, long time friend, and later biographer, Rev. Calvin Stebbins of Framingham, followed by the reading of two poems previously read by Goodell at the funeral of another classmate. 'e college chaplain, Rev. C.S. Walker, then o%ered a prayer a#er which the eulogy was given by Stebbins[263] in which he o%ered a memorial of the late president's life, character and accomplishments, also pointing out the irony of the grand service in light of Goodell's humble character "I suppose that had our dear friend been asked concerning his funeral, a natural trend of his mind and heart would have said with great emphasis, it must be in my own home with my friends about me".[267] He "nished this speech with a reading of John Whi!ier's obituary poem of George L. Stearns, and a#erwords, o%ered his benediction. 'e casket was led out to the hymn "Abide with Me", sung by a male quartet from the college choir.[268]

North Pleasant Street was closed as the procession was made to the town's West Cemetery; the college band and ba!alion led in uniform with draped colors, to a mu)ed drum beat. 'e active pallbearers were Professors Richard S. Lull, Fred S. Cooley, James B. Paige, Phillip B. Hasbrouck, John E. Ostrander and Charles Wellington; the honorary bearers being trustees W. R. Sessions and Marquis F. Dickinson, Colonel Mason W. Tyler, Dr. Luther D. Shepherd, Professor Benjamin K. Emerson, professor of mineralogy and geology at Amherst College, and Prof. George F. Mills. During the procession down Pleasant Street the bells were tolled at the Agricultural College and Amherst College, and as the burial was private, the ba!alion returned to campus a#erwards playing taps on the bugle underneath the $ag sta%.[269]

As a mark of respect, Amherst College closed for the a#ernoon, while the Massachuse!s Agricultural College was closed for the entire day. All business in the town of Amherst ceased during the service, and many stores closed for the day.[263]

[269] Goodell's passing had marked the end of an era; he, his eldest son, and their wives are buried in the northeast section of Amherst's West Cemetery today.

33

LegacyAlthough his name has faded into obscurity in recent decades, in the early 20th century the very mention of Goodell was met with nothing but praise. In a 1921 memorial to the students and faculty lost in World War I, his service during the Civil War o(ered him a brief mention as "Goodell – the beloved".[270] Winthrop Stone, president of

Purdue, eulogized him at a convention of agricultural colleges, as having "a true nobility of soul, an instinctive gentility, a spirit of chivalry which eludes analysis but which made itself unceasingly felt. $e very #tness and high quality of his traits caused him to be sometimes misunderstood. As a ma"er of fact, no man was more democratic; and although by some deemed aristocratic and distant, no man was more genuinely sympathetic...To few if any of their able leaders do the agricultural colleges and experiment stations owe a greater debt than to him."[271] Radical feminist and civil rights advocate Mary Heaton Vorse fondly remembers Goodell in her memoirs, as one of her father's regular guests: "As I look back on the people who came to drink a glass of beer and chat with him, it seems to me that they were men of unusual individuality, men of character and achievement, informed with a gusto for living. Chief of these was H. H. Goodell, president of Massachuse"s Agricultural College, a man of in#nite humanity."[246]

In many early accounts of college history, Goodell was remembered as a member of the founding four, or "faculty of four" which also included Clark, Stockbridge, Goessmann and himself: "the botanist, the farmer, the chemist, the man of le"ers."[80] Trustee and college historian William Bowker, would

also remember Goodell in a di(erent "faculty of four," listing him among Clark, Stockbridge and Ebenezer Snell (#rst lecturer of mathematics) as those instructors who were present at the college's opening day.[272]

Toward the end of his life a commissioned a portrait by Scribner's illustrator and fellow Amherst graduate, Edwin B. Child, currently in the possession of the University Special Collections.[53][273][274] Among the few tributes to Goodell, the Chapel-Library was perhaps "his most conspicuous monument". Indeed, even during his time students had been known to informally call it the "Goodell Library".[275] As Caswell explained in his 1918 history of the college, "the vast amount of labor that he put into the library resulted in the building up of one of the best selected and arranged agricultural libraries in this country".[207] Many felt his name was synonymous with the college library, and a'er a deliberation of thirty years, the Goodell Memorial Library (presently Goodell Hall) was constructed in 1935, the last of the "founding four" memorial buildings. It would remain the college's main branch until the construction of the W.E.B. DuBois tower in the late 1970s.

Were it not for Goodell's lifelong dedication to that small agricultural school,

34

#e trophy presented to President Goodell by college alumni at the 1897 commencement, for "#irty Years of faithful service to our Alma Mater, and in loving remembrance as a "iend and teacher."

Goodell at his desk in the Old Chapel o$ce, circa 1900. Note the papers in the adjacent basket; Goodell viewed his manuscripts as only of temporary value, as a consequence, relatively few of his works have been preserved.

the University of Massachuse"s would not exist as we know it today- moreover, it may not have existed at all. In the span of two decades he took an institution regarded as a failure by the government, the farmers, and the public as a whole, and brought it back from insolvency. Not only did he do this, but he built an accomplished research college that accepted more students, in more subjects, than it ever had before. He denied opportunities, gratitude, and certain fame, and indeed his name was long forgo"en; but it could be argued that this university, its alumni, and its contributions to the world, remain his legacy more than any other single individual concerned with its founding.

35

Selected works• A Biographical Record of the Class of Sixty-Two of Amherst. Amherst, MA: Amherst College. 1873.

• Fictitious Works, Illustrating Historic Epochs. Amherst, MA: McCloud & Williams. 1878; a chronological list of historic #ction covering di(erent eras and historical events.

• "William Smith Clark". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: University Press; John Wilson and Sons. XXI: pp.!520-523. 1886; biography, obituary.

• "Agricultural Education". Annual Report of the Secretary of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture. Boston: Wright

& Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. XXV: pp.!339-359. 1888; address delivered at a meeting of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture.

• "Reminiscences of the Orient" (1888) !irty-Sixth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. XXXVI: pp.!203-228. 1889; address delivered at a meeting of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture.

• Commencement Address to the Graduating Class, Henry Hill Goodell: the story of his life, with le"ers and a few of his addresses. Cambridge, Massachuse"s: Riverside Press. OCLC!11485888. Retrieved 22 June 2011; for years 1887, 1888, 1890.

President Goodell’s Address to the Senior Class, Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and

Morehouse) I (17): pp.!140-141. June 10, 1891.

• "Agricultural Education" Sixth Annual Report of the State Board of Agriculture Made to the General Assembly. Providence, R.I.: E. L. Freeman & Son, Printers to the State. VI: pp.!203-228. 1890; lecture given at the Second Farmers' Institute held by the Rhode Island Board of Agriculture, Brown University.

• "$e Massachuse"s Agriculture College", !e New England Magazine (Boston: Po"er and Po"er) III (I): pp.!224-231. September, 1890.

• "$e Channel Islands and their Agriculture", Amherst, MA: Massachuse"s Agricultural College. 1892.

• "What is the Mission of the Bulletin?" Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Convention of the American Association of

Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. (Washington: Government Printing O%ce) pp. 69-71. 1894., paper read before the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.

• "How the Pay of a Regiment Was Carried to New Orleans". !e Twenty-Fi#h Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion. Rockville, Connecticut.: Rockville Journal. pp.62-68. 1913; speech given before the Amherst G.A.R., 1895.

• Address on College Work Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. (Washington: Government Printing O%ce) pp. 71-80. 1896; paper read before the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.

• "Captain Walter Mason Dickinson, 17th Infantry, U.S. Army" Amherst, MA: Carpenter and Morehouse.1916; eulogy given in 1898, posthumously published.

• "$e Mission of the Agricultural Experiment Station". O$cial Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Farmers' National Congress of the United States. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. pp.!20-27; an address before the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Farmer's National Congress in Boston, October 3rd, 1899.

36

• Opening Address, !irty-Sixth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. XXXVI: pp.!13-17. 1899; address delivered at a winter meeting of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture, December 6, 1898.

• An Address Before the Twenty-Sixth Annual Session of the Mass. State Grange, Hudson, MA: $e Enterprise Printing Co.; $e Massachuse"s State Grange. 1899; address given December 13, 1898.

• "Amherst Writers". 1900; an unpublished address given at the Amherst Woman's Club.

• "$e In&uence of the Monks in Agriculture" Forty-Ninth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture. (Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers.) XLIX: pp. 8-27. 1901; address delivered at a meeting of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture.

• "Relation of the State Board of Agriculture to the Massachuse"s Agricultural College" (1902), address delivered at the 50th meeting of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture. Published in Stebbins.

• "Trees, Flowers and Fruits of the East", Transactions of the Massachuse"s Horticultural Society for the Year 1904. (Boston, MA: Massachuse"s Horticultural Society.) pp.!25-38. 1904.; read before the society, January 23, 1904.

37

References• Bissell, George P.; Ellis, Samuel K. (1913). !e Twenty-Fi#h Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers in the War of the

Rebellion. Rockville, Connecticut.: Rockville Journal. ISBN!0-521-25784-0. OCLC!30425318. Retrieved 22 June 2011.

• Brooks, William P ( January 10, 1906). "Tribute to the Memory of President Henry Hill Goodell". !e College Signal. Massachuse"s Agricultural College (Amherst, MA: Carpenter & Morehouse): pp.!61-62. Retrieved 27 May 2011.

• Caswell, L. B. (1917). "Chapter V: President Goodell's Administration". Brief History of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College; Semicentennial, 1917. Spring#eld, MA: $e F. A. Basse"e Co. Printers. pp.!34-46.OCLC!4687703. Retrieved 22 June 2011.

• Cary, Harold Whiting (1962). "Chapter 5: Recovery and Advance under Goodell". !e University of Massachuse"s; A History of One Hundred Years. Spring#eld, MA: Walter Whi"um, Inc. pp.!70-84.OCLC!1029116. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

• Hastings, Addison T. (May 3, 1905). "Last Tribute Paid to President Goodell". !e College Signal (Amherst, MA: Carpenter & Morehouse): pp.!133-135. Retrieved 27 May 2011.

• Hastings, Addison T. (May 3, 1905). "Our Late President". !e College Signal (Amherst, MA: Carpenter & Morehouse): pp.!135-137. Retrieved 27 May 2011.

• Hill, Joseph L. (November 7, 1935). Goodell–– I Knew Him (Speech). Dedication of the Goodell Library. Bowker Auditorium, Amherst, Massachuse"s.

• Mills, George F. (1905). "Henry Hill Goodell". !e Index, 1907. XXXVII. Spring#eld, MA: $e F.A. Basse" Company. pp.!116-120. Retrieved 12 August 2011.

• Rand, Frank Prentice (1933). Yesterdays at Massachuse"s State College. Amherst: Associate Alumni of the Massachuse"s State College. OCLC!1581093. Retrieved 23 June 2011.

• Stebbins, Calvin K. (1911). Henry Hill Goodell: the story of his life, with le"ers and a few of his addresses. Cambridge, Massachuse"s: Riverside Press. OCLC!11485888. Retrieved 22 June 2011.

• Stone, W. E. (1906). "Memorial to President H. H. Goodell". Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Stations. United States Department of Agriculture; O%ce of Experiment Stations-Bulletin *164. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing O%ce. pp.!57-61. Retrieved 27 August 2011.

• Stone, W. E. (1910). "Goodell, Henry Hill". In Liberty H. Bailey. Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Farm and Community. 4 (2nd ed.). Harrisburg, PA: Mount Pleasant Press, $e Macmillan Company. p.!578.OCLC!491684494. Retrieved 27 May 2011.

38

• Tuckerman, Frederick (1905). "Henry Hill Goodell". Obituary Record of Graduates of Amherst College, 1905. Amherst, MA: Amherst College. pp.!98-102. Retrieved 27 August 2011.

• Tyler, John M. (April 1912). "Henry Hill Goodell, L.L.D.". !e Amherst Graduates' Quarterly. I. Amherst, MA: Amherst College. pp.!234-238. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

Notes1. "Among his college friends he was known by the sobriquet of "Daddy." When, where or why he got it, is not

known, but he at once appropriated it and used it to the day of his death as his rightful designation, and made a good deal of fun out of the use of it." Stebbins, 35.

2. Stebbins, 142.3. Annual Report of the Hatch Experiment Station. 1. Amherst: Massachuse"s Agricultural College. 1889.4. Former Chancellors, UMass Amherst Chancellors O%ce. Retrieved 26 November 2012.5. Stebbins, 2-7.6. Stebbins, 8-11.7. Stebbins, 74.8. Brooks, 62.9. !e Index, 1882. XII. Spring#eld, MA: Spring#eld Printing Company. 1880. p.!16. Retrieved 12 August 2011.10. Stebbins, 92.11. UMass Presidents Henry Hill Goodell, UMass Amherst Chancellors O%ce. Retrieved 30 May 2011.12. Fernald, Henry T. !e History of Entomology at the Massachuse"s Agricultural College, 1867-1930. Amherst:

Fernald Club, Special Publication Number 1, Massachuse"s State College. p.!14.13. Rand, 113.14. Stebbins, 104-106.15. "Strong backing for Pres. Goodell, Mass. Agricultural College". !e Boston Globe (Boston, MA). January 15,

1897.16. "Goodell as Secretary of Agriculture". !e Boston Evening Transcript. $e Boston Transcript Company

(Boston, MA): p.!1. January 14, 1897. Retrieved 19 June 2011.17. Hastings, "Our Late President", 137. "For years he worked for the Amherst public library, serving on the

book commi"ee and with his own hands making the #rst card catalog."18. Toomey, Daniel P. Quinn, $omas C. ed. Massachuse"s of To-Day: a memorial of the state, historical and

biographical, issued for the World's Columbian exposition at Chicago. Boston: Columbia Publishing Company. p.!72. OCLC!3251791. Retrieved 22 June 2011.

19. Stebbins, 6.20. Goodell, Henry H. (1900). Tuckerman, Frederick. ed. Amherst Writers to 1900. Amherst. p.!5.21. Stebbins, 4.22. Stebbins, 1.23. Stebbins, 7.24. Stebbins, 8.25. Sweetser, Charles H.; Goodell, Henry Hill; Phipps, George G. (1860). Songs of Amherst. Northampton, MA:

Metcalf & Company. OCLC!36670573. Retrieved 11 June 2011.26. Stebbins, 10.

39

27. Stebbins, 12.28. Stebbins, 13.29. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, December 4, 1862; Stebbins 14-15.30. Not to be confused with the USS Merrimack, Navy o%cers would o'en misspell the name of the famous

4,636 ton "Merrimack" frigate, leading to much confusion between it and the the ship Goodell's regiment purportedly sailed aboard, the 684 ton gunboat "Merrimac". However, the ship in question does not line up with the given date, so the accuracy of this detail is questionable.

31. Stebbins, 15.32. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, January 26, 1863, Pearce Museum.33. Excerpts from a le"er wri"en by Goodell, Stebbins, 17.34. Irwin, Richard B. (1888). "$e Capture of Port Hudson". Ba"les and leaders of the Civil War. New York: $e

De Vinne Press, $e Century Company. pp.!586-599. OCLC!4511535. Retrieved 29 June 2011.35. Stebbins, 18.36. Excerpts from a le"er wri"en by Goodell, February 22, 1863; Stebbins, 21.37. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, February 22, 1863, Stebbins, 22-24.38. Stebbins, 24-25.39. New-York Observer, WorldCat OCLC 1031844540. "Record Group 73: Henry Hill Goodell Papers". Retrieved 29 December 2012. "Henry Hill Goodell

[1839-1905] served as aide de camp to Colonel Bissel of the 19th army corps, Union army, and as a correspondent to the New York Observer during the Civil War. He was a member of Connecticut 25th regiment where he came to serve as the acting adjutant. Most of the items housed in this collection are le"ers wri"en by Goodell to his brother-in-law, Dr. Edward Dore Gri%n Prime a contributing editor of the New York Observer concerning the siege at Port Hudson, La., during the late spring and summer, 1863. $e le"ers contain information re prices, a"itudes of Confederate women, Bayou Bouef, Bayou Sara, $ompson's Creek, southern &ora and fauna, cowardice of Federal o%cers. 31 items"

41. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, March 22, 1863, Stebbins, 26-28.42. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, March 29, 1863, Stebbins, 28.43. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, April 17, 1863, Stebbins, 37-43.44. Stebbins, 74.45. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, April 28, 1863, Stebbins, 43-45.46. Stebbins, 46.47. Goodell, Henry H. (1913). "How the Pay of a Regiment Was Carried to New Orleans". !e Twenty-Fi#h

Regiment Connecticut Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion. Rockville, CT: Rockville Journal. pp.!62-68. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

48. WestEgg.com In&ation Converter.49. Stebbins, 47.50. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, May 24, 1863, Stebbins, 50.51. Stebbins, 73.52. "Goodell, Henry Hill". !e National Cyclopædia of American Biography. VIII (1st ed.). New York: James T.

White & Company. 1898. p.!117. OCLC!1759175. Retrieved 17 August 2011.53. Fletcher, Robert S; Young, Malcolm O, eds. (1927). Biographical Record of the Graduates and Non-Graduates;

Centennial Edition, 1821-1921. Concord, NH: $e Rumford Press; Amherst College. pp.!221, 527.OCLC!2358075. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

40

54. "Junior Promenade". !e College Signal. Massachuse"s Agricultural College (Amherst, MA: Carpenter & Morehouse) XIII (9): pp.!61-62. January 10, 1906. Retrieved 25 February 2011. "$e Patronesses were Mrs. H. H. Goodell..."

55. Croly, Jennie C. (1898). "Amherst Woman's Club". !e History of the Woman's Club Movement in America. New York: Henry G. Allen & Co.; Press of J. J. Li"le & Co. pp.!599-600. OCLC!82819194. Retrieved 27 August 2011.

56. "Death of John S. Goodell". !e Santa Fe Magazine (Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway Company) 20: pp.!74-75. 1925.

57. Albert Nelson Marquis, ed. (1916). "Goodell, William". Who's who in New England: a biographical dictionary of leading living men and women (2nd ed.). Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company. p.!465. OCLC!491684494. Retrieved 18 August 2011.

58. Norrton, Paul F (1975). Amherst: A Guide to its Architecture. Amherst: Amherst Historical Society. p.!67, 105.59. Stebbins, 89.60. Goodell, Henry Hill; Jones Library Special Collections Card Catalog.61. "Robert Frost House, Interactive Tour of Amherst". Archived from the original on June 23, 2000. Retrieved

12 September 2011.62. "Amherst College and Town.". Spring%eld Republican (Spring#eld, Massachuse"s): p.!6. September 16, 1886.

"Maj. Alvord, the new professor of agriculture at the agricultural college, will occupy the house on the hill above the plant-house, which was built for the occupancy of the president of the college, but President Goodell prefers to occupy his own residence in the village."

63. "A reception in honor of...". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) IV (6): p.!67. November 29, 1893. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

64. "Lectures in Agriculture". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) IV (5): p.!57. November 15, 1893. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

65. "Quite a number of the townspeople...". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) IV (6): p.!65. November 29, 1893. Retrieved 26 September 2011. "Quite a number of the townspeople have a"ended the lectures of Sir Henry Gilbert during the past week."

66. "$e College and Station Association". American Agriculturalist (New York: Orange Judd Company) LII (12): p.!716. December, 1893. Retrieved 23 December 2012. "$is address was followed by one from Sir Henry Gilbert, who came as special delegate from the Lawes Agricultural Trust of England, on this the jubilee year of Rothamsted. His discourse was introductory and descriptive of a course of lectures which he is commissioned by the Trust to deliver in this country during his present visit and which will review and summarize the experimental work of Lawes and Gilbert during the #'y years just closed. $is course of lectures are to be delivered at the Massachuse"s Agricultural College during the month of November."

67. "Sir Liang's Summer Life Busy; Plays Tennis for Recreation". Amherst Record (Amherst, Massachuse"s). August 26, 1905. Retrieved 15 January 2012.

68. Amherst Cemetery Record Search, Town of Amherst, MA69. Rand, 186.70. Sawyer, Joseph Henry. A History of Williston Seminary. Norwood, MA: $e Plimpton Press. p.!171. Retrieved

24 March 2012.71. Stebbins, 78.72. Stebbins, 85.73. Rand, 20-23.74. A General Catalogue of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. J. E. Williams, Printer. 1886. Retrieved 12

November 2012.

41

75. "Agricultural College". Aggie Life (Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son) XXI (4): p.!145. April, 1868. Retrieved 29 December 2012.

76. Fi#h Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er, State Printers. 1868. pp.!13. Retrieved 29 December 2012.

77. First Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University. Illinois Journal Printing O%ce. 1869. pp.!13. Retrieved 29 December 2012.

78. !e Index, 1870. II. Amherst, MA: Storrs & McCloud, Book and Job Printers. 1870. p.!13. Retrieved 29 December 2012.

79. Goodell, Henry Hill (1916; 1898). Memorial: Captain Walter Mason Dickinson, 17th Infantry, U.S. Army [UC Berkeley copy]. Amherst, MA: Massachuse"s Agricultural College. pp.!517. OCLC!33274757.h"p://www.archive.org/stream/memorialcaptainw00goodrich#page/n3/mode/2up. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

80. Hill, Joseph L. (1935-11-07). Goodell–– I Knew Him (Speech). Dedication of the Goodell Library. Bowker Auditorium, Amherst, Massachuse"s.

81. "M. A. C. Lecture Course, During the Winter of 1885-86". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity)VIII (1): p.!11. June 21, 1886. Retrieved 29 December 2012. "Few things add more to the winter term of a college than a good lecture course. Acting on this principle, the Senior class appointed their lecture commi"ee early in the year, at the same time voting that Prof. Goodell should be considered a member of the commi"ee, and it is very largely due to his e(orts that the course was so successful"

82. !ird Annual Reports of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science. II. Salem, MA: $e Salem Press. 1870. p.!72. Retrieved 29 December 2012. "During the la"er part of the last year and the #rst of the present, Dr. Packard spent about six weeks exploring the shores of Key West, and the Tortugas, Florida, making large collections of crustacea, especially the smaller forms, worms, and radiates, besides other animals...He is also indebted to Professor H. H. Goodell of Amherst, who accompanied him on the trip, for continued favors and constant aid"

83. "$e Natural History Society". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) VI (1): p.!22. June 24, 1884. Retrieved 29 December 2012. "$e Natural History Society has achieved the success which the eminent ability of its founders have us reason to expect. Notwithstanding the very busy life of the year, there was throughout a uniformly good a"endance at the meetings. Much gratitude and thanks are due to Prof. Goodell, who was instrumental in securing the services of the admirable lecturers."

84. "$e Natural History Society". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) V (1): p.!17. June 19, 1883. Retrieved 29 December 2012. "In the la"er part of May, through the kindness of Prof. Goodell, the society enjoyed a "Field day" when they and invited guests to the number of eighteen visited the lead mines at Loudville, where the rare chromate of lead is found. An interesting day was spent in studying the geology and botany of the region."

85. George F. Andrews, ed. (1885). O$cial Gaze"e of the Commonwealth of Massachuse"s; !e Government of 1885. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State Printers. Retrieved 30 August 2011.

86. "Legislature". Boston Journal (Boston): p.!5. January 7, 1885.87. Stebbins, 90-91.88. Manual for the Use of the General Court. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State Printers. 1885. pp.!431, 446,

467. Retrieved 30 August 2011.89. Tilly Haynes (1884). Bird's eye view of Boston Harbor engraved expressly for the United States Hotel Company(Map).

1: 73,000. 3. Cartography by Geo. H. Walker & Co., Boston. Retrieved 28 August 2011.90. Cary, 58.91. "$e Farm College. Its Latest Improvement". Spring%eld Republican (Spring#eld, Massachuse"s): p.!3. January

4, 1885.

42

92. "Massachuse"s Legislature; Agricultural College". Boston Journal (Boston, Massachuse"s): p.!1. June 3, 1885. "Mr. Goodell of Amherst defended the Agricultural College from the a"ack made on it on Tuesday by Mr. Cross, when he moved the reduction in the Senate resolve providing for certain apparatus, buildings, repairs and furnishing at the institution. He outlined the work of the college, and showed that unless its requests were granted the college would retrograde and would be a failure. He was supported by Messrs. Smith of Worcester, Dwyer of Boston, Perkins of Wenham Curry of Lynn, Board of Boston, Stevens of Boston and Sponner of Boston. Mr. Cross withdrew his amendments except those reducing the appropriation for building dormitories from $20,000 to $10,000 and for striking out $6,000 for the erection of a tower on the new chapel building. $e amendments were rejected with few votes in their favor, and the bill was passed to be engrossed be a unanimous vote."

93. "Personal". Lowell Daily Citizen and News (Lowell, Massachuse"s): p.!2. January 18, 1876. "Henry H. Goodell, M. A., professor of modern languages in the M. A. C., will assume the duties of president during Professor Clark's absence."

94. Caswell, 13.95. Cleary, Vince (2007). "Who Was Levi Stockbridge?". UMass Amherst: !e Magazine for Alumni & Friends

(University Relations) (Winter). Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012.96. Maki, John M. (2002). A Yankee in Hokkaido: !e Life of William Smith Clark. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington

Books. pp.!231-233. ISBN!0739104179. OCLC!50291163.97. Flint, Charles L. (1880). "Appendix. $e Massachuse"s Agricultural College.". Twenty-Seventh Annual Report

of the Secretary of the Massachuse"s Board of Agriculture. Boston: Rand, Avery, & Co., Printers to the Commonwealth. pp.!83–98.

98. Caswell, 29.99. Twentieth Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1883. pp.!9-20. Retrieved 22 March 2012.100. Cary, 67-69.101. "$e rumors of a pending change in the presidency...". Spring%eld Republican (Spring#eld, Massachuse"s):

p.!3. June 19, 1886.102. "$e progress the college has made...". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) VIII (1): p.!1.

June 21, 1886. Retrieved 22 March 2012. "$rough the e(orts of President Greenough, together with the assistance of Prof. Goodell (during his short stay in the Legislature), the want and aims of the institution have been made to appear to the public in a clearer light than ever before."

103. "$e Agricultural College; How President Greenough Failed to Secure a Re-election–An Inside View of the Trustees' Meeting". Spring%eld Republican (Spring#eld, Massachuse"s): p.!3. June 29, 1886.

104. "Former Chancellors". University of Massachuse"s Amherst. 2009. Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012. "Old Chapel, South College, and West Experiment Station, were added during his tenure, all in 1885. In 1886 a'er his presidency, he returned to the principalship at West#eld Normal School."

105. "UMass Presidents- James C. Greenough". University of Massachuse"s. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2012. "Old Chapel, South College, and West Experiment Station, were added during his tenure, all in 1885. In 1886 a'er his presidency, he returned to the principalship at West#eld Normal School."

106. Rand, 81. "Greenough is to miss that sense of loyalty, without which no leader can advance. He will continue as president for two years more, but both he and the College will be marking time. And he will always remember that Sunday, the 15th of June. $ere was a killing frost."

107. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, April 9, 1887; Stebbins 93.

43

108. Stebbins, 93-94.109. "$e Agricultural College; Trustees' Meeting in Boston–President Goodell's Resignation Postponed– A

Good Look Ahead.". Spring%eld Republican (Spring#eld, Massachuse"s): p.!6. July 13, 1887.110. "Agricultural College.". Boston Journal (Boston, Massachuse"s): p.!3. July 13, 1887.111. "We regret to record in this issue that the resignation...". !e College Monthly (Amherst, Massachuse"s) II

(4): p.!2. January, 1888.112. Le"er wri"en by Goodell to his amanuensis, March 6, 1905, Stebbins, 129-130.113. Tuckerman, Frederick (1911). Entomology and Zoology at the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Amherst, MA:

Massachuse"s Agricultural College. pp.!25, 26, 34-46. OCLC!4687703. Retrieved 22 June 2011.114. Twenty-Ninth Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1892. Retrieved 23 March 2012.115. Cary, 56.116. "$e Progress of the College". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) I (1): pp.!1-2.

October 1, 1890. Retrieved 22 March 2012.117. "Too late for notice in our last number were the changes...". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K.

Fraternity) IX (1): p.!3. June 20, 1887. Retrieved 24 March 2012. "$e Rural New York rightly summed up the in&uences when it said: '$e Mass. Agricultural College is certainly worthy the support of every farmer.'"

118. Cu"er, John A. (March 11, 1891). "$e question was warmly discussed...". !e College Signal. Massachuse"s Agricultural College (Amherst, MA: Carpenter & Morehouse) I (11): pp.!82-83. Retrieved 25 February 2011. "$e strongest argument brought [for] raising the standard of admissions was: $at young men examining the catalogue of M. A. C. and of Amherst College #nd that the la"er contains a much sti(er examination, and hence (?), Amherst is a be"er institution. My argument is in favor of leaving things alone..."

119. Cary, 75.120. Wilson, Barbara S. (2011). "A Centennial Year". Physics Newsle"er (Amherst, MA: Department of Physics,

University of Massachuse"s Amherst) (11): pp.!1, 12-13. Retrieved 24 March 2012.121. Rand, 11.122. Book of Landscape Gardening. University of Massachuse"s Press. 2007. pp.!xxxiv. Retrieved 09 November

2012.123. Rand, 88.124. Cary, 76-77.125. !irty-Second Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1895. Retrieved 12 November 2012.126. Rand, 154.127. Rand, 155.128. !irty-First Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1894. pp.!9-10. Retrieved 09 November 2012.129. !e Index, 1895. XXV. Boston, MA: American Printing and Engraving Co. 1893. p.!13-14. Retrieved 09

November 2012.130. Cary, 81.131. Twenty-Fourth Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1887. Retrieved 11 November 2012.132. Forty-Second Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers.

1905. p.!6, 74. Retrieved 6 May 2011.

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133. Forty-First Annual Report of the Secretary of the Massachuse"s State Board of Agriculture. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. 1893. p.!11. Retrieved 23 December 2012. "President H. H. Goodell moved that the legislative commi"ee be instructed to petition the Legislature for such a provision of law as will enable the Massachuse"s Society for Promoting Agriculture to be represented on the Board."

134. Twenty-!ird Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural Experiment Station. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State Printers. 1911. p.!81. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

135. Semi-Centennial of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1875-1925. New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. 1926. OCLC!18476469.

136. !e What and Why of Agricultural Experiment Stations. Farmers' Bulletin. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing O%ce. 1889. p.!16. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

137. "$e Experiment Station". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) VI (11): p.!93. February 26, 1896. Retrieved 17 January 1894. "$e commi"ee on consolidation of the two experiment stations reported a proposed act 'to consolidate the Mass. Experiment Stations with the Experiment Department of the Mass. Agricultural College,' which was accepted and a commi"ee was appointed to bring the ma"er before the Legislature...$e following o%cers were elected for the ensuing year: Vice president, H. H. Goodell;...director, Dr. C. A. Goessmann"

138. Seventeenth Annual Report of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. 1905. p.!3. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

139. "Gypsy moth". Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachuse"s. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. 1890. pp.!284. Retrieved 23 December 2012. "$e following petitions were referred in concurrence:- Petition of Henry H. Goodell and others for legislation for the extermination of the insect known as the 'gypsy moth'"

140. Forbush, Edward H.; Fernald, Charles H. (1896). !e Gypsy Moth; A Report of the Work of Destroying the Insect in the Commonwealth of Massachuse"s. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. p.!46.OCLC!30459484. Retrieved 23 December 2012. "$rough the good o%ces of Professor Fernald and Dr. H. H. Goodell, president of the college, in advising the students, several young men were induced to engage in the work of extermination"

141. Hajek, A. E.; Humber, R. A.; Elkinton, J. S.; May, B.; Walsh, S. R. A.; Silver, J. C. (September 1990). "Allozyme and RFLP analyses con#rm Entomophaga maimaiga responsible for 1989 epizootics in North American gypsy moth populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (18): 6979-6982.doi:10.1073/pnas.87.18.6979.

142. Goodell, Henry H. An Address Before the Twenty-Sixth Annual Session of the Massachuse"s State Grange. Hudson, MA: $e Enterprise Printing Co.; $e Massachuse"s State Grange. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

143. Goodell, Henry H. (1904). "Trees, Flowers and Fruits of the East". Transactions of the Massachuse"s Horticultural Society for the Year 1904. Boston, MA: Massachuse"s Horticultural Society. pp.!25-38. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

144. "$e Grange in Massachuse"s". !e Farmers Voice (Chicago: $e Farmers Voice) XII (9): p.!279. March 4, 1899. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

145. Goodell, Henry H. (1899). "$e Mission of the Experiment Station". O$cial Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Farmers' National Congress of the United States. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. pp.!20-27. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

146. Walsh, James Joseph (1915). !e Popes and Science. New York: Fordham University Press. pp.!506-507.OCLC!156074323. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

147. Woods, $omas E. (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc. p.!232. OCLC!238747140. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

45

148. Pasquini, John J. (2010). !e Existence of God. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, Inc. p.!43.OCLC!466358916. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

149. O'Connor, John B. (1921). Monasticism and Civilization. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons. p.!33.OCLC!3937508. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

150. Equivalent to an increase from $5,740,000 to about $8,200,000 in 2011 US dollars. Westegg.com In&ation Converter.

151. Tuckerman, 100.152. Cary, 82.153. Caswell, 40.154. !irtieth Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1893. pp.!8, 14-15. Retrieved 13 November 2012.155. "Editorials". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) XV (1): p.!2. June 19, 1893. Retrieved

13 November 2012.156. "Public le"er wri"en by Greenough to College Alumni". Amherst, MA: Massachuse"s Agricultural College.

February 12, 1884.157. "Editorials". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) XV (1): p.!4. June 19, 1893. Retrieved

13 November 2012.158. !irty-Second Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers.

1895. pp.!10-11, 42. Retrieved 6 May 2011.159. !irty-Fi#h Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1898. pp.!16, 21. Retrieved 27 November 2012.160. !irty-Seventh Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State

Printers. 1900. pp.!11-12. Retrieved 6 May 2011.161. Forty-First Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers.

1904. p.!12, 62. Retrieved 6 September 2011.162. !irty-Fi#h Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Company, State

Printers. 1902. pp.!16. Retrieved 27 November 2012.163. "Department Notes; Horticulture". !e College Signal. Massachuse"s Agricultural College (Amherst, MA:

Carpenter & Morehouse): pp.!80-81. January 24, 1906. Retrieved 27 November 2012.164. MHC Reconnaissance Survey Town Report: Amherst. 1982. p.!1. Retrieved 27 November 2012.165. Steinkamp, Judith (1997). East Area Plan. University of Massachuse"s Amherst. p.!Appendix-9. Retrieved 27

November 2012.166. Mills, 118.167. Cary, 73.168. A General Catalogue of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Carpenter and Morehouse. 1897. Retrieved 12

November 2012.169. "$e Massachuse"s Agricultural College Club of New York". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter

and Morehouse) VI (11): p.!129. February 26, 1896. Retrieved 12 November 2011. "Dr. John A. Cu"er...o(ered the following resolution: '$e Massachuse"s Agricultural College Club of New York does herby thank President H. H. Goodell, LL. D., and Frederick Tuckerman, M. D., Ph.D., '78, for the invaluable services rendered the college by issuing in 1886 "$e General Catalogue of the M. A. C.," and it respectfully requests the trustees of the College to earnestly consider the advisability of issuing a new edition of such catalogue...'"

170. Stone, 59.

46

171. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) VII (1): p.!7. September 23, 1891. Retrieved 27 November 2011. "$e Woman's Congress will hold meetings at Boston, Mass. during October and a part of November. $e #rst week will be devoted to discussion upon Agricultural subjects. $ere will be in a"endance many prominent men and women about the country, who will contribute to the programme many interesting subjects. Among those who are expected to be present and speak are; the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Commi"ee on Education, Director of Experiment Stations at Washington, Dr. Atwater of Wesleyan and Pres. Goodell. Dr. Atwater will speak upon the subject of Foods, and the other speakers will have subjects relating to colleges. Pres't Goodell's subject is, "$e Agricultural Colleges and their Aims." $ese meetings will be very interesting as are all of the meetings of !e Woman's Congress."

172. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) II (11): p.!128. February 24, 1892. Retrieved 03 December 2012.

173. "Among the Musicians". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) XV (1): p.!14. June 19, 1893. Retrieved 03 December 2012.

174. Stebbins, 148175. !e Index, 1886. XVI. Spring#eld, MA: Spring#eld Printing Company. 1885. p.!18. Retrieved 12 August

2011.176. Cary, 93.177. !e Index, 1897. XXVII. Boston, MA: Frank Wood, Printer. 1896. p.!116. Retrieved 12 November 2012.178. !e Index, 1898. XXVIII. Boston, MA: American Printing and Engraving Co. 1896. p.!16,100. Retrieved 12

November 2012.179. !e Index, 1899. XXIX. Boston, MA: American Printing and Engraving Co. 1896. p.!97. Retrieved 12

November 2012.180. !e Index, 1900. XXX. Boston, MA: Frank Wood, Printer. 1898. pp.!39, 137. Retrieved 12 November 2012.181. Cary, 79.182. "Luddy" (February 25, 1891). "Reminiscences of an Alumnus". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s:

Carpenter and Morehouse) I (10): p.!74. Retrieved 28 August 2011.183. Fi#eenth Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Rand, Avery & Co., Printers to the

Commwealth. 1878. pp.!21. Retrieved 30 August 2011.184. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, April 28, 1863, Stebbins 43. "Daddy Goodell has been jubilant this morning and

in a state of unwonted excitement. Cause, the receipt this morning of the "Atlantic" for April, and seven le"ers including yours of April 4. $rice-happy dog of a Goodell!"

185. Le"er wri"en by Goodell to "D.D.", Stebbins 45. "How was my heart delighted yesterday on receiving the "Atlantic" directed in thine own hand. It smacked so strongly of a bookseller's shelves, that Daddy Goodell, like some worn-out war horse at the sound of a trumpet, pricked up his ears and for the space of an hour sat sni%ng the leaves without reading a single word."

186. Stebbins, 145.187. !e Index, 1886. XVI. Spring#eld, MA: Spring#eld Printing Company. 1885. p.!12. Retrieved 12 August

2011. "Beside his usual duties...Goodell has a"ended to the purchasing and recataloguing of our rapidly increasing library."

188. Cary, 80.189. "$e college library will be open...". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) I (11):

p.!88. March 11, 1891. Retrieved 30 August 2011.190. Adams, Herbert B. (May 1900). Public Libraries and Popular Education. Home Education Bulletin *31.

University of the State of New York. p.!118. Retrieved 28 August 2011. "$e town of Amherst owes much to

47

the public spirit of the librarian of Amherst college, who instituted popular lecture courses in the town hall, and also to Pres. H. H. Goodell of the State agricultural college."

191. "$e Agricultural College; Commemoration Exercises". Spring%eld Republican (Spring#eld, Massachuse"s): p.!4. April 22, 1887. "It becomes more and more apparent that by accepting the presidency last year Mr. Goodell saved the college from a crisis which threatened a great deal of trouble. He has also declined within a few years the place of librarian at Amherst College, with a salary equal to his present one, because he was anxious for the prosperity of the agricultural college."

192. "$rough the Exertions of President Goodell...". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) I(12): p.!92. March 25, 1891. Retrieved 28 August 2011. "$rough the exertions of Pres. Goodell an arrangement has been made which will enable us to have access to the Amherst College library. $is is a library more than four times the size of our own, and rich in volumes on literature and the #ne arts, branches in which our own is lamentably de#cient. Access to this collection cannot fail to be of great value to those desiring to pay particular a"ention to literature. Amherst students will be allowed to draw books from our library on the same terms that we are subject to in drawing from theirs. Our library, though de#cient in the arts, is peculiarly rich in the sciences and especially in chemistry, so the advantage will not be wholly one-sided. We are indebted to President Gates for the liberal and progressive spirit which he has shown in the ma"er, and with President Goodell he should share the gratitude of the students of both institutions."

193. Known in later editions as the "History of the Ancient Working People"194. Dave Burns (November 14, 2008 (lecture date)). "Heretical Tendencies in the Kingdom of God: Radical

Christian Intellectuals and the Ideological Boundaries of the Social Gospel". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2011. "During the Progressive Era, the ideals and ideas linked to dominant conceptions of civilization, science and citizenship o'en blunted the brotherhood and solidarity religious #gures in America sought to impart to the world in Jesus’ name. $is paper examines the lives and works of Cyrenus Osborne Ward and George Herron, two contrarians who rejected the evolutionary outlook of the social gospel that divided the human race into superior and inferior peoples and created their own radical and humanistic variants of Christianity to reach out to the workers of the world. Focusing on how each man used a working-class Jesus as the center of their ethical universe, it places Ward and Herron within a broader intellectual movement that challenged the authority of preachers and theologians to de#ne the boundaries of religion."

195. Edward Ra(erty (February 27, 2009 (lecture date)). "A Marxist Yankee in Europe: Cyrenus Osborne Ward and Atlantic Radicalism in the 19th Century". Boston University. Retrieved 28 August 2011. "Edward Ra(erty, biographer for American sociologist Lester Ward, turns his a"ention to Ward's socialist brother, Cyrenus Osborne Ward, to describe the active involvement of Americans in 19th-century socialism. Cyrenus Ward was an active organizer and contributor to American socialist politics. He served on the Council of the First International at the $e Hague Congress (1872) and worked in Marxist politics in Europe and the United States for much of the late nineteenth century. Ra(erty o(ers ample evidence to refute Werner Sombart's contention that there was no socialism in the United States."

196. Hunter, Allen (1998). Rethinking the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p.!299.OCLC!36672026. Retrieved 27 August 2011.

197. Rethinking the Cold War. New York: New York Public Library. 1897. p.!110. OCLC!1760052. Retrieved 27 August 2011.

198. WorldCat Listings.199. Twenty-Seventh Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State

Printers. 1890. pp.!18. Retrieved 28 August 2011.

48

200. Twenty-Fi#h Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College. Wright & Po"er Printing Co., State Printers. 1888. pp.!9. Retrieved 28 August 2011.

201. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) VI (5): p.!57. November 13, 1895. Retrieved 04 December 2012. "$e University of Virginia has lately had the great misfortune to lose by #re all her principal buildings, including dormitories and library. In behalf of the college, Pres. Goodell has sent to the University from the college library, thirty valuable volumes of scienti#c works, as a contribution towards a new library at the University. A commi"ee of six, one representative from each class was also appointed to draw up resolutious [sic] and forward to the students of the University, expressing the sympathy of the college in their loss and o(ering any assistance which may be within our power."

202. Eighth Annual Report of the President of the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. E.L. Freeman & Sons, State Printers. 1896. p.!9. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

203. 1907 Stat. L. 34 §1014, Guide to the use of United States government publications. Boston: $e Boston Book Company. 1918. Retrieved 16 May 2011.

204. Le"er wri"en by Sen. George Frisbie Hoar to Goodell, February 24, 1900, Stebbins, 147.205. "Guns Without Wheels. (General News)". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) XXI (1):

p.!11. June 19, 1900. Retrieved 28 August 2011. "At present there are about 20,900 volumes in the college library. New works are constantly being added under the direction of President Goodell. On the shelves are books that cannot be duplicated without great trouble and expense. Without doubt is now one of the best scienti#c libraries in the country. No subject of a scienti#c nature can be brought up that some work or reference book does not treat of. One thing that will aid materially in making the library more useful is the bill lately passed by Congress making all Land Grant Colleges repositories of all public documents."

206. "Chips". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Kappa Sigma Fraternity (formerly D.G.K.)) XV (1): p.!22. June 19, 1893. Retrieved 04 December 2012. "President Goodell kindly donates the money received by library book #nes to the Athletic Association"

207. Caswell, 45.208. "$e Legislature made their annual...". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Kappa Sigma Fraternity (formerly

D.G.K.)) XXVI (1): p.!4. June 15, 1904. Retrieved 24 August 2011. "$e Legislature made their annual visit to the College on May 20th. $ey reviewed the ba"alion and made their usual inspection of the college buildings. President Goodell, as is his custom, asked for another much needed building for the College. $is time it is a new library. At present the old building is full to the over&owing and many books have to be placed where it is almost impossible to get at them."

209. Cary 80, 81.210. American Library Association (Last updated July 2010.). "$e Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By

Volumes Held". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2011.Based on Association of Research Libraries statistics &om 2007-2009.

211. American Library Association, reposted by Peter Y. Chou of WisdomPortal.com (February 27, 2009 (lecture date))."$e Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held". American Library Association, reposted by Peter Y. Chou of WisdomPortal.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2011. Based on Association of Research Libraries statistics &om 1996-1997.

212. University of Massachuse"s Amherst, Association of Research Libraries 10-Year Data, 2008.213. Blauch, L. E. (1922). Statistics of Land-Grant Colleges; Year Ended June 30, 1921. Washington, D.C.: Government

Printing O%ce. p.!4. Retrieved 24 December 2012.214. !e Index, 1889. XIX. Hartford, CT: $e Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., Printers and Blank Book

Manufacturers. 1888. p.!12. Retrieved 12 August 2011.

49

215. $orne, C. E., ed. (1887; 1941). Proceedings of the First Annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. Washington D.C.: $e Association of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities. Retrieved 24 December 2012.

216. Harris, A. W.; Alvord, H. E., eds. (1890). Proceedings of the !ird Annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. Washington D.C.: Government Printing O%ce. pp.!11. Retrieved 24 December 2012.

217. Stone, 58.218. True, A. C.; Beal, W. H.; White, H. C., eds. (1904). Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Convention of the

Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. Washington D.C.: Government Printing O%ce. pp.!62-63.

219. Stebbins, 112.220. "A Correction". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) III (11): p.!125. March 1,

1893. Retrieved 19 December 2012.221. Williams, Roger L. (1991). !e Origins of Federal Support for Higher Education: George W. Atherton and the Land-

Grant College Movement. University Park, Pennsylvania: $e University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.!163-164.OCLC!22206433. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

222. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) III (12): p.!139. March 15, 1893. Retrieved 19 December 2012. "President Goodell, as a member of the Executive Commi"ee of the Agricultural colleges and Experiment Stations, interviewed Secretary Morton and secured #rst, the retention of Mr. Wille" as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture until he shall have completed the government exhibit at Chicago and second, that the new assistant secretary shall not be appointed until the above commi"ee have presented the claims of Maj. Henry E. Alvord."

223. "Dr. Charles W. Dabney To be the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture". !e New York Times (New York). December 13, 1893. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

224. Dabney, Charles W. (1905). "$e Relations of Agriculture to Other Sciences". In Rogers, Howard J. Congress of Arts and Science: Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. VI. Cambridge, MA: $e Riverside Press. pp.!715-726.OCLC!343889.

225. Clip from Boston Globe, circa 1897. Unknown date, UMass Special Collections.226. $en located in the Amherst town hall, not to be confused with the Jones Library which was not established

until a decade a'er Goodell's death.227. Tuckerman, Frederick (1905). "Henry Hill Goodell". Obituary Record of Graduates of Amherst College, 1905.

Amherst, MA: Amherst College. pp.!98-102. Retrieved 27 August 2011.228. !e History of the Town of Amherst, Massachuse"s. Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter & Morehouse. 1896.

pp.!523. OCLC!2565330. Retrieved 08 October 2011.229. A social club founded in 1891, it is not to be confused with the present-day "Amherst Club," organized in

1983.230. "Gleanings". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) I (12): p.!93. March 25, 1891.

Retrieved 8 October 2011. "$e speeches of Pres't Goodell have been an important feature at several recent Williston alumni meetings."

231. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) III (2): p.!19. October 5, 1892. Retrieved 8 October 2011. "$e speeches of Pres't Goodell have been an important feature at several recent Williston alumni meetings."

232. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) VI (12): p.!128. March 11, 1896. Retrieved 8 October 2011. "At a mass meeting of the citizens of Amherst held $ursday evening, Feb. 13, for the purpose of discussing the Armenian situation, Pres't Goodell presided at and addressed the

50

meeting. In a few eloquent and forcible words...he outlined the main features of the Armenian atrocities...On the following Tuesday, a collection was taken at chapel to aid in the good work. Among the distinctly national traits which characterize the American people, we know of none more praiseworthy than this open-hearted sympathy for su(ering and misery."

233. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) III (13): p.!151. April 19, 1893. Retrieved 8 October 2011. "President Goodell delivered his lecture on "Life in the East," in the Union course..."

234. Goodell, H. H. (1904). "Tree, Flowers, and Fruits of the Eastl". Transactions of the Massachuse"s Horticultural Society for the Year 1904. Boston. pp.!25-38. Retrieved 08 October 2011.

235. Munroe, James P. (1923). A Life of Francis Amasa Walker. New York: Henry Holt & Company. OCLC!392697.236. "Contemporary Celebrities; A Celestial Diplomat". Current Opinion. XXXIII. New York: $e Current

Literature Publishing Company. August 1902. pp.!274. Retrieved 05 December 2012.237. Walker, C.S. ( January 1907). "$e Army of Chinese Students Abroad;$e Career of Sir Liang". !e World's

Work. XIII. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp.!8473-8474. Retrieved 05 December 2012.238. Tyler, John M. (1903-1904). "Men and Women of the Outdoor World; Sir Liang Chen Tung". Outing; !e

Outdoor Magazine of Human Interest. XLIII. New York: $e Outing Publishing Company. pp.!98-100. Retrieved 05 December 2012.

239. Stebbins, 133.240. Program for the 1906 National Convention of the Chinese Student Alliance, Box RG 7/3-Continuing

Education, Special Collections & University Archives, University of Massachuse"s Amherst.241. Allen, Mary Adèle (1939). Around a Village Green; Sketches of Life in Amherst. Northampton, MA: $e Kraushar

Press. pp.!90-91. OCLC!513792.242. Stebbins, 144.243. Goodell, Henry H. (1882). Hills, Joseph. ed. Origin and History of Gender (Speech). Modern Languages

Course. Massachuse"s Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachuse"s.244. Blocker ( Jr.), Tyrrell; Ian; Fahey, David M. (2003). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: A Global

Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp.!517. OCLC!163148491. Retrieved 04 December 2012.245. Vorse, Mary Heaton (1935). A Footnote to Folly: Reminiscences of Mary Heaton Vorse. New York: Farrar &

Rinehart. p.!38. OCLC!1299608.246. Spear, Robert J (2005). !e Great Gypsy Moth War. Amherst, MA: University of Massachuse"s Press.

p.!38.OCLC!1299608. Retrieved 29 December 2012.247. "We are now sorry to note...". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) IX (1): p.!1. June 20,

1887. Retrieved 24 August 2011. "We are now sorry to note the resignation of President Goodell...It is exceedingly regre"ed that his physical strength causes this move..."

248. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) IV (3): p.!30. October 18, 1893. Retrieved 24 August 2011. "President Goodell has been su(ering from quite a severe illness the past week, but is now on the road to recovery. He is spending a few days with friends in New London, Conn."

See note 52.249. "College Notes". Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) IV (4): p.!42. November 1,

1893. Retrieved 24 August 2011. "Pres. Goodell has returned to duty a'er his three weeks vacation much improved in health"

250. Stebbins, 117-119.251. Although this substance's toxicity is widely known today, it was not uncommon for doctors to prescribe

strychnine in the 19th century as a tonic to treat angina pectoris or other heart and respiratory ailments.

51

Further details on its use in early medicine may be found in a paper (p. 704) on angina pectoris by a Prof. Gairdner, published in volume II of the 1880 work, A System of Medicine, edited by Reynolds.

252. Stebbins, 125.253. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, April 27, 1903, Stebbins 125-126.254. Stebbins, 126.255. Stebbins, 127.256. Le"er wri"en by Goodell, January 15, 1905, Stebbins, 128.257. Stebbins, 128.258. Stebbins, 130.259. Stebbins, 130-132.260. "$e Late President Goodell". Spring%eld Republican (Spring#eld, Massachuse"s): p.!7. April 25, 1905.261. Stebbins, 132.262. "President Goodell Dead.". Anaconda Standard (Anaconda, Montana): p.!10. April 24, 1905.263. "Henry Hill Goodell". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Kappa Sigma of Mass. State College) XXVII (1):

pp.!15-16. June 18, 1905. Retrieved 25 August 2011.264. Brooks, 61.265. "Goodell's Body Gets to Amherst from Hub". Boston Journal: p.!10. April 26, 1905.266. "Last Tribute Paid", Hastings, 133.267. "Last Tribute Paid", Hastings, 133-134.268. "Last Tribute Paid", Hastings, 134.269. "Last Tribute Paid", Hastings, 135.270. Massachuse"s Agricultural College in the War. Amherst, MA: Massachuse"s Agricultural College. 1907. p.!197.

OCLC!28434470. Retrieved 04 December 2012.271. Stone, 60.272. Bowker, William H. (1907). !e Old Guard; !e Famous "Faculty of Four;" !e Mission and Future of the College; Its

Debt to Amherst College, Harvard College and Other Institutions. Boston: Wright & Po"er Printing Co. pp.!6-10. OCLC!28434470. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

273. Tyler, 234.274. "Artwork Collection, 1948-2008". Retrieved 04 December 2012.275. "Today standing upon Clark Hill...". !e Cycle (Amherst, Massachuse"s: D.G.K. Fraternity) XXII (1): p.!6.

June 19, 1900. Retrieved 24 March 2012. "$e 'Goodell Library' and the new Gymnasium o(er increased opportunities for culture, both mental and physical."

52

Illustration Creditsp. 3- Portrait of Henry Hill Goodell Bissell, George P.; Ellis, Samuel K. (1913). !e Twenty-Fi#h Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion. Rockville, Connecticut.: Rockville Journal. p. 63. ISBN!0-521-25784-0. OCLC!30425318. p. 7- Williston Seminary campus, c. 1856. Wa"s, J.W. (1856). Journal of Research in Music Education (Hartford: F. C. Brownell) II: 172. Retrieved 28 January 2013.p. 10- Published version of a map of the Ba"le of Irish Bend drawn by Goodell in a le"er to a &iend. Stebbins, Calvin K. (1911). Henry Hill Goodell: the story of his life, with le"ers and a few of his addresses. Cambridge, Massachuse"s: Riverside Press. p. 39. OCLC!11485888. Retrieved 28 January 2013.p. 12- !e Goodell House, c. 1890 [House on Sunset Avenue] Digital Amherst, Item * 511. h"p://www.digitalamherst.org/items/show/511 Retrieved 28 January 2013.p. 15- !e United States Hotel of Boston... [!e United States Hotel, Beach and Lincoln Streets] King, Moses, ed. (1884). King's Handbook of Boston. Cambridge, MA: Moses King, Publisher. pp.!57. OCLC!778544. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

p. 19- Old Chapel overlooking the campus pond...c. 1894 Aggie Life (Amherst, Massachuse"s: Carpenter and Morehouse) V: 1894. Retrieved 28 January 2013.p. 20- Cartoon of Goodell presiding over a theatre class... !e Index, 1894. XXIV. Boston: John Andrew & Son Co. 1893. p.!120. Retrieved 28 January 20133.

p. 21- Goodell’s O$ce, c. 1898 [As You Will Always Find Him] !e Index, 1899. XXIX. Boston: John Andrew & Son Co. 1893. p.!148. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

p. 22- Library Collection Growth During Goodell’s Tenure at the Massachuse"s Agricultural College (1870-1905) Lefebvre, Kenneth. Data from Annual Reports of the Massachuse"s Agricultural College, 1870-1905. Compiled 2011.

p. 23- !e Chapel in 1904... !e Index, 1905. XXXV. Rutland, VT: $e Tu"le Company; Printers, Publishers and Bookbinders. 1903. p.!98. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

p. 25- Strong Backing for Pres. Goodell... !e Boston Globe (Boston):. January 15, 1897. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

p. 26- Some of the Distinguished Savants... !e San Francisco Call (San Francisco): p.!7. June 08, 1899. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

p. 31- A Tin of Amyl Nitrite Ampoules... !erapeutic Notes (Detroit: Parke, Davis and Co.) XXVIII: 1923. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

p. 34- !e Trophy... !e Index, 1899. XXIX. Boston: John Andrew & Son Co. 1893. Insert. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

p. 34- Goodell At His Desk... !e Index, 1900. XXX. Boston, MA: Frank Wood, Printer. 1898. p.!153. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

53

AppendicesA. Helen Eloise Goodell, née Stanton (December 13, 1846, – April 13, 1928) was Henry Hill Goodell’s wife and a known social benefactor in Amherst, Massachuse"s, taking up a number of causes in her time there.Helen Stanton was born in New Orleans on December 13, 1846, the fourth child John Stanton and Sophia Cook. Helen’s father was proprietor of a lucrative ice company in New Orleans which, at it’s peak, had a second headquarters in Mobile, Alabama, as well as branches in Savannah, Charleston, and Boston. Being in poor health in the last year of his life, John Stanton passed away at the age of 39 in 1849; Helen, his youngest daughter, was barely the age of two at his passing. In his will, John le' an estate in New Hampshire to his parents and his company and all assets to his wife Sophia "for the best interests of herself and of our children". By 1855, Helen’s mother had moved the family up to Winchester, Massachuse"s. Later censuses indicate that Helen lived with her mother and her step-father for a number of years. Although it remains unclear exactly how she met Goodell, their relationship seems to have been established sometime before his enlistment in the Union Army as one of his war le"ers from 1863 is addressed “to my dear Elise”. It seems most likely the two had met through Helen’s brother, Charles Stanton, a fellow member of Goodell’s graduating class. $e couple were wed on December 10, 1873, and their two sons (both named a'er the couple’s fathers) John and William were born in 1875 and 1878 respectively.

Both the 1880 and 1900 censuses list Helen Goodell as the wife of the Goodell household, with no occupation given. However, as their children grew, Mrs. Goodell became increasingly involved in the a(airs of the community. In 1893, she and nine other women worked with Amy Barnes (“Mrs. S[amuel] T. Maynard”) to found the Amherst Woman’s Club, and by 1898 these women had become a part of a growing body of over 150 members. From 1896 to 1905 she had also served as treasurer for the Amherst chapter of the Massachuse"s Indian Association, a group dedicated “to awaken[ing], by every means in its power, a Christian public sentiment which shall move our government to abolish all oppression of Indians within our national limits, and to grant them the same protection of law that other races among us enjoy”. It’s main activities included the lobbying of Congress (through its National Association) and the raising of funds for food and supplies, with one year listing “two barrels sent to Miss Calfee for the Hualapai [people]”. In the wake of her husband’s failing health, she was known to have donated a number of books to the town library in 1904.

It is unknown what exact denomination of Christianity Mrs. Goodell was originally raised as, though her Louisiana roots would likely place her as a Roman Catholic. In his biography of Henry Goodell, Stebbins states “a'er his marriage, as there was no church of the denomination his wife preferred in town, a compromise was made and they worshipped at the Episcopal church.”

Following her husband’s death in 1905 she was known to have hosted Chinese Ambassador Liang Chen and his family for the summer, but few other details exist about her later life. She continued to live at their house on Sunset Avenue as a widow, and was known to have employed “an Irish servant girl”, named Bridget Leehan in her later years. Mrs. Helen Eloise Goodell passed away on April 13, 1928 and was buried with her husband at West Cemetery, Amherst, Massachuse"s.

54

REFERENCES

Amherst College Biographical Record of the Graduates and Non-Graduates, 1821-1921Amherst, Mass.: Amherst College. 1927.

Annual Reports of the Town of Amherst for the Year Ending Feb. 1, 1904.Amherst, Mass.: Press of Carpenter & Morehouse. 1904. p.!37. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

Croly, Jennie C. (1898). "Amherst Woman's Club". !e History of the Woman's Club Movement in America. New York: Henry G. Allen & Co.; Press of J. J. Li"le & Co. pp.!599-600. OCLC!82819194. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

Fourteenth Annual Report of the Massachuse"s Indian Association. Boston: J. Stilman Smith & Co. 1896. p.!11. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

Goodell, Henry Hill. ( January 26, 1863). Le"er to “My dear Elise”.Pearce Civil War Collection, Navarro College, Corsicana, Texas.h"p://www.pearcecollections.us/fa_ind.php?#d=181Retrieved 04 December 2012.

Marshall, Benjamin Tinkham, ed. (1922). A Modern History of New London County, Connecticut. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. . OCLC 3260391.Retrieved 04 December 2012.

Rideout, Eliza E. ( June, 1905). "News and Notes". !e Indian's Friend (New Haven: Miss Marie E. Ives, Cli'on Street, Station A.; National Indian Association): p.!4. Retrieved 04 December 2012. "$e annual meeting of the Amherst Indian Association, in April, was saddened by our sympathy for Mrs. H. H. Goodell (recently bereaved), who has served us faithfully and e%ciently for many years as our treasurer."

"Sir Liang's Summer Life Busy; Plays Tennis for Recreation". Amherst Record (Amherst, Massachuse"s). August 26, 1905. Retrieved 15 January 2012.

Stebbins, Calvin K. (1911). Henry Hill Goodell: the story of his life, with le"ers and a few of his addresses. Cambridge, Massachuse"s: Riverside Press. OCLC!11485888.Retrieved 04 December 2012.

Timm, Holly. (2008). Blood, Collateral and Otherwise; Helen Elouise Stanton.h"p://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~h#/ss2/p4341.htmRootsweb; Ancestry.com. Retrieved 04 December 2012Citations as they appear in this reference:

17. [S244] Sophia Stanton household, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, Louisiana, Orleans, New Orleans, page 42, household 636, family 671, enumerated 1 Jun 1850, National Archives Micro#lm Publication M432, Roll 237, Ancestry image viewed 18 Jan 2006.

18. [S254] "Family trees appearing on Ancestry.com including OneWorldTree"; Ancestry.com, $e Generations Network, Provo, Utah.

19. [S596] Utah Genealogical Society, Orleans Parish Will Books 8 (1844-1850), LDS Film #483350, La"er Day Saints, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah, Volume 8 pages 434-436.

20. [S509] “Deaths,” Boston Courier, 5 Nov 1849, news article, GenealogyBank (subscription database) (www.genealogybank.com: accessed 26 Nov 2007.).

21. [S612] Utah Genealogical Society, Probate Records, Middlesex County, Massachuse"s, La"er Day Saints, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. Hereina'er cited as Middlesex MA Probate.

55

22. [S480] New England Historic Genealogical Society, “1855 & 1865 Massachuse"s State Census database,” online image database, NewEnglandAncestors.org (h!p://www.newenglandancestors.org/: unknown access date, 1855 Winchester hh156/156 Sophia Stanton.

23. [S191] Saml T Richardson household, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, Massachuse"s, Middlesex, Winchester, page 312 handwri"en, household 2275, family 2334, enumerated 1 Jun 1860, National Archives Micro#lm Publication M653, Roll 511, Ancestry viewed 18 Jan 2006.

24. [S56] Sopiah Richardson household, 1870 Census, population schedule, Massachuse"s, Middlesex, Winchester, page 487, household 420, family 505, enumerated 1 Jun 1870, National Archives Micro#lm Publication M593, Roll 633, Ancestry image viewed 19 Apr 2007.

25. [S501] , Helen E Stanton; Ancestry.com, $e Generations Network, Provo, Utah.

26. [S515] John G Stanton and others entry; Donau Passenger List, 10 Oct 1873, departed from Bremen Germany; in M237; 383 (ancestry.com: Ancestry).

27. [S417] Henry H Goodale household, 1880 U.S. Census, population schedule, Massachuse"s, Hampshire County, Amherst, ED 341, sheet 41 handwri"en, 275 stamped, dwelling 405, family 438, enumerated as of 1 Jun 1880, National Archives Micro#lm Publication T9 , Roll 537, Ancestry image viewed 19 Apr 2007.

28. [S582] Henry H Goodell household, 1900 U.S. Census, population schedule, Massachuse"s, Hampshire County, 15 Sunset Avenue, Amherst, ED 614, sheet 1a, dwelling 6, family 7, enumerated as of 1 Jun 1900, National Archives Micro#lm Publication T624 , Roll 653, Ancestry image viewed 20 Jun 2008, indexed as Goodsell.

29. [S601] Utah Genealogical Society, Probate Records, Middlesex County, Massachuse"s, LDS Film #2406974, La"er Day Saints, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah, Guardianship of Nancy C Stanton. Hereina'er cited as Middlesex MA Probate.

30. [S583] Helen E Goodell household, 1910 U.S. Census, population schedule, Massachuse"s, Hampshire County, 15 Sunset Avenue, Amherst, ED 677, sheet 19a, dwelling 407, family 456, enumerated as of 15 Apr 1910, National Archives Micro#lm Publication T624 , Roll 593, Ancestry image viewed 20 Jun 2008.

56

B. Prof. Charmbury and the American Tonic Sol-fa MovementAlthough his professorial title was honorary, Amherst resident $omas Charmbury was credited as one of the #rst people to introduce the Norwich tonic sol-fa vocal system to American schools. Born in England in 1854, he seems to have trained in the Tonic Sol-fa College in London before emigrating to the United States sometime in the late 1870s. Working with notable initiators of the American Sol-Fa movement, $eodore F. Seward and Daniel Batchellor, Charmbury established a Tonic Sol-fa Institute in Spring#eld in 1882, and went on to serve as a music teacher for that city's public schools. $e sol-fa movement seems to have enjoyed some success in Massachuse"s as Charmbury and Batchellor went on to publish a four-volume Tonic Sol-fa Music Course for Schools along with a teacher's companion guide. Although Charmbury was still listed in the 1900 U.S. Census as a "professor of vocal music", his technique had fallen into virtual obscurity in America by the end nineteenth century. $e method was never again popularized in this country but would persist in Great Britain for several decades, and would be modernized and taught by Hungarian pedagogue-composer Zoltán Kodály in the 20th century.

Although the American system is largely forgo"en, a predecessor of it's British counterpart seems to have persisted in Southern churches; Elvis Presley and blues legend W.C. Handy were reportedly taught how to sing with a technique also known as the "tonic sol-fa system". Although they share the same handle, this persisting technique seems to have completely di(ered from the modernized Sol-fa system of Victorian England, as it made use of shaped "buckwheat" notes and similar hand gestures but neglected the le"er system invented by Sarah Ann Glover and later popularized by John Curwen, Charmbury's mentor. According to one paper by Joyce Marie Jackson, the choral practices that later in&uenced Glover's system came to the colonies in the early nineteenth century with the publishing of Li"le and Smith's !e Easy Instructor; Or, A New Method of Teaching Sacred Harmony in 1801. $is treatise on Britain's then-popular shaped note system #rst spread to the Southern colonies when one of its coauthors, William Smith, sold copies to Lexington bookshops in 1803. From then on, its use seems to have dispersed as across the South in a church tradition that eventually became known as the "Sacred Harp", named a'er a best-selling songbook that made use of the system.

At the time of his M.A.C. teachings, Charmbury's son, $omas Herbert Charmbury, was a member of the College's freshman class. It seems entirely possible that Goodell's acquaintance with the elder Charmbury led to the #rst teachings of this pedagogical music notation at a land-grant college. Further research could potentially support this claim, but the ambiguity of the "Norwich sol-fa" and "Sacred Harp sol-fa" systems makes it di%cult to prove such a thesis with absolute certainty.

57

REFERENCESBacon, Denise (1978). 185 Unison Pentatonic Exercises: First Steps in Sight-Singing Using Sol-fa and Sta( Notation According to the Kodály Concept. West Newton, MA: Kodály Center of America.

Batchellor, Daniel; Charmbury, $omas (1887). Manual for Teachers and Rote Songs, to Accompany $e Tonic Sol-fa Music Course. Boston: Oliver Ditson & Co. OCLC!33503265. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

Carden, Joy (1980). "Chapter V: Music Enterprise: Sales, Publishing, and Manufacturing". Music in Lexington Before 1840. Cincinnati: $e C. J. Krehbiel Company; $e University Press of Kentucky. p.!80. OCLC!7050431. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

"Case 109". Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations: Europe. I. New York: $e J.W. Pra" Co.; $e Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1902. p.!249. OCLC!7050431. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

Charmbury, $omas (April 1882). Seward, $eodore F. ed. "Tonic Sol-fa Institute at Spring#eld, Mass.". $e Tonic Solf-fa Advocate (New York: Biglow & Main) 1 (8): 140-141. OCLC!656781030. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

Curwen, John; Sarah Ann Glover (1885). An Account of the Tonic Sol-fa Method of Teaching to Sing. A Modi#cation of Miss Glover's Norwich Sol-fa Method, Or Tetrachordal System.

Dundy, Elaine (1985). Elvis and Gladys. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. pp.!110-111. OCLC!53059433. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

Jackson, Joyce Marie (2012). "Singing Conventions and Food Sharing:Sacred Identity". In Walton, Shana; Carpenter, Barbara.Ethnic Heritage in Mississippi: $e Twentieth Century. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp.!81-83. OCLC!751922098. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

King, Moses, ed. (1884). King's Handbook of Spring#eld, Massachuse"s. Spring#eld, MA: James D. Gill, Publisher. pp.!171-172.OCLC!3137386. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

Southco", Jane (Spring 1995). "Daniel Batchellor and the American Tonic Sol-fa Movement". Journal of Research in Music Education (New York: Sage Publications, Inc.; MENC: $e National Association for Music Education) XLIII (1): 60-83. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

Twel'h Census of the United States, 1900; Amherst, Hampshire, Massachuse"s; roll 653, page 1A, line 4, enumeration district 0615. Family History #lm 1240653 , National Archives #lm number T9-0075 . Retrieved on 02 December 2012.

White, B. F.; King, E. J. (1911). James, J.S. ed. Original Sacred Harp. Atlanta: United Sacred Harp Musical Association.OCLC!649597183. Retrieved 02 December 2012.

58

C. #e Annotated Memorial Booklet A copy of Goodell’s eulogy of Captain Walter Mason Dickinson was discovered, during the author’s research, that contained handwriting in its margins from an unknown alumnus. Dickinson, who had served as the college military professor, was enlisted in the American infantry during the Spanish-American War. On July 1st, 1898, he was struck down in the Ba!le of El Caney by three bullets, and by 2AM the following day he had died while unconscious. It seems that the late Captain been a great loss for Goodell and the entire college community. "e alumnus in question apparently considered himself a good friend of both men. Only two clues are given to this annotator’s identity: his initials appear as “W.S” or “M.S.” and he graduated with the class of 1896. "ere is one candidate that particularly #ts this description, a young Boston University student by the name Maurice J. Sullivan. In the early years of the Massachuse!s Agricultural College an agreement existed with Boston University that would allow the exchange of students between the two institutions. Indeed many of Mass Aggie’s #rst graduates were also students of Boston University; Goodell and all of the presidents before him served on the University’s Council as part of this agreement. Maurice Sullivan had grown up in the town of Amherst, and graduated in the M.A.C. and B.U. classes of 1896, with a Bachelor’s in Science. It is not known if these notes are his but the entirety of them has been reproduced here from the University of California’s Bancro$ Library. It is worth noting that this eulogy was given in 1898, published in 1916, and apparently annotated by the alumnus in 1928.

Goodell, Henry Hill (1916; 1898). Memorial: Captain Walter Mason Dickinson, 17th Infantry, U.S. Army[UC Berkeley copy]. Amherst, MA: Massachuse"s Agricultural College. pp.!517. OCLC!33274757.h"p://www.archive.org/stream/memorialcaptainw00goodrich#page/n3/mode/2up. Retrieved 04 December 2012.

59

60

[FRONTISPIECE]

This book,A Labor of Love

Done in the Precious Spare Moments (1898)of a Busy Life devoted to

Young Manhoodby that Most InspiringLeader of Young Men

Henry Hill Goodell.Teacher & President, Mass. Agrl. Coll.

1867-1905His Monument,

The College Library!

To the youngest memberof the Kingston Freeman Family from WSin memory of the happy days of ! ! 6/19/29my boyhood when I looked forward toreading the Kingston (?) Weekly Paper.

My Sir Philip Sidney [reference to the Elizabethan soldier-poet]

ORIGINAL IMAGE ANNOTATIONS

61

[p.1; Quotes by W.M. Dickinson]Young Gentlemen!There is Property of

the Commonwealth of Massachusettsin Danger!

Who will volunteer to standGuard through the night

to his Cadets @ MAC June 1894

His last words to my classJune 1896:-

“Young Men, Fight Alcohol!”

“My boy, are you sure we have all thethe Items in?” a great lessonin care of the taxpayersʼ property.

sternly asked by W.M.D. of the writerin June 1896 when I handed him my

[illegible]

[p.3]“Books are greater than battleships,

printers ink is superior to gunpowder.” The Kingston Freeman

June 29,1928

(and as the the old farmers of Woodstock usedto say- Donʼt you [illegible] it Boy!)

To this ennobling sentiment fromthe Kingston Freeman- My beloved

Captain on whose words I hungas a boy (from 16 to 20) & his Teacher

& Biographer Pres. Henry Henry Hill Goodell would fervently say: “Amen! and Amen!”

62

[p. 7]Henry Hill Goodell

My great humblest Teacher!You are ever foresent before me!

A Wise ConservatorOf those Precious Golden Moments -

We spent so happily togetheras

Teacher & Pupil!WS 6/29/28

[p. 18]The Clark Cadets Mass Agrl College

It was an honor indeed only a few shortyears after being a District Schoolboy

at Corunna [?] (where we burned that[illegible] Soldier for John Moore) on the

Sawhill: to be enrolled Sept 8- 1892as a freshman Private of the Clark Cadets.

63

[p. 19]The Red Letter Day of Four

Long & Happy Years!Unless it was the day in Hadley

Common as

to my classwho served

under Cmmdfrom Sept 92to June 1896

1894 When he [Dickinson] led us down that field to pass in review

before Gen DanielLickles & the men of the wheat field

& The Peach Orchard!That was a ...[illegible]

[p. 29]Henry Hill Goodell

Schoolboy of ConstantinopleStudent of Amherst CollegeSoldier of Abraham Lincoln

Forlorn Hope, Volunteer at Port Hudson

& oft times said to us!-“Young Men! I would that you

would swear that on your heartswith a press of [illegible, chore?

cheer?]!

64

[p. 51]

Joseph Edgar Chamberlaina friend alum of forty years.

that I beyond houses or lands.

[p. 56]

olʼ land my home!oh in Thine Heart & Write

Sir Philip Sidney.

Needless to say this,our first offence, in Print,was done in the [illegible]

Mattersat request of my good friends

Printers - Carpenter & MorehouseAmherst, Mass.I am a farmerof [illegible].