AnthropologiAnthropological cal

FieldworkFieldwork

22

Fieldwork & MethodsFieldwork & Methods

Preparation for the FieldPreparation for the Field

Adapting to the Field SituationAdapting to the Field Situation

Establishing a RoleEstablishing a Role

Developing RapportDeveloping Rapport

Methods & Techniques of Data GatheringMethods & Techniques of Data Gathering

33

What Preparations What Preparations Must Be Made?Must Be Made?

Define a Research ProblemDefine a Research Problem Select a Research LocationSelect a Research Location Learn the LanguageLearn the Language Read Relevant LiteratureRead Relevant Literature Seek AdviceSeek Advice Write a Research ProposalWrite a Research Proposal Get Government PermissionGet Government Permission Take Medical PrecautionsTake Medical Precautions

44

Adapting – 4 PhasesAdapting – 4 Phases

Honeymoon PhaseHoneymoon Phase Anthropologist as “Exotic Outsider”Anthropologist as “Exotic Outsider”

Critical PeriodCritical Period Anthropologist as “Tolerated Stranger”Anthropologist as “Tolerated Stranger”

Initial RecoveryInitial Recovery Anthropologist as “Town Clown”Anthropologist as “Town Clown”

AdjustmentAdjustment Anthropologist as “Marginal Native”Anthropologist as “Marginal Native”

What About Going Native?What About Going Native?

55

……always a 5always a 5thth wheel wheel

66

Bronislaw MalinowskiBronislaw Malinowski

Hortense PowdermakerHortense Powdermaker

Napoleon ChagnonNapoleon Chagnon

Culture Culture ShockShock

77

Jean Briggs – Kapluna DaughterJean Briggs – Kapluna Daughter

88

Napoleon Chagnon -- Napoleon Chagnon -- YanomamoYanomamo

99

Exoticizing the Cultural Exoticizing the Cultural “Other”“Other”

1010

First First FieldwoFieldworkrk1984-1984-8585

i

1111

EntryEntry

1212

Culture ShockCulture Shock

1313

Life Life ShockShock

1414

Establishing a RoleEstablishing a Role

1515

Living Living With a With a FamilyFamily

1616

Developing Trust & Developing Trust & RapportRapport

Lack of understanding on what an Lack of understanding on what an anthropologist isanthropologist is Missionary? CIA agent?Missionary? CIA agent?

Chance eventsChance events Getting beneath the surfaceGetting beneath the surface FactionsFactions

1717

Methods & TechniquesMethods & Techniquesfor Data Gatheringfor Data Gathering

Participant ObservationParticipant Observation Key InformantsKey Informants Collecting DataCollecting Data InterpretationInterpretation EthicsEthics

1818

Participant ObservationParticipant Observation

…the Hallmark of Anthropology

1919

Participation:Participation: Involvement / immersion; subjectiveInvolvement / immersion; subjective

Observation:Observation: Detachment; objectiveDetachment; objective

Etic:Etic: Outsider’s understandingOutsider’s understanding

Emic:Emic: Insider’s understandingInsider’s understanding

2020

Key InformantsKey Informants

2121

Analytic InformantsAnalytic Informants

2222

2323

Immersed InformantsImmersed Informants

2424

Collecting DataCollecting Data Census & MappingCensus & Mapping

InterviewsInterviews

Eliciting Texts: Eliciting Texts: Oral Histories, Folklore, MythsOral Histories, Folklore, Myths

Genealogies / KinshipGenealogies / Kinship

PhotographyPhotography

Field NotesField Notes

2525

Mapping, Census & Mapping, Census & SamplingSampling

Ocotillo, Ocotillo, ColimaColima

A small A small villagevillage

1984-911984-91

2626

PuruarPuruarán, án, Mich.Mich.

A large A large towntown

1998-1998-

presentpresent

2727

2828

2929

InterviewInterviewinging

3030

GenealogiGenealogieses

3131

Field NotesField Notes

3232

3333

3434

InterpretationInterpretation

3535

PastoresPastores

3636

Issues of Validity & Issues of Validity & ReliabilityReliability

Validity: Validity: ““Truth” & the mutual construction of Truth” & the mutual construction of

knowledgeknowledge

Reliability:Reliability: Robert Redfield vs. Oscar LewisRobert Redfield vs. Oscar Lewis Margaret Mead vs. Derrick FreemanMargaret Mead vs. Derrick Freeman Napoleon Chagnon vs. Patrick TierneyNapoleon Chagnon vs. Patrick Tierney Rigoberta MenchRigoberta Menchúú vs. David Stoll vs. David Stoll

3737

AAA Principles of AAA Principles of Professional Professional

ResponsibilityResponsibility Responsibility to Those Studied:Responsibility to Those Studied:

Rights & interests must be safeguardedRights & interests must be safeguarded Communicate Aims of the investigationCommunicate Aims of the investigation Right to remain anonymousRight to remain anonymous No exploitation of informants for personal gainNo exploitation of informants for personal gain Reflect on foreseeable repercussions of research & Reflect on foreseeable repercussions of research &

publicationpublication Communicate Anticipated consequencesCommunicate Anticipated consequences Reports to sponsors must also be available to those Reports to sponsors must also be available to those

studiedstudied Cooperate with the host community in planning & Cooperate with the host community in planning &

execution of the researchexecution of the research

3838

Responsibility to the PublicResponsibility to the Public Speak out publicly about research resultsSpeak out publicly about research results

Responsibility to the DisciplineResponsibility to the Discipline Behavior should not jeopardize future Behavior should not jeopardize future

researchresearch Responsibility to StudentsResponsibility to Students

Make students aware of ethical problemsMake students aware of ethical problems Responsibility to SponsorsResponsibility to Sponsors

Honest about qualifications and aims; accept Honest about qualifications and aims; accept no conditions that violate the ethical principlesno conditions that violate the ethical principles

Responsibility to Own & Host GovernmentResponsibility to Own & Host Government Research should not compromise future Research should not compromise future

researchresearch