anxiety and stress. anxiety apprehension anticipatory - “anxious apprehension” future-oriented...
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Anxiety Apprehension
• Anticipatory - “Anxious Apprehension”
• Future-oriented mood state in which one is ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events.
• State of undirected arousal following perception of threat
Anxiety: It is an emotion?
Specific event
Physiological arousal
Subjective feelings
Behavior
Cognitive Appraisals
How are fear and anxiety different?
Fear Anxiety
Cognitive Appraisals
“Something bad now, very soon”
“Something bad in the future”
Cognitive Appraisals
Controllable, Novel, Unexpected, Can Cope,
Close in Time.
Uncontrollable, Unexpected, Can’t Cope,
Far In Time
Physiology Weak limbs, heart races, dry mouth
Tension
Behavior Flee, desire to escape, can cope successfully!
Limited responses, can’t cope, don’t know how to
cope
Subjective Feelings
Unpleasant, highly arousing
Unpleasant highly arousing, helplessness
Timing Occurs post-stimulus Occurs pre-stimulus
Attention: Fear vs. Anxiety• Fear: • Focuses our attention to threatening stimuli• Post-Stimulus
• Anxiety: • Focuses our attention to threatening stimuli• Maintains our attention to threatening stimuli,
especially highly fearful stimuli• Pre-stimulus
Genetic Structure: Anxiety vs. Fear
Fear
AnimalPhobia
SituationalPhobia
Anxiety
Social Phobia
Panic &
Agor.PTSD GAD Depression
(Hettema et al., 2005)
When fear becomes anxietyAnxiety = unresolved fear
When the coping attempts for fear fail
Often in uncontrollable situation
Is Anxiety a Basic Emotion?A few say yes!– Gray’s BIS
More say no!– Ekman, Izard, and Williams James!– No universal facial expressions. – But, universal appraisals.
Physiological Changes
SNS Activated
PNS Activated
What can anxiety disorders tell us about physiological changes of anxiety?
Heartrate
SCR BP0
1
2
3
Audiovisual Stimulus
Current PTSDPrevious PTSDNever PTSD
Heartrate
SCR BP0
1
2
3
4
Imagery
Current PTSDPrevious PTSDNever PTSD
Curre
nt P
TSD
Previ
ous P
TSD
Never
PTSD
0
20
40
60
80
100
Audiovisual Stimulus
Subjective Distress
Curre
nt P
TSD
Previ
ous P
TSD
Never
PTSD
1
3
5
7
9
11
Imagery Stimulus
Subjective Unpleasant-ness
Subjective Feelings
What is the purpose of anxiety?
Automatic Processing: To detect/anticipate potential threats in our environment
Maintains our attention toward threatening stimuli (less likely to disengage)
To be aware of objects we consider most dangerous (e.g., phobias)
Automatic Processing and Threat Detection
Automatic, non-conscious mental activity gives us early warning system for detecting threat
Implication: You can know and not know something at the same time--not know it consciously, know it unconsciously
Basic technique: Backward masking
1. Present picture of threatening stimulus very quickly (30 milliseconds)
2. Immediately after threat photo is shown, show a non-threatening picture. The second picture is a mask, blocks first picture from consciousness.
3. Reaction to first (masked) picture indicates unconscious processing
Backward Masking
Automatic Processing of Fearful Stimuli:Results of Masked Stimuli Only
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
SnakePhobic
SpiderPhobic
Control
Ski
n C
on
du
ctan
ce L
evel
SnakesSpidersFlowers
Anxiety Maintains Attention / Harder to Disengage
Dot Probe Detection Paradigm
Present two words above a cross.
Words were threatening or neutral.
Position of words varied.
A dot replaces one of two words.
Sometimes dot replaces threatening word.
Sometimes dot replaces neutral word.
Told to read top word aloud.
Press button when see the dot.
Measure reaction time to locating dot.
GAD Control200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Dots Replace Threatening WordDots Replace Neutral Word
Rea
ctio
n T
ime
(MacLeod et al., 1986)
Anxiety Maintains Attention / Harder to Disengage
Fear or Anxiety?
Cut the rope!
How to sing
Cinderella Man
Jurassic Park
Anxiety: It is an emotion?
Specific event
Physiological arousal
Behavior
Appraisals
Subjective feelings
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 34
Is stress an emotion?
Specific event
Physiological arousal
Behavior
Appraisals
Subjective feelings
UNPLEASANT PLEASANT
ACTIVATION
DEACTIVATION
1 2
34
PIN YOUR ANSWER!
INTRO VIDEO
Low NA
PLEASANT
High PA
Low PA
Strong Engagement
Disengagement
High NA
UNPLEASANT
7
3
56
2
41
8
PIN YOUR ANSWER!
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 37
Views of Stress
Seyle: stress is a response to significant changes in life events– Stress is a Basic Emotion!
Lazarus: stress is our interpretation of an event as threatening PLUS our perceived ability to cope– Stress is a mixed emotion!
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 39
Action Unit 4 – Brow Lowerer
Action Unit 25 – Lips part
Action Unit 26 – Jaws Drop
Action Unit 12 – Lip Corner Pull
Lazarus
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 40
1-10 11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60-0.0999999999999996
3.60822483003176E-16
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Minutes
Eff
ect
size
(d)
**
***
***
***
***
***
(Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004)
Cortisol Changes – Onset of Stressor
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 41
0-20 Min Poststressor 21-40 Min Poststressor 41-60 Poststressor
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5E
ffec
t siz
e (d
)
***
***
Cortisol Recovery
(Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004)
Evidence for GAS: Vagal Tone
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 42
Low Mean High1.6
2.1
2.6
Low Stress Mean Stress High Stress
Level of Vagal Tone
Dai
ly N
egat
ive
Em
otio
nal
Aro
usa
l
(Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 43
Low Mean High1.6
2.1
2.6
Low Stress Mean Stress High Stress
Level of Vagal Tone
Dai
ly N
egat
ive
Em
otio
nal
Aro
usa
l
(Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 44
Low Mean High1.6
2.1
2.6
Low Stress Mean Stress High Stress
Level of Vagal Tone
Dai
ly N
egat
ive
Em
otio
nal
Aro
usa
l
(Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 45
Primary Appraisal: perceive a threat to oneself
Secondary Appraisal: assess whether one has the resources to cope with the threat
Coping: process of executing a response to the stressor.
(Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 46
Primary Appraisal: Not passing my qualifying exams
Secondary Appraisal: Can I handle this? I can make a study schedule!
Coping: Study everyday from 8-5 and take off on Wednesday
(Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
Evidence for Lazarus
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 47
Think about your first exam.
• Anticipating the exam…• Emotions?Thursday
• Waiting for your grade…• Emotions?Saturday
• Good grade!• Emotions?Tuesday
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 48
Think about your first exam.
• Anticipating the exam…• Emotions?Thursday
• Waiting for your grade…• Emotions?Saturday
• Good grade or bad grade?• Emotions?Tuesday
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 49
4 Types of Stress EmotionsAppraisal Emotion
Threat Worried, fearful, anxious
Challenge Confident, hopeful, eager
Harm Angry, sad, disappointed, guilty, disgusted
Benefit Exhilarated, pleased, happy, relieved
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 50
Stress is an unfolding process• Anticipatory Stage• 2 days before mid-termT1• Waiting Stage• 5 days after mid-termT2• Outcome Stage• 2 days before grades announcedT3
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 51
Anticipa-tory
Waiting Outcome0
1
2
3
4
5
ThreatChallenge
Ext
ent
feel
eac
h e
mot
ion
(Ran
ge 0
to
12)
Appraisal Emotion
Threat Worried, fearful, anxious
Challenge Confident, hopeful, eager
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 52
Anticipa-tory
Waiting Outcome0
1
2
3
4
5
6
HarmBenefit
Ext
ent
feel
eac
h em
otio
n(R
ange
0 t
o 16
/20)
Appraisal Emotion
Harm Angry, sad, disappointed, guilty, disgusted
Benefit Exhilarated, pleased, happy, relieved
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)Evidence for
Lazarus: Coping
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 53
ANS Activity Varies with AppraisalThreat Appraisal– Increases in SNS arousal (increased cardiac
activity) – Increases in PNS resistance(increased blood
pressure)
Challenge Appraisal– Increases in SNS arousal (increased cardiac
activity)– Reduced or unchanged PNS activity