anthropology 597.01 cultural conflict in d eveloping nations
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“Quantities like length, breadth, distance, and magnitude are susceptible of exact mathematical determination; human actions cannot be so calculated .” - Sun Tzu. Anthropology 597.01 Cultural Conflict in D eveloping Nations. Anthropology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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“Quantities like length, breadth, distance, and magnitude are
susceptible of exact mathematical determination; human actions
cannot be so calculated.”- Sun Tzu
Anthropology 597.01 Cultural Conflict in Developing Nations
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Anthropology
• The holistic & scientific study of humankind as a biological & cultural entity– Scientific study of humankind–What does it mean to be human?– Focus on human biological & cultural evolution
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Anthropological Concepts
Holism • Perspective that integrates all known information• Global perspective, all time periods• Compare as wide a range of human societies as
possible
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Anthropological Concepts• Relativism – View subject in terms of their principles, traditions,
history, etc.
• Ethnocentrism– The view that the ways of one’s own culture are
superior to those of other cultures– evaluating aspects of other cultures utilizing the
values of one’s own culture
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Archaeology1. Reconstruct cultural history2. Reconstruct past lifeways3. Study cultural process– Independent invention– Diffusion– Migration
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Physical/Biological AnthropologyThe study of human biology within the framework
of evolution
► specializations: paleoanthropology primatology human biology
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Linguistic Anthropology
The study of human speech and language• Origins & historical ties• Language & Culture– Shapes cognition & thought
• Social interaction of lang & Society– Gender, class, ethnicity
Our best intelligence suggests the insurgentsare this tall
Non-verbal communication
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Cultural Anthropology• Study of human culture & behavior– Comparison of differences & similarities of cultures
• Participant Observation– Intensive Fieldwork
• Ethnography & ethnology• Emic Perspective– member of society’s view of the world
• Etic Perspective– understanding of the world or a behavior from the
perspective of an outside observer
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Bands 25 – 150 (ex. !Kung)• H/G • Elder/shaman • No social stratigraphy• Reciprocity (general)
Tribes 75 – 500 (ex. Yanamamo)• Horticulturalist / Pastoralist • Headman, unite for common defense • little social stratigraphy• Reciprocity (balanced)
Social Organization
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Chiefdoms 1000’s (ex. Cahokia)• Small scale agriculture• Chief (CPA)• Begin social stratification• Redistribution
State 10k’s (ex. pick one)• Intensive Agriculture • Central Political Agent (President, PM, Queen/King)– Bureaucracy
• Marked social stratification• Market Economy
Social Organization
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Culture:• gives meaning to reality• is adaptive• is shared• is cumulative• is not invented
A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and material objects that members of a society use to cope with the world & one another.
Culture
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Culture & Biology
• Does biology determine culture/behavior?– Biological Determinism
• Critics:– Any person of any ‘race’ can be raised in any culture /
language– Huge cultural diversity w/ little biological diversity – Horizontal vs. Vertical Transmission
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Culture in Total • Culture – any thought or action that is learned & not
instinctual or biologically inherited.– “non-biological adaptations to environment passed
on through acquired knowledge.”• Where do people acquire culture?– Enculturation – Acculturation