anthropology ppt

7/30/2019 Anthropology Ppt

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ANTHROPOLOGY

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Definition of Anthropology

Anthropos = humans / logos = the study of

holistic

whole of human condition: past, present, future

biology, society, language, culture

Cross-cultural perspective

use the scientific method to gain objectivity



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Anthropology as a Science

seeks testable explanations for observed

phenomena

scientific method

hypothesis

gather data/test hypothesis

validate/invalidate hypothesis



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Anthropology as a Science

differs from Sociology

industrialized Western vs.

nonindustrial societies

questionnaires vs. participant

observation



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Definition of CULTURE

unique to humans

defined by Bates and Plog as: the

system of values, beliefs, customs,behaviors, and artifacts that the

members of a particular society share

andallows those individuals to cope

with their world and each other.

learned, notbiological



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Anthropological Terms

Ethnocentrism -- the tendency to view

ones own culture as superior and toapply ones own cultural values in

judging the behavior and beliefs of

people raised in other cultures



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Understanding Cultural Biases

thinking your own beliefs, traditions,

feelings are true, right, normal,

leads to a cultures cohesiveness

think other cultures are strange,

immoral, wrong, savage

everyone is guilty of ethnocentric

behaviors, to varying degrees



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Four Sub-fields of Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

Physical/Biological Anthropology

Anthropological Archaeology



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Cultural Anthropology cultures of the

present



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Cultural Anthropology

Ethnography fieldwork

firsthand personal study of local settings

Traditionally -- small-scale, isolated societies

use several techniques to gather as much

information as possible

Ethnology armchair

examines, interprets, analyzes

compare/contrast cross-culturally

make generalizations about society and culture



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Participant Observation

learning a peoples culture

through direct participation

in their everyday life over anextended period of time

eating peoples food,

speaking their language,

personally experiencing their

habits and customs



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Anthropological Terms

EMIC

local-oriented

how local people think

what local people think to be important

ETIC

scientist-oriented research

what the ethnographer thinks is important



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Linguistic Anthropology

Sociolinguistics

Historical linguistics

Language and thought



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Biological Anthropology

Human evolution and Human biological Variation



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Archaeology



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1. Define a spatial & temporal framework

2. How did humans live in the past?

3. Why do/did changes take place in past humansocieties?

4. Understanding the nature/relationship of the

archaeological record.

5. Preserving the past for the future.

Goals of Archaeology



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Prehistoric Archaeology

non-literate societies

deals with all levels/classes of societies

in New World, cultures living here beforeEuropean contact (pre-1492)



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Historical Archaeology

text-aided

deals with societies over the past 5,000 years

Maya prehistoric or historic archaeology?

in New World, historical archaeology is

considered to be the study of peoples livinghere after 1500



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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

Archaeological

Record

artifacts



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Archaeological Record

artifacts

any object made, modified, utilized by humans



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assemblage

group of artifacts deposited together

can be intentional or unintentional



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Features

immovable products of human behavior

that are affixed to or embedded in thelandscape

often identified by soil discoloration

once excavated, gone forever




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Features




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sitean area of artifacts and/or features that

indicates human activity/presence



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site



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ETHICS

American Anthropological Association -

Code of Ethics (1997)

Society for American Archaeology

Principles of Archaeological Ethics (1996)



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Thinking about Time

linear vs. cyclical



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Culture as Adaptation

human behavior is an adaptation to

environmental regions (not a single

locality) must study regions to understand

individual sites



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Cultural Evolution

What does evolution mean?

change through time



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Cultural Evolution

Unilinear Cultural Evolution

1830s early 1900shuman societies evolved in a simple, linear,

predictable way



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Cultural Evolution

Unilinear Cultural Evolution

1830s early 1900s

human societies evolved in a simple, linear,

predictable wayBarbarism (hunter/gather)

Savagery (subsistence farming)

Civilization



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Cultural Evolution

Multilinear Cultural Evolution

Pre-state and State-Organized

Pre-State Bands

Tribes

Chiefdoms



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Cultural Evolution

Multilinear Cultural Evolution

Pre-state and State-Organized

Pre-State

State



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What is an archaeological site?



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a spatial cluster of artifacts and/or

features



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features

Artifact any object made, modified, or

used by humans in the course of their

activities



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features

Features cluster of artifacts and/or

ecofacts indicating a location where

some human activity took place (e.g.,

hearth, burial, structures)



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a spatial cluster of artifacts and/or features

Features cluster of artifacts and/or ecofactsindicating a location where some human

activity took place (e.g., hearth, burial,

structures)

* Features usually cant be removed w/o altering or destroying their original context



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Homo habilis

Olduvai Gorge

Louis Leakey early 1960s

handy man

640 cc

dates to ca. 1.7 mya



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Homo rudolfensis

Koobi Fora

Richard Leakey 1972

KNM-ER 1470 775 cc

dates to

ca. 2.4 mya



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Oldest Archaeological Culture

Oldowan

first archaeological culture

first culture of the Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic

2.5 to ca. 1.6 mya

East and South Africa



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Oldest Archaeological Sites

2 important sites

1. Olduvai Gorge (Beds I and II)

-- Ca. 1.8-1.6 mya-- Tanzania

2. Koobi Fora

-- East Lake Turkana, Kenya



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Oldest Stone Tools

Oldowan flake tools

Oldowan flake



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Oldest Stone Tools

Oldowan core tools



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Oldowan Core



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What are flakes and cores?

When the raw material is directly struck

with a percussor (hammerstone)

2 stone tool types result1. Cores

2. Flakes



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Flakes

used as knives/cutting implements



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Cores

Choppers

unifacially flaked

Chopping tools

bifacially flaked



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Stone Tool Function?

Nicholas Toth

Middle-range theory

Experimental archaeologyWear analysis

Compared artifacts from

Olduvai and Koobi Fora



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Stone Tool Function?

Nicholas Toth

Middle-range theory

Experimental archaeologyWear analysis

Compared artifacts from Olduvai and

Koobi Fora

animal butchering, cutting meat



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Climate Change

Pleistocene 1.81 million years ago

Ice Age

overall global temperatures were low(colder)



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Climate Change


Northern latitudes of the Earth

series of phases, glacials and interglacials



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Climate Change




Glacialscold phases, ice sheets covered much of

Europe and North America



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Climate Change




Glacialscold phases, ice sheets covered much of

Europe and North America

Interglacials warmer phases



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Climate Change


Southern & Eastern Africa

Increasing aridity

Savanna grasslands expanded; forests and woodlands

shrank

some large carnivores became extinct (i.e., saber-

toothed tiger)



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Homo ergaster

ca. 1.8 myato ~500,000 B.P.

800-1100 cc brain size

fully bipedal

eastern Africa



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Homo ergaster



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Homo ergaster

TurkanaBoy

recovered by Richard Leakey

(1984) Nariokotome

ca. 1.6 mya

lacked only hands & feet

would have been

5 ft. 4 in. tall



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Out of Africa

prior to 1.8 mya, only in Africa

shortly after the appearance ofHomo ergaster

archaeological sites in Middle East and

Southeast Asia



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Out of Africa

Why did they move?

larger brains and bodies

lower population density

decreased scavenging opportunities



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Out of Africa

Dmanisi

oldest Homo ergaster

remains outside of Africa

(1.7 mya)



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Out of Africa

Ubeidiya, Jordan

ca. 1.4 mya

abundance of freshwaterand game animals

both Oldowan and

Acheulian toolsrecovered



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Out of Africa, Part 1 Gesher Benot Yaagov,

Israel

abundant organic remains

in Lower Paleolithic levels

ca. 780,000 years ago

environment similar to

Ubeidiya

Acheulian artifacts

straight-tusked elephantskull

willow wood

hearths



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cleaver

hand-axe



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Homo erectus

Java

Homo erectus

ca. 1.8-1.6 mya(?);

definitely by 1.0 mya3 sites:

Sangiran

Trinil

Mojokerto

Sangiran

Trinil Mojokerto


T M 15


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finish modern humans

Quiz 1 on Chpts.1 & 3,

and internet assignment

Tomorrow, May 15

anthropology ppt

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