Antibacterial Resistance

What is it?

When people go to the doctor's office, they expect to be cured. They don't like to be told, "Go home, drink lots of fluids and rest, and you will get better."

But it’s not what the Doctor wants…

They want a more proactive approach. Often, doctors prescribe antibiotics just to make their patients happy, even if the antibiotics cannot treat the illness at hand.

What is an Antibiotic?

An Antibiotic is…Substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, particularly disease-causing bacteria.

Where do Antibiotics come from?

Naturally produced by bacteria and fungi

Erythromycin – produced by bacteria Streptomyces erythraeus

Penicillin – produced by fungi Penicillium

• Can be also artificially produced in the laboratory

Sulfanilamide, Cipro – completely synthetic

Ampicillin, Amoxycillin – natural products with chemical modification

How do they work?Prevent proper formation of the bacterial cell wall

Examples are penicillin,

Disrupt protein synthesis or cell metabolismExamples are erythromycin,

Interfere with DNA synthesisExample is Cipro

Resistance is an issue…As a result, antibiotics become more prevalent, the microbes they attack are more likely to develop resistance, and over time the antibiotics become ineffective.

Antibiotic Resistance is Acquired through…

Natural mutation

Exchange of genesthrough:

Conjugation

Transduction

Transformation

ConjugationBacteria connect to each other using a thread-like structure called a pilus. A section of DNA is transferred from one bacterium to the other.

TransductionA virus can pass good bacteria DNA from one host bacteria to the next.

DNA from dead bacteria is taken in into living bacteria

As bacteria reproduce and exchange DNA….

a gene for antibiotic resistance which had evolved via natural selection may be shared.

Evolutionary stress such as exposure to antibiotics then selects for the antibiotic resistant trait.

Superbugs!If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multi-resistant or, informally, a superbug or super bacterium.

It’s not just human antibiotics…

prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a result of antibiotic use both within medicine and veterinary medicine.

More Antibiotics…

The greater the duration of exposure the greater the risk of the development of resistance irrespective of the severity of the need for antibiotics

Task : Create a foldable using the following terms (You may create any foldable you would like. I have

suggestions if you need help.)

BacteriaAntibioticResistanceAntibiotic ResistanceSuperbug / Super bacteriaMultiresistantHeritable Natural selectionEvolution

YOU MUST INCLUDE ILLUSTRATIONS FOR YOUR TERMS!MUST BE IN COLOR!