antonymy
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AntonymyAntonymy
Do you still remember… Do you still remember…
homonymy
polysemy
synonymy
antonymy
hyponymy
A lexeme which is related to other
lexemes is related to them in sense.
sense relations
AntonymyAntonymy
Types of Antonyms
Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms
The Use of Antonyms
1
2
3
Some relevant points about antonymsSome relevant points about antonyms
Word order of antonymous pairs (A) (B)
heaven and earth fire and water
man and wife heat and cold
cause and effect right and left
come and go rich and poor
far and near heavy and light
black and white old and new
thick and thin sooner or later
Some relevant points about antonymsSome relevant points about antonyms
Some pairs seem to be antonyms, but actually they are synonyms.
loosen --- unloosen
valuable --- invaluable
flammable --- inflammable
shameful --- shameless
heritable --- inheritable
a good scare --- a bad scare
a slim chance --- a fat chance
quite a lot --- quite a few
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
Antonymy oppositeness of meaning (semantic opposition)Antonyms words which are opposite in meaning
e.g. big---small
man---woman
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
According to WNDS, there are 6 classes of antonyms:
1) contradictory terms2) contrary terms3) relative terms4) reverse terms5) contrasted terms6) incompatibles
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
Converses
Complementaries
Contraries
1.
2.
3.
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
1. Complementaries /contradictory terms
---forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning
e.g. true---false boy---girl bent---straight correct---incorrect same---different perfect---imperfect
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
Features of complementaries:
a. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.
e.g. male---female dead---alive
b. They are nongradable: they cannot be
use in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them.
e.g. single---married
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
2. Contraries /gradable antonyms --- best envisaged in terms of a scale running
between two poles or extremes.
e.g. white---black heavy---light love---hate old---young begin---end
...... beautiful, good-looking, average, plain, ugly ......
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
Features of contraries:
Contraries are gradable, and the semantic contrast in a contrary pair is relative; i.e. there are often intermediate terms between the two opposites.
e.g. hot---cold
*Semantic polarity: they form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.
..
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TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
Converses3.
Relational opposites Reverse terms
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TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
Relational opposites:
This pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other.
e.g. interviewer--interviewee
husband--wife
boyfriend--girlfriend
trainer---trainee
perdecessor--successor
parent---child
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
Reverse terms:
Reverse terms comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality and verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.
e.g. give---receive buy---sell ask---answer up---down
come---go
TYPES OF ANTONYMSTYPES OF ANTONYMS
*boy--girl vs boyfriend--girlfriend
complementariecomplementariess relational oppositesrelational opposites
? ?
SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMSSOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT
1. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.
2. Words which are polysemantic can have more than on
e antonym.
3. Antonyms differ in semantic inclusio
n.
4. Contraries are gradable antonyms,differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding op
posite.
5. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opp
osite.
SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMSSOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
>
verbs>
nouns
Words like write, game, eat, money,magazine, hair,
bag etc.
In a language, there are a great many more synonyms th
an antonyms.adjectives
SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMSSOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
Dull
interesting
book or
lecture
vivacious
sunnyweather
sharpacute
pain
intelligentsound
som
ebod
y
somebody
SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMSSOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
* Pairs of antonyms are seen as unmarked and marked terms repectively.
Unmarked Marked(more specific)
man womanchicken cock
big smallheavy light
nouns
adjectives
SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMSSOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
e.g. happy---unhappy---sad
productive---unproductive---destructive
free---unfree---enslaved
THE USE OF ANTONYMSTHE USE OF ANTONYMS
1 2 3
Defining the meanings of a given word.
Enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast.
Forming antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas togeth
er.
THE USE OF ANTONYMSTHE USE OF ANTONYMS
*Different contexts or collocations also bring about different antonyms.
e.g. an old man --- a young man
an old house --- a modern/new house
a tall building --- a low building
a tall man --- a short man
fresh bread --- stale bread
fresh air --- stuffy air
fresh flower --- faded flower
fresh look --- tired look
THE USE OF ANTONYMSTHE USE OF ANTONYMS
Some proverbs and sayings are illustrative examples.
Many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purpose.
THE USE OF ANTONYMSTHE USE OF ANTONYMS
e.g. rain or shine
now or never
thick and thin
weal and woe
high and low
give and take
up and down
ins and outs
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