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AnthropologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the social science. For other uses, seeAnthropology (disambiguation).

Anthropology

Disciplines

Archaeological

Biological

Cultural

Linguistic

Social

Socialand culturalsubfields

Applied

Art

Cognitive

Cyborg

Development

Digital

Ecological

Environmental

Economic

Political economy

Historical

Feminist

Kinship

1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnohistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnohistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship


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Legal

Media

Medical

Musical

Nutritional

Political

Psychological

Public

Religion

Science and technology

Transpersonal

Urban

Visual

Linguistics subfields

Descriptive

Ethno-

Historical

Semiotic

Sociolinguistics

Ethnopoetics

Archaeologicaland

biologicalsubfields

Anthrozoological

Biocultural

Evolutionary

Feminist

Forensic

Maritime

Palaeoanthropological

Research framework

Ethnography

Ethnology

Cross-cultural comparison

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnopoeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrozoologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoanthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_samplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnopoeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrozoologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoanthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_sample


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Participant observation

Online ethnography

Holism

Reflexivity

Thick description

Cultural relativism

Ethnocentrism

Emic and etic

History of anthropology

Key theories

Actor-networkandalliance theory

Cross-cultural studies

Cultural materialism

Culture theory

Feminism

Functionalism

Interpretive

Performance studies

Political economy

Practice theory

Structuralism

Post-structuralism

Systems theory

Key concepts

Evolution

Society

Culture

Prehistory

Sociocultural evolution

Kinship and descent

Gender

Race

Ethnicity

Development

3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism_in_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emic_and_etichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-network_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship_and_descenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_classification)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism_in_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emic_and_etichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-network_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship_and_descenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_classification)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_anthropology


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Colonialism

Postcolonialism

Value

Lists

Outline

Bibliography

Journals

By years

Organizations

Anthropologists by nationality

Anthropology portal

V

T

E

Anthropology (pron.:/ n r p l d i

/) is the "science ofhumanity."[1]It has origins in thehumanities, the natural sciences, and

thesocial sciences.[2] The term "anthropology" is from theGreekanthrpos (), "man", understood to mean humankind or

humanity, and -logia(-), "discourse" or "study."

Since the work ofFranz Boas and Bronisaw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropology has been distinguished

from other social sciences by its emphasis on in-depth examination of context, cross-cultural comparisons, and the importance it places

on participant-observation, or long-term, experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has

emphasizedcultural relativism,holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. [3] This has been particularly prominent in the

United States, from Boas's arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, throughMargaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and

sexual liberation, to current criticisms ofpost-colonial oppression and promotion ofmulticulturalism.Ethnography is one of its primary

methods as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork. [4][5][6]

In the United States, the discipline is traditionally divided into four sub-fields: cultural anthropology,archaeology,linguistic anthropology,

and biological anthropology. In Europe, the discipline originated as ethnology and was originally defined as the study of social

organization in non-state societies. It was later renamedsocial anthropology. It is now generally referred to as socio-cultural

anthropology in most of Europe, the commonwealth, and in the parts of the world that were influenced by the European tradition. [7]

Contents

[hide]

1 Disciplines

o 1.1 Sociocultural anthropology

o 1.2 Biological anthropology

o 1.3 Archaeological anthropology

o 1.4 Linguistic anthropology

2 Key topics by field: Socio-cultural anthropology

o 2.1 Anthropology of art, media, music, dance & film

2.1.1 Anthropology of art

2.1.2 Media anthropology

2.1.3 Musical anthropology

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Anthropology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-2http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logiahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Hylland_Eriksen_2004_p._79-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Meadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Meadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994p331-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994p331-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Spiro1987-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Heyck1997-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Disciplineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Sociocultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Archaeological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Key_topics_by_field:_Socio-cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_art.2C_media.2C_music.2C_dance_.26_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Media_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Musical_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Anthropology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-2http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Hylland_Eriksen_2004_p._79-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Meadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994p331-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Spiro1987-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Heyck1997-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Disciplineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Sociocultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Archaeological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Key_topics_by_field:_Socio-cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_art.2C_media.2C_music.2C_dance_.26_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Media_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Musical_anthropology


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2.1.4 Visual anthropology

o 2.2 Economic, Political Economic, Applied & Development anthropology

2.2.1 Economic anthropology

2.2.2 Political economy

2.2.3 Applied anthropology

2.2.4 Anthropology of development

o 2.3 Anthropology of Kinship, Feminism, Gender & Sexuality

2.3.1 Kinship & family

2.3.2 Feminist anthropology

2.3.3 Anthropology of gender & sexuality

o 2.4 Medical, Nutritional, Psychological, Cognitive & Transpersonal Anthropology

2.4.1 Medical anthropology

2.4.2 Anthropology of food and nutrition

2.4.3 Psychological anthropology

2.4.4 Cognitive anthropology

2.4.5 Transpersonal anthropology

o 2.5 Political & Legal anthropology

2.5.1 Political anthropology

2.5.2 Legal anthropology

2.5.3 Public anthropology

o 2.6 Anthropology of nature, science & technology

2.6.1 Cyborg anthropology

2.6.2 Digital anthropology

2.6.3 Ecological anthropology

2.6.4 Environmental anthropology

o 2.7 Historical anthropology

o 2.8 Anthropology of religion

o 2.9 Urban anthropology

3 Key topics by field: Archaeological & biological anthropology

o 3.1 Anthrozoology

o 3.2 Biocultural anthropology

o 3.3 Evolutionary anthropology

o 3.4 Forensic anthropology

o 3.5 Palaeoanthropology

4 Anthropological Organizations

5 Controversial ethical stances

o 5.1 The ethics of cultural relativism

o 5.2 Ethical stance to military involvement

6 PostWorld War II developments

o 6.1 Basic trends

o 6.2 Commonalities between fields

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

o 9.1 Dictionaries and encyclopedias

o 9.2 Fieldnotes and memoirs of anthropologists

o 9.3 Histories

o 9.4 Textbooks and key theoretical works

10 External links

Disciplines [edit]

5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Visual_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Economic.2C_Political_Economic.2C_Applied_.26_Development_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Political_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Applied_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_Kinship.2C_Feminism.2C_Gender_.26_Sexualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Kinship_.26_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Feminist_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_gender_.26_sexualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Medical.2C_Nutritional.2C_Psychological.2C_Cognitive_.26_Transpersonal_Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Medical_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_food_and_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Psychological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Cognitive_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Transpersonal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Political_.26_Legal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Political_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Legal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Public_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_nature.2C_science_.26_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Cyborg_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Digital_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Ecological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Environmental_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Historical_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Urban_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Key_topics_by_field:_Archaeological_.26_biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthrozoologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Biocultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Evolutionary_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Forensic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Palaeoanthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropological_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Controversial_ethical_stanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#The_ethics_of_cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Ethical_stance_to_military_involvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Basic_trendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Commonalities_between_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Dictionaries_and_encyclopediashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Fieldnotes_and_memoirs_of_anthropologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Historieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Textbooks_and_key_theoretical_workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Visual_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Economic.2C_Political_Economic.2C_Applied_.26_Development_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Political_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Applied_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_Kinship.2C_Feminism.2C_Gender_.26_Sexualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Kinship_.26_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Feminist_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_gender_.26_sexualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Medical.2C_Nutritional.2C_Psychological.2C_Cognitive_.26_Transpersonal_Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Medical_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_food_and_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Psychological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Cognitive_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Transpersonal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Political_.26_Legal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Political_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Legal_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Public_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_nature.2C_science_.26_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Cyborg_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Digital_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Ecological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Environmental_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Historical_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Urban_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Key_topics_by_field:_Archaeological_.26_biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthrozoologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Biocultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Evolutionary_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Forensic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Palaeoanthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Anthropological_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Controversial_ethical_stanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#The_ethics_of_cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Ethical_stance_to_military_involvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Basic_trendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Commonalities_between_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Dictionaries_and_encyclopediashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Fieldnotes_and_memoirs_of_anthropologistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Historieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#Textbooks_and_key_theoretical_workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=1


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In the United States, anthropology is traditionally divided into four fields:biological or physical anthropology, social

anthropology orcultural anthropology, archaeology and anthropological linguistics. These fields frequently overlap, but tend to use

different methodologies and techniques. In Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries, the British tradition of Social Anthropology

tends to dominate. In some European countries, all cultural anthropology is known as ethnology (a term coined and defined byAdam F.

Kollrin 1783).[8]

Anthropologists study topics that include the origin and evolution ofHomo sapiens, the organization of human social and cultural

relations, human physical traits,human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past ofHomo

sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and so forth. [9][10] Anthropology originated in thecolonialencounter between

Western people and colonized non-Western people, as Europeans tried to understand the origins of observable cultural diversity.

Today anthropology is a global discipline, and anthropologists study all types of societies. Anthropology is one of the few places where

humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. As such, anthropology has been central in the

development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science,[11]global studies, and various ethnic

studies.

According to Clifford Geertz, "anthropology is perhaps the last of the great nineteenth-century conglomerate disciplines still for the most

part organizationally intact. Long after natural history, moral philosophy, philology, and political economy have dissolved into their

specialized successors, it has remained a diffuse assemblage of ethnology, human biology, comparative linguistics, and prehistory,

held together mainly by the vested interests, sunk costs, and administrative habits of academia, and by a romantic image of

comprehensive scholarship."[12] Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralistand postmodern theories, as

well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was anepistemological shift away from

thepositivisttraditions that had largely informed the discipline.[13][page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and

production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological

anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked

cohesion over the last several decades.

Sociocultural anthropology [edit]

Main articles:Cultural anthropologyandSocial anthropology

Cultural anthropology is also called socio-cultural anthropology orsocial anthropology (especially in the United Kingdom). Cultural

anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social

anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups.[14] Cultural anthropology is more akin

tophilosophy, literatureandthe arts, while social anthropology to sociologyandhistory.[14]

Anthropological inquiry is guided by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols

and values.[4]Accepting other cultures in their own terms prevents reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. [15] This project has

become the field ofethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and a product of research, namely a monograph or

book. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site.Participant

observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology.[16]Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of

different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (or insiders)

point of view.

The study ofkinship andsocial organization is a central focus of cultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Cultural

anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange,

material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values,

etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in

linguistic anthropology).

Comparison across cultures is a key element of sociocultural anthropology's method, including the industrialized (or de-industrialized)

West. Cultures in the more traditionalstandard cross-cultural sample of small scale societies are:

Africa

Nama (Hottentot) Kung (San) Thonga Lozi Mbundu Suku BembaNyakyusa

(Ngonde) Hadza Luguru Kikuyu Ganda Mbuti (Pygmies) Nkundo (Mongo) Banen Tiv Igbo Fon Ashanti

(Twi) Mende BambaraTallensi Massa Azande Otoro Nuba ShillukMao Maasai

Circum- Wolof Songhai Wodaabe Fulani Hausa FurKaffa Konso Somali Amhara Bogo Kenuzi

6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994pxv-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994pxv-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994pxv-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994p331-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994p331-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1996p18-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_universalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_samplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_samplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/!Kung_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/!Kung_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangaan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangaan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Mbundu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Mbundu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suku&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemba_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemba_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemba_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyakyusa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyakyusa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguru_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguru_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuyu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banen&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banen&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mende_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallensihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallensihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azandehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azandehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoro_Nubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoro_Nubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilluk_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodaabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilen_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilen_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilen_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_sccs_cultures.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994pxv-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994pxv-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1994p331-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-Ingold1996p18-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_universalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_samplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/!Kung_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangaan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Mbundu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suku&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemba_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyakyusa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyakyusa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguru_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuyu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbutihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banen&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mende_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallensihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azandehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoro_Nubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilluk_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodaabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilen_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians


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Mediterranean Nubian TedaTuareg Riffians Egyptians (Fellah) Hebrews Babylonians Rwala Bedouin Turks Gheg(Albanians) Romans Basques Irish Sami (Lapps) Russians Abkhaz Armenians Kurd

East

Eurasia

Yurak (Samoyed) Basseri West Punjabi Gond Toda Santal Uttar Pradesh Burusho KazakKhalka Mongols

Lolo Lepcha Garo LakherBurmese Lamet Vietnamese Rhade KhmerSiamese SemangNicobarese Anda

manese Vedda Tanala Negeri Sembilan Atayal Chinese Manchu Koreans Japanese Ainu GilyakYukaghir

Insular

Pacific

Javanese

(Miao) Balinese Iban Badjau Toraja Tobelorese Alorese Tiwi Aranda Orokaiva KimamKapauku Kwoma

Manus New Ireland Trobrianders Siuai Tikopia Pentecost Mbau Fijians Ajie Maori Marquesans Western

Samoans Gilbertese Marshallese Trukese Yapese Palauans Ifugao Chukchi

North AmericaIngalikAleut Copper Eskimo Montagnais Mi'kmaq Saulteaux (Ojibwa) Slave Kaska

(Nahane) EyakHaida Bellacoola Twana YurokPomo Yokuts Paiute (Northern) Klamath Kutenai Gros

Ventres Hidatsa Pawnee Omaha

(Dhegiha) Huron CreekNatchez Comanche Chiricahua Zuni HavasupaiPapago Huichol Aztec Popoluca

South AmericaQuich Miskito (Mosquito) Bribri (Talamanca) Cuna Goajiro Haitians Calinago Warrau

(Warao) Yanomamo Carib Saramacca Munduruku Cubeo(Tucano) Cayapa Jivaro Amahuaca Inca AymaraSiriono Nambicuara Trumai Timbira Tupinamba Botocudo

Shavante Aweikoma Cayua (Guarani) Lengua Abipon Mapuche Tehuelche Yaghan

See also the List of indigenous peoples.

Biological anthropology [edit]

Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 19001910.

Main article:Biological anthropology

Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study

of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and

social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary

genetic and physiological variation.[17]

Archaeological anthropology [edit]

Main article:Archaeology

Excavations at the 3800-year-oldEdgewater Park Site,Iowa

Archaeologyis the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are

evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns

of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material

7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheg_Albanianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheg_Albanianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheg_Albanianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basserihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basserihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusho_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobarese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobarese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atayal_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atayal_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukaghirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukaghirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobelo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobelo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orokaivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orokaivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimam&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimam&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimam&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobriand_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobriand_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobriand_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palauan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palauan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deg_Hit'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi'kmaq_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi'kmaq_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavey_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavey_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyak_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyak_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuxalk_Nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuxalk_Nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skokomish_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skokomish_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokut_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktunaxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktunaxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Ventreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Ventreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Ventreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidatsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidatsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiricahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiricahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiricahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasupaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasupaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasupaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohono_O'odhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichol_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichol_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K'iche'_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K'iche'_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskito_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskito_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribri_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calinagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%CC%A7nomam%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%CC%A7nomam%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saramakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundurukuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundurukuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha'palaachi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivaroan_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivaroan_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amahuacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amahuacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_ethnic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_ethnic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_ethnic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambikwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambikwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambikwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AA_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botocudohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botocudohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botocudohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abip%C3%B3n_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abip%C3%B3n_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abip%C3%B3n_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuelche_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuelche_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_Park_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_Park_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_archaeology_edgewater.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iowa_archaeology_edgewater.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_remains.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_remains.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_america_SCCS_cultures.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_american_sccs_cultures.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insular_pacific.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_eurasian_sccs_cultures.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circum-mediterannean_sccs_cultures.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheg_Albanianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheg_Albanianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basserihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusho_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobarese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedda_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atayal_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkhshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukaghirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobelo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orokaivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimam&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobriand_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palauan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deg_Hit'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi'kmaq_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavey_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyak_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuxalk_Nationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skokomish_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurok_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokut_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktunaxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Ventreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Ventreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidatsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiricahuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasupaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohono_O'odhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichol_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K'iche'_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskito_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribri_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calinagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%CC%A7nomam%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saramakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundurukuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha'palaachi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivaroan_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amahuacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_ethnic_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambikwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumai_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AA_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botocudohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abip%C3%B3n_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuelche_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_Park_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology


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remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are

presumed to have lived in similar ways. [18]

Linguistic anthropology [edit]

Main article:Linguistic anthropology

Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal

and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and

culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of

linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields

including sociolinguistics,pragmatics, cognitive linguistics,semiotics,discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.[19]

Key topics by field: Socio-cultural anthropology [edit]

Anthropology of art, media, music, dance & film [edit]

Part of a series on the

Anthropology of art,media, music, dance

and film

Basic concepts[show]

Case studies[show]

Museums[show]

Related articles[show]

Major theorists[show]

Socialandcultural anthropology

V

T

E

Anthropology of art[edit]

One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several

anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic

activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. [20] To surmount this difficulty,

anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident

'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lvi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983)

are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally-specific 'aesthetics'.

Media anthropology[edit]

8
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A Punu tribe mask. Gabon West Africa

Anthropology of media (also anthropology of mass media, media anthropology) emphasizesethnographic studiesas a means of

understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects ofmass media. The types of ethnographic contexts

explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers,journalistsin the field, film

production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types includecyber

anthropology, a relatively new area ofinternet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve

media, such as development work,social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts,

where media such as radio,the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. [21][22]

Musical anthropology[edit]

Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined) that emphasize its

cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound

component or any particular repertoire.

Visual anthropology[edit]

Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production ofethnographicphotography, film and, since the mid-

1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably withethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses

the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production

and receptionofmass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave

paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

Economic, Political Economic, Applied & Development anthropology [edit]

Part ofa serieson

Economic, applied anddevelopment

anthropology


Provisioning systems[show]

Case studies[show]



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Socialandcultural anthropology

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T

E

Economic anthropology[edit]

Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a

complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with

the Polish-British founder of Anthropology,Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving

exchange (orreciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon

exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. [23] Economic

Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine

corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.

Political economy[edit]

Political Economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods ofHistorical Materialismto the traditional concerns of

anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to

ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these

areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-

gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to disapate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of

the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The

third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. [24]More recently, these Political Economists

have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.

Applied anthropology[edit]

Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical

problems. It is a, complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural

systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy. [25]More simply, applied anthropology

is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is

closely related toDevelopment anthropology (distinct from the more criticalAnthropology of development).

Anthropology of development[edit]

The anthropology of development tends to view development from a criticalperspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications

for the approach involve asking why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap

between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer?

Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

Anthropology of Kinship, Feminism, Gender & Sexuality [edit]

Part ofa serieson

Anthropology ofkinship


Kinship terminology[show]

Case studies[show]



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