antonio juliano ayres presentation to bod 2-3-13
TRANSCRIPT
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THE EXPERIENCE OF HLB MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL
“FLORIDA CITRUS MUTUAL”
Antonio Juliano Ayres Fundecitrus Nelson wulff Silvio Lopes
Renato Bassanezi Marcelo Miranda
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• Citriculture in Brazil
• HLB: History and Current Status
• Factors that Affect the Success of HLB Management
• Nutritional Program: A Beginning
• Research Priorities
• Citriculture Perspectives
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80% of the Brazilian production
Citriculture in Brazil and in São Paulo State
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78% without irrigation
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95% are sweet oranges (mainly for juice) Varieties: Pera, Valencia, Natal, Hamlin …. Rootstocks: Rangpur, Swingle, Sunki, Cleopatra ….
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230,000 direct jobs
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CHALLENGES ...
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The Big Five from Africa
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The King of the Five!
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The Big Ones in Brazil !
CVC: 38% trees Canker: 1.39% blocks
Leprosis: 26% trees Black Spot: 51% trees
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HLB: The King of the Big Five!
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HLB in the world in 2003
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Diaphorina citri in Brazil : first report in 1942
Costa Lima
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HLB in the world in 2004
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Symptomatic trees were found in Araraquara in March 2004
July 2004: Candidatus Liberibacter
asiaticus (Las) was detected
A new liberibacter was identified: Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Lam)
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Symptoms on Young Trees
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Symptoms on Old Trees
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Ca. L. americanus More severe symptoms Higher titers
Ca. L. asiaticus Less severe symptoms Lower titers
Ca. Liberibacter americanus and Ca. L. asiaticus found in Murraya exotica (2005)
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Teixeira et al.2009, Wulff et al 2008
PCR with primers specific
for Ca. L. asiaticus or
Ca. L. americanus
PCR with primers specific for Phytoplasma of group 16Sr 9
2007: A phytoplasm was found in trees with HLB symptoms but negative for all Liberibacters
Origin of the phytoplasm : Crotalaria juncea - cover crop (December 2008)
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0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0Au
gO
ctDe
zFe
bAp
rJu
nAu
gO
ctDe
zFe
bAp
rJu
nAu
gO
ctDe
zFe
bAp
rJu
nAu
gO
ctDe
zFe
bAp
rJu
nAu
gO
ctDe
zFe
bAp
rJu
nAu
gO
ctDe
zFe
bAp
rJu
nAu
gO
ctDe
zFe
bAp
rJu
nAu
gO
ctDe
z
Ca. L. asiaticusCa. L. americanusFitoplasma
200 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fundecitrus HLB laboratory (n = 58.087):
Evolution of Lam, Las and the phytoplasma from field samples.
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Survey HLB management by the TPS Communication program Research Mandatory tree elimination
HLB Mitigation: Main actions
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Fundecitrus trained 8,000 inspectors for identification of HLB-affected trees
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HLB-affected Trees eliminated:
≥20 million in 8 years
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HLB in 2008
% of HLB-affected trees
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HLB in 2012
% of HLB-affected trees
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64,1
53.4
38.9
24.018.6
12.9
3.40
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Oct 04 Sep 07 Apr 08 Apr 09 Jul 10 Aug 11 Sep 12
% a
ffec
ted
cit
rus
blo
cks
Source: Fundecitrus
HLB Progress in Sao Paulo State - % affected blocks -
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6,91
3.78
1.87
0.870.580
2
4
6
8
10
Apr 08 Apr 09 Jul 10 Aug 11 Sep 12
% H
LB-s
ympt
omat
ic tr
ees
Fonte: Fundecitrus
HLB progress in Sao Paulo - % symptomatic trees -
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1.121.36
3.516.08
9,89
0.731.70
2.767.15
14,81
0.070.100.29
0.840,85 0.01
0.060.34
0.681,35 0.04
0.040.39
0.811,78 0.005
0.0010.050.17
0,28
0
3
6
9
12
15
%
CENTER EST SOUTH WEST NORTH NORTHWEST
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Source: Fundecitrus
West 1.4%
Northwest 0.3%
North 1.8%
Center 9.9%
South 0.8%
Est 14.8%
HLB incidence by region in Sao Paulo State
% A
ffect
ed tr
ees
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0.560.91
2.507.01
12,44
0.511.11
2.474.37
8,75
0.840.96
2.054.53
8,79
0.780.83
1.282.43
5,89
0.620.63
2.650.890,89 0.14
0.100.400.370,61
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
%
<10 10 to 50 50 to 100 100 to 300 300 to 500 >500Number of trees in the grove (x 1,000)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: Fundecitrus
Incidence of HLB-affected trees by grove size
OK
Regional TPS !
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SP - 290 municipalities PR - 83 municipalities MG - 9 municipalities
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Insecticide treatments Elimination of symptomatic trees
Healthy young trees from covered, insect-free nurseries
HLB Management
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Mandatory covered
Nurseries since 2003
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150 million young trees produced in the last 10 years in Brazil
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Platform Inspection
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New Platform: Better view and labor conditions
Research Project: UFSCAR, Citrosuco e Fundecitrus
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Insecticide applications
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Positive factors that support HLB control
• Covered nurseries since 2003 • Experience with CVC management and
canker “eradication” • Low HLB incidence: > 93% trees are healthy • Lessons on HLB management from many
growers
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0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
HL
B-a
ffec
ted
tree
s (%
)
Farm 17 (262,269 trees)Cumulated % from 2004 to 2008: 38.47
40.0
0.01%
0.00%
10.51%
27.95%
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
HL
B-a
ffec
ted
tree
s (%
)
Farm 18 (413,108 trees)Cumulated % from 2004 to 2008: 40.12
30.0
0.25%
6.77%
16.30%
16.80%
Farms without HLB management
located near farms without HLB management
Farms with HLB management near farm without HLB management
Large farm and/or
Adult trees
Small farm and/or
Young trees
Farm with HLB management far
from farm without HLB management
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
HL
B-a
ffec
ted
tree
s (%
)
Farm 1 (1,349,000 trees)Cumulated % from 2004 to 2008: 0.13
2.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.01.0
0.01%
0.04%
0.03%
0.02%
0.03%
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
HL
B-a
ffec
ted
tree
s (%
)
Farm 6 (1,880,000 trees)Cumulated % from 2004 to 2008: 2.39
2.0
0.07%
1.56%
0.77%
0.18%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
HL
B-a
ffec
ted
tree
s (%
)
Farm 7 (449,655 trees)Cumulated % from 2004 to 2008: 3.33
3.0
0.43%
1.89%
1.01%
0.18%
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
HL
B-a
ffec
ted
tree
s (%
)
Farm 11 (260,198 trees)Cumulated % from 2004 to 2008: 4.54
10.0
0.00%
0.05%
0.11%
0.42%
3.96%
4.79%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
HL
B-a
ffec
ted
tree
s (%
)
Farm 15 (165,069 trees)Cumulated % from 2004 to 2008: 8.42
5.0
0.10%
1.07%
1.95%
1.76%
3.54%
Study of cases
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Main factors associated with the success of HLB management by the TPS
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Main factors for the success of the HLB management
1) Incidence of the disease at the moment when management was initiated 2) Age of the trees 3) Period of time during which the control measures have been applied 4) Size of the grove 5) Distance from groves without control measures 6) Number of sprays per year 7) Number of inspection per year
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Incidence of HLB in the first year of control
Range: 0 to 17.6%
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0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Perc
enta
ge o
f sym
ptom
atic
tree
s
Years after the first symptomatic tree was found
HLB incidence at the moment management was started
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Size of the grove
Range: 240 to 10,000 ha
72,000 a 3,000,000 trees
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Distance from neighboring groves without HLB management
Range: 0 to 5 km
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Yearly HLB control program
Inspection Spray Drench Soil Airplane Total cost
US$/ha 4 inspections
5 ground sprays 1 systemic
6 inspections
10 ground sprays 2 systemic 1 airplane
12 inspections
15 ground sprays 3 systemic 2 airplanes
32.21
48.31
96.61
165.64
331.28
496.92
-
26.52
26.52
40.33
40.33
80.65
-
113.06
339.17
238.17
559.48
1,039.86
Costs of management programs
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Strategies to maintain high productivity inspite of HLB
• Establishment of groves on large surfaces with high tree density
• Appropriate nutritional and irrigation practices
• More intense efforts on grove borders for psyllid control • Regional HLB management, in particular for the smaller farms
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Establishment of groves on large surfaces with high tree densities
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Removal of blocks highly affected by HLB
Renovation on large surfaces NEVER BLOCK BY BLOCK !!!
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More intense efforts for psyllid control on the grove borders
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M.P.Miranda
More intense effort in the borders of the groves
D. citri distribution in groves
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Wide-area application at the key moment.
HLB Management
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Psyllid bio-control: in urban area
and/or abandoned groves?
Colaboration ESALQ - FUNDECITRUS
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Greenhouse for multiplication of D. citri
ESALQ
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Laboratory for multiplication of T. radiata
ESALQ
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400 parasitoids/ha in 4 different sites
Release in the Field
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Reduction of D. citri population
Increased parasitism by T. radiata
Getulina
Pirajuí
Cajobi
Rincão
Mogi Mirim
Tatuí
Itapetininga
3.0x
62,3%
2.6x
86,2%
3.4x
53,3%
10.8x
93,0%
5,3x
59,1%
2,5x
69,6%
7,9x
51,5%
Votuporanga
Release areas of T. radiata
Source: Parra
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Nutritional Treatments in an HLB-
affected grove
Scientific Team: D. Mattos Jr., J. A. Quaggio (IAC) J. M. Bové (INRA) R. Bassanezi, A. J. Ayres (Fundecitrus)
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Nutritional Treatments in an HLB-affected grove
• Valencia/Rangpur planted in 2002. No Irrigation.
• HLB incidence at start of experiment : 1.8 % (Dec. 2010)
• 4 Randomized Blocks, 3 with psyllid control and 1 without
• 8 Treatments:
T0 = NPK T4 = T1+H3PO3 T1 = NPK+Micro(IAC) T5 = T1+AS T2 = T1+KNO3 T6 = T1+KNO3+Micro2+H3PO3+AS T3 = T1+Micro2 T7 = NPK + “Cocktail”
• Plots: 8 rows x 160 plants = 1280 pl./plot
• Nutritional sprays( 4 times per year):
– 1st Year: Dec/10, Jan/11, Mar/11 and Apr/11 – 2nd Year: Nov/11, Dec/11, Jan/12 and Feb/12
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Progress of HLB Incidence from 1.8 % in Dec. 2010 to 10.5 % in June 2012 !
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
INCI
DÊN
CIA
DE H
LB (%
)
Dez./2010 Jun./2011 Jan./2012 Jun./2012
Test-F were not significant for treatments
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HLB incidence with and without psyllid control
aC aC aC aC
bB
aB
abB
aB cA
bA
cA
aA
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
103 104 105 110
INC
IDÊN
CIA
%)
Dez./2010 Jun./2011 Jan./2012 Jun./2012
With: 8.5 %
Without:17.5%
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Healthy Tree with the Complete Nutritional
Treatment: Oct. 2012
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HLB Symptomatic Tree with the Complete Nutritional
Treatment: Oct. 2012
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1st year yield - 2011 (kg/tree) Mean of 4 plots (20 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic trees per plot)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200N
PK
IAC
(NPK
+ M
icro
)
IAC
+ K
NO
3
IAC
+ M
icro
2(2
xMic
ro +
Mn)
IAC
+ H
3PO
3
IAC
+ S
alic
ilato
IAC
+ K
NO
3 +
Mic
ro2
+ H
3PO
3 +
Salic
ilato
NPK
+ "E
scud
o"
Treatments
Yiel
d (k
g/tre
e)
DiseasedHealthy
a a a a a a a a
b b b b b b b b
Different letters differed by Tukey test (P<0.01)
15% REDUCTION
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2nd Year Yield - 2012 (kg/tree) Mean of 4 plots (20 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic trees per plot)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
NPK
IAC
(NPK
+ M
icro
)
IAC
+ K
NO
3
IAC
+ M
icro
2(2
xMic
ro +
Mn)
IAC
+ H
3PO
3
IAC
+ S
alic
ilato
IAC
+ K
NO
3 +
Mic
ro2
+ H
3PO
3 +
Salic
ilato
NPK
+ "E
scud
o"
Treatments
Yiel
d (k
g/tr
ee)
DiseasedHealthy
a a a a a a a a
b b b b b b b b
Different letters differed by Tukey test (P<0.01)
44% REDUCTION
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Research Priorities
• Inspection Improvement • Systemic insecticides • Low-volume applications • Entomopathogenic fungi • Pheromones • Towards Genetically Modified Citrus
Trees Resistant to HLB
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Controled Greenhouse
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Biotecnology Lab
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Laboratory for Volatiles Studies
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Perspectives for the São Paulo State Citriculture
• North, Northwest, West and South regions are less affected regions and are eligible for HLB management by the TPS
• Regional HLB managment by the TPS should be extended
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On the long term, the Paulista citrus industry will depend not only on genetically modified citrus (GMC) trees, but also on regular, non-GMC trees from large areas where HLB is well under control !
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THANK YOU