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do not differ from the MDD participants in their reported frequency of use of these strategies.

Finally, we examined whether the relation between frequency of strategy use and severity of

symp-toms of depression and anxiety is comparable among the different groups. In particular,

we conducted exploratory analyses to investigate whether MDD and SAD participants differ

in the magnitude of the relation between the use of emotion regulation strategies and

symptom severity in order to gain insight into potential unique factors that might contribute to

the maintenance of these disorders

Participants

Participants were 551 individuals with a mean age of 36 years who were recruited from the

community. Four groups of participants completed this study: 189 partici-pants diagnosed

with current MDD; 48 participants diag-nosed with at least one past episode of MDD who

were currently in remission (RMD); 58 individuals diagnosed with SAD; and 256 CTLs with

no history of Axis-I dis-order.

8. Cognitive Therapy Skills Predict Cognitive Reactivityto Sad Mood Following Cognitive Therapy for DepressionPublished online: 18 July 2013

Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013

Daniel R. Strunk Abby D. Adler Shannon N. Hollars

Abstract

Both patients competence in the coping skills taught in cognitive therapy (CT) and patients

endorsement of dysfunctional cognitions following a sad mood induction [i.e., their cognitive

reactivity (CR)] have been found to predict risk of relapse following a successful course of CT

for depression. We examined the relationship between these constructs, specifically whetherCT skills would be related to less CR following a mood induction among patients who

responded to a course of CT. In a sample of 28 depressed patients, post-treatment CT skills

were significantly related to less CR in response to a sad mood induction procedure (b.29). This relation was not accounted for by individual differences in mood reactivity. We

discuss these findings as a key step in developing a more complete understanding of the role

of CT coping skills and CR as markers of patients vulnerability to relapse.

Participants

This sample was comprised of 28 depressed patients who responded to CT after participating

in 16 weeks of treat-ment.

In conclusion, our results highlight the role of CT skills in post-treatment CR. The relation of

CT skills and CR leads us to consider the possibility that clients were uti-lizing CT skills to

influence their endorsement of dys-functional attitudes following a sad mood induction. With

this possibility in mind, rather than relying purely on schema change, cognitive therapists

might work to enhancepatients CT skills for coping with sad moods in order to protect them

from CR following naturally occurring negative moods. We encourage researchers examining

CR as a predictor of relapse to consider both CR and CT skills.

9.Dimensions of Perfectionism and Self-worth Contingenciesin Depression

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J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther (2009) Published online: 8 July 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008

Edward D. Sturman Gordon L. Flett Paul L. Hewitt Susan G. Rudolph

AbstractThe current study investigated the role of contingent self-worth in perfectionism and

depression. It was hypothesized that perfectionism is associated with depression because

perfectionists base their self-worth on being successful and on the need to be actively working

toward their goals. A sample of 170 female university students completed measures ofconditional self-worth, perfectionism traits, perfectionism cognitions, and depressive

symptoms. Structural equation modeling revealed that a factor interpreted as Evaluative

Concerns Perfectionism was associated strongly with contingent self-worth, which was, in

turn, related to depressive symptomatology. In addition, contingent self-worth mediated the

asso-ciation between perfectionism cognitions and depression. Other analyses revealed that

measures of self-oriented perfectionism that are often viewed as highly similar actually

differed in terms of their associations with contingent self-worth. The theoretical and practical

implications of the associations between perfectionism and contingent self-worth are

discussed.

The present studysought to investigate the links between various aspects of perfectionism,

in particular those forms that feature very high standards or concern over mistakes, and a senseof self-worth that depends on being successful and productive.

In conclusion, the present study shed light on the well-established association

between perfectionism and depression. It was found that perfectionistic cognitions and

evaluative concerns served as risk factors for depression through their association with

contingent self-worth. Further, pure personal standards were shown to be adaptive, at

least in relation to self-oriented perfectionism. Thus, this study obtained support for an

integrated approach to studying the perfectionistic vulnerability to depression. The

results of the current study that self-worth beliefs play a key role in the distressexperienced by certain perfectionists and these beliefs should be considered when

providing treatment and counseling to distressed perfectionists.

Perceived Control and Vulnerability to Anxiety

Disorders: A Meta-analytic ReviewCogn Ther Res

Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA) 2014

Matthew W. Gallagher Kate H. Bentley David H. Barlow

AbstractContemporary theories of psychopathology suggest a lack of perceived control as central to

the expe-rience of negative emotion and to be particularly relevant to the development ofanxiety disorders. The present study meta-analytically reviewed the relationship between per-ceived control and both trait and disorder-specific measures of anxiety in order to determinewhether current evidence is consistent with perceived control functioning as a transdiagnosticvulnerability factor. A comprehensive lit-erature review identified 51 studies with a total of11,218 participants that were determined to meet eligibility crite-ria. The mean effect sizes

between perceived control and trait measures of anxiety (k = 29) and disorder specificmeasures of anxiety (k = 37) were calculated using ran-dom-effects methods. Resultsindicated a large, negative association between perceived control and both trait mea-sures ofanxiety and disorder-specific measures of anxiety, with the largest associations being between

perceived control and generalized anxiety disorder. Moderator anal-yses indicated that theassociations between perceived control and trait anxiety were greater in adults than chil-dren,

and varied across different measures of perceived control. These results underscore theimportance of perceived control as a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor across the anxiety

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disorders.ConclusionsThe triple vulnerabilities model of psychopathology sug-gests that perceived controlregarding negative emotions and events is a generalized psychological vulnerability foranxiety disorders (Barlow 2002). The results of the present meta-analytic review are generallyconsistent with this model, but suggest that the influence of perceived control may vary acrossthe anxiety disorders and across different developmental periods. It will be important forfuture research to extend our understanding of the role of per-ceived control by longitudinally

examining how perceived control may influence the development of anxiety, as well aswhether perceived control changes during treatment for anxiety disorders. Perceived controlrepresents a promising target for mechanisms of change research, as the promotion of moreadaptive perceptions of control could represent a transdiagnostic process that could promoterecovery across the anxiety disorders. There is promising preliminary evi-dence that changein perceived control may mediate the effects of CBT on PDA (Meuret et al. 2010), as well asother anxiety disorders (Gallagher et al. 2014), but more research is needed to elucidate therole that promoting adaptive perceptions of control may play in the prevention of andrecovery from anxiety disorders.