Anthem by Ayn Rand

Journal WriteChallenge, defend, or qualify the following quote. Structure your response using deductive reasoning (claim, data, backing) or inductive reasoning (backing, data, claim).

“Human history begins with man's act of disobedience which is at the very same time the beginning of his freedom and development of his reason.” Erich Fromm

Humanism “I worship individuals for their highest possibilities as individuals, and I loathe humanity, for its failure to live up to these possibilities.” Ayn Rand

Origin & Definition •Humanism is derived from the Latin term humanitas,

meaning “the development of human virtue, in all its forms, to its fullest extent” (Britannica Encyclopedia). •Humanism came about during the Renaissance in pursuing

the study of rhetoric, literature, moral philosophy, etc. •Over the course of the movement, humanism came to be a

rejection of religious beliefs, centering on humans and their values, capacities, and worth (Oxford English Dictionary). • Self-realization is achieved through reason, not faith

Atheist

Deist Theist

Which one is a humanist?

I do not believe in a God.

I believe in a God who created man and then stepped back.

I believe in one God or many.

Works Cited

• Sosa, Chris. “Don’t Call Me a Humanist.” Huffington Post, 2014. Web. 22 January 2014. • “Humanism.” Def. 1. Oxford English Dictionary, 2013. Web. 22 January

2014. • “Humanism.” Def. 1. Britannica Encyclopedia, 2014. Web. 22 January

2014.

Is it possible to appreciate Anthem as a work of literature without agreeing with it as a work of philosophy?

Is it possible to agree with some of its moral message while rejecting the egoism?

A3

Romanticism

• By Dillon Park

What is it?

● It is the idea of all humans having a sense of volition. Volition is the faculty or power of using one's will.

Origins.

● It originated in Europe in the late 18th century and doesn't deal in the love aspect of the word. Other then in the art or other things inspired by the time.

Ideals and Ideas

● The ideals of romanticism is spirit in thought, expression and action.● Everyone has a will and the ability to use it.

Work Sited Slide

● "Romanticism." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

● "Browse Now . . ." Ayn Rand Lexicon. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.● Google.com “volition”

ID and Superego

By Elizabeth Pymm

ID

• According to Merriam-Webster Id is defined as:psychology : a part of a person’s unconscious mind that relates to

basic needs or desires.

Superego

• Superego is described as:psychology : a part of a person’s mind that relates to attitudes about what

is right and wrong and to feelings of guilt.

Origin

• Id- This concept was created by Sigmund Freud in 1923. He found that id was the impulsive and unconscious part of our psyche that responds directly to our instincts. For instance, the personality of a newborn child is id and only later do they develop ego and superego.

• Superego- This concept was also created by Freud in 1923. The purpose of the superego is to control the natural impulse of the id. The superego includes the values and beliefs which are learned from one’s parents and others. It usually develops around the ages of 4-5.

Freud divided mental life into three provinces the “id”, “ego”, and “superego”. He created this idea while under the direction of physiology professor Ernst Brücke in Vienna.

Iceberg AnalogyA mind is like an iceberg. The part that we are aware of is only a small percentage of it’s actual capacity. The part we can control is made up of the ego and superego. The larger part we have no control over is made up of all three with the larger parts being superego and id.

Boeree, C. George, Dr. "Sigmund Freud." Sigmund Freud. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014."Id." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.McLeod, S. A. (2008). Id, Ego and Superego. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.htmlRamachandran, V. S. "Id, Ego, and Superego." Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. San Diego, CA: Academic, 1994. 1. Print."Superego." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.Travels, Leah. "Spain, Sadness, and a Struggle." Leahtravels.com. N.p., 30 Sept. 2012. Web.

27 Jan. 2014."Uranus Direct: Surrender The SuperEgo." Moonkissd by Jessica. Uranus Direct, 11 Dec. 2012. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

Works Cited

Individualism

“Do not make the mistake of the ignorant who think that an

individualist is a man who says: ‘I’ll do as I please at everybody else’s expense.’ An individualist is a man

who recognizes the inalienable individual rights of man—his own

and those of others.An individualist is a man who says: ‘I

will not run anyone’s life—nor let anyone run mine. I will not rule nor

be ruled. I will not be a master nor a slave. I will not sacrifice myself to anyone—nor sacrifice anyone to

myself’” (Textbook or Americanism 84)

*The belief that the needs of each person are more important than the needs

of the whole society or group (Individualism)

*The habit or principle of being independent and

self-reliant (Definition of Individualism)

*Following the French Revolution, individualism was used in France to signify the sources of social

closure and anarchy and the elevation of individual interests above those of the group (Lukes).

* In Germany, the ideas of individual uniqueness and self-realization contributed to the cult of individual

genius (Lukes).* In England, individualism encompassed religious

nonconformity (Lukes).* In the United States, individualism became part of

the core American ideology by the 19th century, incorporating the influences of New England

Puritanism, Jeffersonianism, and the philosophy of natural rights (Lukes).

“The mind is an attribute of the individual. There is no such thing as a collective brain. There is no

such thing as a collective thought. An agreement reached by a group of men is only a compromise or an

average drawn upon many individual thoughts. It is a

secondary consequence. The primary act—the process of reason—must be performed by each man alone. We can divide a meal among many men. We cannot digest it in a collective stomach. No man can use

his lungs to breathe for another man. No man can use his brain to think for another. All the functions of body and spirit are private. They cannot be shared or transferred”

Continued… “We inherit the products of the thought of other men. We

inherit the wheel. We make a cart. The cart becomes an automobile. The automobile becomes an airplane. But

all through the process what we receive from others is only the end

product of their thinking. The moving force is the creative faculty which

takes this product as material, uses it and originates the next step. This creative faculty cannot be given or

received, shared or borrowed. It belongs to single, individual men.

That which it creates is the property of the creator. Men learn from one another. But all learning is only the exchange of material. No man can

give another the capacity to think. Yet that capacity is our only means of survival” (For the New Intellectual

78).

Works Cited

“Definition of Individualism in English." Individualism: Definition of Individualism in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.“Individualism." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.Lukes, Steven M. “Individualism (politics and Philosophy)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.Rand , Ayn. “For the New Intellect.” Ayn Rand Lexicon. 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.Rand, Ayn. “Textbook of Americanism." Ayn Rand Lexicon. 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

AltruismOlivia Bird

Definition

Many would consider altruism the unselfish regard for the needs of others, or behavior that is beneficial to others.According to Ayn Rand, altruism is the belief that man has no right to exist unless he devotes himself to serving others. Altruism is the opposite of egoism.

Origin

The word altruism comes from the French altruisme, which comes from the Old French altrui meaning “of or to others” or the Latin alteri or alter meaning “other”The word altruism was coined around 1830-1850, supposedly by the French philosopher Auguste Comte.

Analogy

I'm someone that needs money. Altruism as most people see it would be that you should give the person money to help them. According to Ayn Rand, Altruistic people believe that man has no right to exist unless they do give the person money. Supposedly, altruism isn’t a question of whether or not you should give money to those in need. It is a question of whether or not you have the right to exist without giving them money. Most people would say that we do. Altruistic people would say no.

Works Cited

"Altruism." Ayn Rand Lexicon. Ayn Rand Institute, 2014. Web. 27 Jan. 2014."Altruism." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, 2014. Web. 25 Jan. 2014.Harper, Douglas. "Online Etymology Dictionary." Online Etymology Dictionary. Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001-2013. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

EgoismJD Wells

Ayn Rand definition

• “(Selfishness) represents a devastating intellectual “package-deal,” which is responsible, more than any other single factor, for the arrested moral development of mankind....(selfishness) is a synonym of evil; the image it conjures is of a murderous brute who tramples over piles of corpses to achieve his own ends, who cares for no living being and pursues nothing but the gratification of the mindless whims of any immediate moment”(Binswanger).

Marriam-Webster definition

• “A doctrine that individual self-interest is the actual motive of all conscious action” (Marriam-Webster).

Origin

• The word “egoism” was formed in the late 18th century. The word originates from the Latin ‘ego’ (‘I’), the first person singular pronoun.

Kanye West: lyrics that portray egoism• “I'm living in the 21st century doin' something mean to it

Do it better then anybody you ever seen do itScreams from the haters, got a nice ring to itI guess every superhero need his theme music” (West).

• These lyrics portray Kanye West as egotistic because he calls himself a “superhero” and says he does it better then anyone else (whatever “it” is).

Kanye West: lyrics that portray egoism.

SNL Example Kanye’s reaction• Another example that involves

egoism involves the hit comedy SNL (Saturday Night Live). This show is notorious for poking fun at famous figures. The show preformed a skit where the actor that portrayed Kanye West acted extremely egotistical. The actor called himself a “god” and a “genius” and become infuriated when other actors mocked him.

• In one of Kanye’s songs following the skit, he stated the following: “F**k SNL and the whole cast. Tell them Yeezy said they can kiss my whole a**” (West).

• Kanye acts like a stereotypical egotist, where he cannot bear being mocked or humiliated.

Works Cited

• "Kanye West Lyrics." AZlyrics.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• Binswanger, Harry, and Leonard Peikoff.

"Selfishness." Aynrandlexicon.com. Ayn Rand Institute, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Definition of Egoism in English:." Egoism: Definition of Egoism in

Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Oxford Dictionaries, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014• "Egoism.“ Def. 1a. Merriam-Webster Oniline. Merriam-Webster,

n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

AgencyJosh Johnson

A3

1/28/2014

Denotation

Agency

• “the capacity, condition, or state of acting or of exerting power” (Merriam-Webster).

• “a thing or person that acts to produce a particular result” (Oxford Dictionary of English).

Denotation

According to Ayn Rand, agency, or free will, is described as follows:

“That which you call your soul or spirit is your consciousness, and that which you call “free will” is your mind’s freedom to think or not, the only will you have, your only freedom, the choice that controls all the choices you make and determines your life and your character…”

Origin

The word “agency” was first used in the mid 17th century and is derived from the medieval Latin term agentia, or agent, meaning “doing” (Oxford Dictionary of English).

Thus, this shows that “agency” is not only an idea, but a practice.

Speculation

As suggested by Libertarianism, “Agency determines everything” (“Theories of Agency).

Similarly, the theory of the Bounded circle of Agency states that “[the agency of individuals is] absolutely constrained beyond a certain boundary, absolutely free or devolving upon the individual within it” (“Theories of Agency”).

Speculation

Karl Marx also analyzes agency when he says: "Men make history, but they do not make it just as they please“ (“Theories of Agency”). However, this conjecture has been interpreted in several ways.

Those who follow Marx’s Humanist ideas “believe in a limited but critical role for will and agency in choosing a revolutionary moment.” In contrast, followers of his Scientific theories “[believe] in the structural inevitability of revolution.” Fate decides all, and agency has no role whatsoever. If a revolution occurs, it was bound to happen because of premeditation, not the choices of individuals (“Theories of Agency”).

Speculation

“That which [man’s] survival requires is set by his nature and is not open to his choice. What is open to his choice is only whether he will discover it or not, whether he will choose the right goals and values or not. He is free to make the wrong choice, but not free to succeed with it. He is free to evade reality, he is free to unfocus his mind and stumble blindly down any road he pleases, but not free to avoid the abyss he refuses to see. Knowledge, for any conscious organism, is the means of survival; to a living consciousness, every “is” implies an “ought.” Man is free to choose not to be conscious, but not free to escape the penalty of unconsciousness: destruction. Man is the only living species that has the power to act as his own destroyer—and that is the way he has acted through most of his history” (Rand).

“Free Will”

“Free Will”

Analogy

“…The potential is a superlative machine: his consciousness; but it is a machine without a spark plug, a machine of which his own will has to be the spark plug,

the self-starter and the driver; he has to discover how to use it and he has to keep it in constant action. The material is the whole of the universe, with no limits set to the knowledge he can acquire and to the enjoyment of life he can achieve. …”

(Rand).

Analogy

In the philosophy of Ayn Rand, Agency is composed of potential, but requires material to achieve such. The machine represents an individual’s consciousness, or desires and potential. However, this metaphorical machine is useless without the spark plugs, or the will and choices to act in accordance with said consciousness. This will is powerful enough to keep the mind always in focus, always in action, and can turn potential into reality. The materials, like the universe, allow potential to be limitless; they are the resources that help to actualize such potential.

In short, the consequential potential of agency is boundless and endless, yet achievable. We need only use our agency to choose to reach, to improve, and to accomplish.

Works Cited

"Agency." Def. 2. Merriam-Webster Online. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

"Agency." Def. 3.1. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford Dictionary of English, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

Rand, Ayn. "Free Will." Ayn Rand Lexicon. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014. "Theories of Agency." Theories of Agency. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

TransgressionTim Morrell

January 27, 2014A-3

Definition

To infringe or go beyond the bounds of (a moral principle or other established standard of behavior) (Oxford Dictionary).To do something that is not allowed : to disobey a command or law (Webster Dictionary).

Origin of the word

• It officially became the word transgression in the language of Old French. This word comes from the Late Latin term of transgressionem (Harper).• The word “transgression” was created in the 14th century. (Webster

Dictionary).

Origin of the theory

• Many ideas of the start of humanity associate the idea of transgression by humans.• Such ideas are Adam and Eve, Pandora’s Box, and the Darwin Theory

Analogy

Works Cited

"Definition of Transgress in English:." Transgress: Definition of Transgress in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Oxford University Press, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014. Harper, Douglas. "Online Etymology Dictionary." Online Etymology Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.“Transgress." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

IndependenceTrevin Bird

A3

Definitions “Independence is the recognition of the fact that yours is the

responsibility of judgment and nothing can help you escape it—that no substitute can do your thinking”(Rand 128).

“freedom from outside control or support : the state of being independent”(Webster).

Origin “1630s, from independent. U.S. Independence Day (July 4) recorded

under that name by 1791”(Independence).

“early 17th century (as an adjective): partly on the pattern of French indépendant”(Oxford).

Image:

This image represents America celebrating independence. On July 2th 1776, America declared themselves independent, which means the

had no outside control(Britain).

The American Flag represents the freedom our country has, which is another way to show our independence.

Works Cited1.http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/independence.html

2. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/independence

3. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/independent

4. http://blog.mass.gov/blog/holidays/tips-for-celebrating-americas-independence

/

CollectivismBy: Ariana Chapa

• The subjugation of the individual to a group—whether to a race, class or state does not matter. Collectivism holds that man must be chained to collective action and collective thought for the sake of what is called “the common good.”

Ayn Rand Lexicon- Definition

• The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.

Oxford Dictionary- Defintion

• The Encyclopedia Britannica traces the history of collectivist ideas to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Du contrat social – or “social contract” – of 1762, this was an actual or hypothetical compact, or agreement, between those who were ruled and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each.

•

Origin

• All of the people in the picture are all the same except for one and their needs and wants are put over that persons. everybody conforms and creates a big large group instead of separate individuals.

Analogy/ Image

• "Believe All Things." Believe All Things. N.p., 7 Aug.2009. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.• "Browse Now . . ." Ayn Rand Lexicon. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014• "Definition of Collectivism English:." Collectivism: Definition of Collectivism in

Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Works Cited

Conformity

Dallin Durtschi

Ayn Rand Definition

• Conformity- “It is not good to be different from our brothers . . .” (16).

Webster's Definition

• Conformity- “The act or habit of bringing [oneself] into harmony or agreement with others; of adhering to conventional behavior” (Webster’s 149)

Oxford’s Definition

• Conformity- “Compliance with standards, rules, or laws” (Oxford’s online)

Origin

The first known use of the wordwas in the 14th century.

Use Over Time

Image that Communicates Concept

“Look at that Snake!”

Works Cited

• "Anthem Lesson Plans and Study Guide." Anthem Lesson Plans. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Definition of Conformity in English:." Conformity: Definition of

Conformity in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

AnthemBy: Michael Wahlquist

What is an Anthem? Anthem is “a song of loyalty, praise, or happiness.” (Anthem)

Anthem is “a song that is important to a particular group of people.” (Anthem)

Where did Anthem originate from?

• The word Anthem goes all the way back to the Greeks with the word “antiphonos” meaning “opposite voice” (Lyman)

• It then goes forward in time to the Latin word “antiphona”, then to the Old English form “antefn”, to the Middle English form “antem”, to finally the modern word ‘Anthem’ (Anthem and Lyman)

• Ayn Rand began the prose “Anthem” in 1935. Rand was directly affected by the civil war in Russia as was her family. Thus the concept was seeded deeply from corrupt Communistic values forced upon her. By the Bolshevik Regime in 1917.

What is Ayn Rand’s Anthem?

• “Anthem tells the story of one man’s rebellion against a totalitarian society.” (Chiavroli)• “Anthem's theme is meaning and glory of man’s ego.” (Chiavroli)

Analogy

• When people learn to stand up for themselves and are sustained by their own works whereas in the society of “Anthem” people were not allowed to do this.• In a forest or mountain area you can

provide what is needed for yourself if you are willing to work hard.• In the writing of “anthem” society

was afraid of the light and the unknown.

Works Cited.

1 "Anthem Ayn Rand Context." SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. <http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/anthem/context.html>.

2 "Anthem." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anthem>.

3 Chiavroli, Michael. " Anthem." Ayn Rand Lexicon. Michael Chiavaroli & Associates, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://aynrandlexicon.com/ayn-rand-works/anthem.html>.

4 Lyman, Darryl. "Anthem: Origin and Meanings of the Word." Yahoo Contributor Network. Yahoo Inc., 22 Sept. 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. <http://voices.yahoo.com/anthem-origin-meanings-word-4276197.html?cat=33>.

5 "Anthem Ayn Rand Themes." SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/anthem/themes.html>.

A4

TotalitarianismBrian Snow

Honors EnglishA4

"Having lived through the transition from

totalitarianism, I am acutely mindful of the

need to never take for granted the basic

freedoms of thought, expression and

belief that democracy brings."

-Daisaku Ikeda

What is Totalitarianism?

• “A form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life, the individual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed.” (The American Heritage Dictionary).

• "The political concept that the citizen should be totally subject to an absolute state authority" (Merriam Webster Incorporated).

Where did the idea come from?

• The idea of totalitarianism has been around since the dawn of time, but it was primarily introduced to us by dictators during World War 2, such as Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolph Hitler. Through forms of government such as Fascism and Communism, these leaders were able to control their people using fear tactics and propaganda. These strategies were able to succeed because the people of these countries had many economic or international problems, such as debt or war. In the case of these circumstances, the people would almost beg a dictator to take control.(The Rise of Totalitarianism)

In this cartoon, the giant hand is clearly the dictator while the people are the citizens of the country. As you can see, the media, displayed by the newspapers, is directly controlled by the leader, therefore, the people are indirectly controlled to do the dictator's bidding, like puppets.

A Cartoonist's Portrayal of Totalitarianism

Works Cited• The Rise of Totalitarianism . N.p.. Web. 27 Jan 2014.

<http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/divdept/sscience/history/totalitarianism.htm>.

• Tomsen, Anna. "The Case of Inverted Totalitarianism in the Hands of the Human’s Head: DAY 185." Anna Brix Tomsen. World Exposed Blog, 9 Mar 2013. Web. 27 Jan 2014. <The Case of Inverted Totalitarianism in the Hands of the Human’s Head: DAY 185>.

• The American Heritage Dictionary. N.p.. Web. 27 Jan 2014. <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/totalitarianism>.

• Merriam Webster Incorporated. N.p.. Web. 27 Jan 2014. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/totalitarianism>.

SocialismMakenna Waters

A4

Definition

• The “social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members.”

Origin

• “Socialism emerged in conjunction with the Industrial Revolution as a means of protecting worker’s rights. As the 19th and 20th centuries progressed, socialism remained a popular and effective form of government worldwide.”• “Its intellectual roots, however, reach back almost as far as recorded

thought—even as far as Moses, according to one history of the subject. Socialist...ideas certainly play an important part in the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, whose Republic depicts an austere society in which men and women of the “guardian” class share with each other not only their few material goods but also their spouses and children.”

Analogy• “An economics professor at a local college made a statement that he had never failed a

single student before but had once failed an entire class.

• That class had insisted that socialism worked and that no one would be poor and no one would be rich, a great equalizer.

• The professor then said, “OK, we will have an experiment in this class on socialism. All grades would be averaged and everyone would receive the same grade so no one would fail and no one would receive an A.

• After the first test, the grades were averaged and everyone got a B.

• The students who studied hard were upset and the students who studied little were happy.

Analogy continued

• As the second test rolled around, the students who studied little had studied even less and the ones who studied hard decided they wanted a free ride too so they studied little.• The second test average was a D! No one was happy.• When the 3rd test rolled around, the average was an F.• The scores never increased as bickering, blame and name-calling all resulted in

hard feelings and no one would study for the benefit of anyone else.• All failed, to their great surprise, and the professor told them that socialism would

also ultimately fail because when the reward is great, the effort to succeed is great but when government takes all the reward away, no one will try or want to succeed.• Could not be any simpler than that.”

Works cited

• "Socialism." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.• "Socialism." : History of. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Origins." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica,

n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• Dolphin, Barbara. "A Simply Analogy on Socialism." N.p., n.d. Web. 27

Jan. 2014.

CommunismClayton Lords a4

Definition

• Communism is defined as “a theory advocating elimination of private property” or as “a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed” (“Communism”).• The Ayn Rand Lexicon says that “The Communists’ chief purpose is to

destroy every form of independence—independent work, independent action, independent property, independent thought, an independent mind, or an independent man.”

Origin

• The word communism is derived from the French word communisme, which means “common” (“Communism”).• Karl Marx came up with the theory of communism in 1848, which he

published in his book Communist Manifesto (“Communism”).

Analogy/Image

• The citizens of a communist country work as hard as they can, and in return the government provides them with goods “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need” (Karl Marx).

Citizens Government

Work

Necessities Provided

Works Cited

• “Communism.” Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 28 January 2014.• Rand, Ayn. “Communism.” The Ayn Rand Lexicon, n.d. Web 28

January 2014.

CommunismKassie Linford A4

Communism-Origin- French for communisme; Karl Marx in 1835Definition- a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state (Karl Marx).

You have two cows. The government takes both of them and gives you part of the milk.

Works Cited“Communism.” Merrian- Webster. Merrian-Webster, n.d.

Web. 27 Jan. 2014“.“Goodies #2: The Two Cow Analogy.” Growby.com. Growby, 12 Apr. 2013. Web. 27 Jan. 2014."Communism." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web.

27 Jan. 2014.

ConformityBy Seth Ogden

Definitions

• “Behavior that is the same as the behavior of most other people in a society, group, etc.” (Merriam-Webster).• “Compliance with standards, rules, or laws” (Oxford).

Origin

• “Middle English, from Anglo-French conformer, from Latinconformare, from com- + formare to form, from forma formFirst Known Use: 14th century” (Merriam-Webster).

AnalogyConformity is the idea that everyone is the same, and no one thinks independently. Thus, thinking independently would be a conformity hazard.

Works Cited

• "Conformity." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Definition of Conformity in English:." Conformity: Definition of

Conformity in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Egotism

• Egoism is often confused with egotism. Egotism means to be extremely immersed in oneself. It is the seeing of oneself above the others. This cat views itself as above anyone else and it believes it is the center of attention.

Egoism• In the late 18th century the origin of egoism arose from the French

égoïsme and modern Latin egoismus. In Latin ego means ‘I’. “… egoism is a term used in Ethics to mean ‘a theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of moral [behavior]” (Oxford Dictionaries). Egoism means that my beliefs are my own moral values. The arrows in the picture denote introspection about what matters to me.

Works Cited

“Webster’s Online Dictionary.” Interapple, Inc. PA USA 2003. Web. 27 January 2014.

Sikhi. “Sikhphilosophy.” n.p. 9 May 2006. Web. 27 January 2014.“Oxford Dictionaries.” British & World English. n.d. Web. 27

January 2014.

Prometheus

• Prometheus: he who thinks in advance or forethinking (Discover the Story).

• In Greek myology Prometheus is, “a Titan who is chained and tortured by Zeus for stealing fire from heaven and giving it to humankind,” as satiated in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. (Prometheus).

• According to Encyclopedia Britannica Prometheus was the ultimite trickster and god of fire.

• Also his intellectual side is emphasized by his name meaning Forethinker (Prometheus (Greek God)).

Image from: Josh's Blog

• "Discover the Story of EnglishMore than 600,000 Words, over a Thousand Years." Home : Oxford English Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

• "Prometheus (Greek God)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

• "Prometheus." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

• "Josh's Blog." Joshs Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Works Cited

Transgression

Kianna Barrett A4

Definition• Infringement or violation of a command, law, or duty

• Something against a command or law that is not easily forgiven

Origin• Transgression is a noun

• First used in the late14th century

• Comes from Middle English word

transgressen

• Old French word transgresser

• Latin word tránsgredí

The Giver by Lois Lowry

• “Jonas has, like all of us, committed minor

transgressions.”

• “The rules say that if there’s a third

transgression, he simply has to be released.”

• “His transgressions were small ones, always:

shoes on the wrong feet, schoolwork misplaced,

failure to study adequately for a quiz.”

AnalogyLance Armstrong • Cyclist

• Won Tour de France seven times

from 1999-2005

• Used performance-enhancing drugs

(PED’s) to help him win

• Got all seven titles taken away

Works cited• "Definition of Transgress in English:." Transgress: Definition of Transgress in

Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Oxford Unity Press, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Transgress." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.• "TRANSGRESS Used in THE GIVER." TRANSGRESS Used in THE GIVER. N.p., n.d.

Web. 28 Jan. 2014.• "Transgression." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Transgression." Vocabulary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Why Does Everyone Still Love Lance Armstrong?" Junior D Sports RSS.

WordPress Admin, 18 Oct. 2012. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Objectivism Noemi Rivas A-4

Definition

• The belief that certain things, especially moral truths, exist independently of human

knowledge, or opinion of them (Oxford Dictionary).

• The name "Objectivism" comes from the principle that human knowledge and values are

objective: they are not created by the thoughts one has, but are determined by the

nature of reality (Your Dictionary).

• It states that reality is real and that people are conscious of this reality. Also that, there is

no greater goal than achieving happiness where one cannot achieve it by wish, since it

requires respect for the facts of reality, human needs, and nature (Dictionary).

Origin

• (Noun) objective + ism

• “Originated in1610s, in the philosophical sense of ’considered in relation

of its object’ (opposite of subjective), formed on pattern of M.L. objectivus, from

objectum (object)” (Oxford Dictionary) .

• The philosophy of objectivism was founded by the novelist Ayn Rand.

• “The movement of objectivists began informally in the 1950s and consisted of

students who were brought together by their similar interest in Rand's novel, The

Fountainhead. The group was later known as ‘the Collective’ ”(Biddle).

Understanding Objectivism

• “An objectivist is a person who follows certain moral guidelines such as: Not taking what he/she does not deserve Developing a sense of self sustainability Respecting the rights of other human beings• Ultimately, the objectivist achieves true happiness through his or her works, attitudes

and behaviors. Reality exists separate from consciousness“ (Biddle). • “A person who works hard on a farm his entire life to be completely self sustaining”

(Your Dictionary).• “Making decisions that are based on reason as opposed to emotions and that which

cannot be seen” (Your Dictionary).• “A person who rejects the rules of religion and ultimate happiness with God and

instead focuses on his own ultimate happiness” (Your Dictionary).

Work cited

•"Definition of Objectivism in English:." Objectivism: Definition of Objectivism in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

•Biddle, Craig. "What Is Objectivism?" - The Objective Standard. Glenn Allen Press, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

•"Examples of Objectivism." Your Dictionary, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

•"Objectivism." The Atlas Society |. The Atlas Society, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014.

•"Objectivism." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

•"Objectivism." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Ashley Butikofer

Unity

Definition

• “A condition of harmony” (Merriam-Webster)• “A quality or state of being one” (Farlex)• “Oneness of mind or feeling” (Merriam-Webster)• “A totality of related parts: an entity that is a complex or systematic

whole” (Merriam Webster)• “A combination of parts in a literary or artistic production that

constitutes a whole or promotes an undivided total effect” (Merriam-Webster)

Origin

• The root of the word unity, uni, means one. This meaning contributes to the definitions of unity. Many different people, things, sounds or actions come together with one purpose or goal to accomplish. Thus, many turns into one.

Analogy

• A perfect example of unity is a symphony. • “No one can whistle a symphony. It takes a whole orchestra to play it.”

Halford E. Luccock• In order to have a successful symphony, each individual musician

must learn to cooperate, communicate and follow. By doing this, many instruments can come together to make one unified sound, which is music.

Works Cited

• "Common Prefixes, Suffixes, and Root Words:." Greek and Latin Roots: Roots. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.• "Inspiring." Inspirational Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.• "Unity." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.• "Unity." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Agency• By: Courtney Hathaway

Definition of Agency “The term free agency is commonly

used, and has traditionally been interpreted as meaning that individuals have the ability to choose their actions freely. Some church manuals avoid the term "free agency" and instead say simply moral agency” (freedictrionary).

“Moral agency is an individual's ability to make moral judgments based on some commonly held notion of right and wrong and to be held accountable for these actions. A moral agent is a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong” (freedictionary).

“Agency (also referred to as free agency or moral agency), in Latter-day Saint theology, is the privilege of choice which was introduced by God the Eternal Father to all of his spirit children In the premortal state” (Agency).

“We can posit that race, class and gender structure social life in particular ways that explain much of what happens, but that people still have “agency” which explains why there is not exact conformity” (4 more definitions of agency).

Origin

According to my belief, agency has been around forever. We were put here on this earth because we were meant to have a choice.

“However, according to the article Moral Agency, “Determinists argue all of our actions are the product of antecedent causes, and some believe this is incompatible with free will and thus claim that we have no real control over our actions. Immanuel Kant argued that whether or not our real self, the noumenal self, can choose, we have no choice but to believe that we choose freely when we make a choice” (Moral Agency). \\\

137

Analogy

138

Works Cited

"Agency (lds church).” enclycopledia. N.p.. Web. 28 January 2014.

“Agency.” thefreedictionary. N.p.. Web. 26 January 2014.

“Moral-Agency.” thefreedictionary. N.p.. Web 28 Janurary 2014.

“4 More Definitions of Agency.” asociologist. N.p. Web. 26 Janurary 2014.

“Slaughter House.” Chan4chan. N.p.. Web. 28 January 2014.

“Moral Agency.” wikipedia. N.p.. Web. 28 January 2014.

INdividualismLindee Andrus A4

definitiono“…Individualism holds that…any form of association, cooperation or

peaceful coexistence among men, can be achieved only on the basis of the recognition of individual rights—and that a group, as such, has no rights other than the individual rights of its members• ~Ayn RandoThe habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant

(“Individualism (3)”).

originoOriginally was a "self-centered feeling.”oThen as a social philosophy in 1851 in the writings of J.S. Mill. oAccording to J.S. Mill, it was more of a feeling of being opposed to

communism and socialism (“Individualism (2)”)

ANAlogy

(“Individualism (1)”).

Works cited• “Individualism.” Digital Image. Deviant Art. 22 May 2011. Web. 27

January 2014. Deviantart.com. http://mrflopsie.deviantart.com/art/Individualism-wallpaper-209831020• “Individualism." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian.

27 Jan. 2014. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/individualism. • "Individualism." Oxford Dictionaries. 2014. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/americanenglish/individualism

• Rand, Ayn. "Individualism." Ayn Rand Lexicon. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/individualism.html

Altruism

Definitions

• The idea that an has no right to exist for his own sake, and service to others is the only justification of his existence (Rand).• The philosophical doctrine that right action is that which produces the

greatest benefit to others (Dictionary.com).

Origin 1853

-Came from the word autrui (of or to others).-coined by philosopher Auguste Comte (Dictionary.com).

Explanation

• Basic principle of altruism is self-sacrifice

It is not whether one should or should not give a dime to a beggar. The issue is whether one has the right to exist without giving him that dime.

(Rand)

Work Cited

“Altruism." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. 29 Jan. 2014. Rand, Ayn. “Altruism.” Leonard Peikoff, 1986. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Regan teichertp.A4

Romanticism

Definitions

• “Literary, artistic, and philosophical movement operating in the 18th century, characterized chiefly by a reaction against neoclassicism and an emphasis on the imagination and emotions, and marked especially in English literature by sensibility and the use of autobiographical material, an exaltation of the primitive and common man, an appreciation of external nature, an interest in the remote, a predilection for melancholy and the use in poetry of older verse forms”(Merriam Webster).

Origin

• Romanticism was a large literary movement that began around 1750 and lasted till 1870. It spread around Europe, the United States, and also Latin America. It did not reach France until the 1820’s. Romanticism provided opportunities for the common man. It gave them courage to rebel against unfair rules, and laws while bringing the country’s people closer together by decreasing the importance of classicism. It also provided these countries with a love of nature. They thought of it as something their God provided for them. Nature also showed their character as a whole, thus bringing a romantic-emotional love for their God’s creations.

Pictures

• Ludwig Van Beethoven appeared near the end of the Romantic Era by composing music that provided people with a sense of hope and a new love for music.

Pictures

• During the Romantic Era, many new artists revealed themselves and created beautiful works of art. One of these paintings was completed in 1774, by a Welsh artist named Thomas Jones, and the painting is called The Bard.

Pictures

• Many talented, English writers emerged during this period. However, one of the most well known books was written by Mary Shelly, in 1818, entitled Frankenstein.

Conclusion

• Romanticism provided a new sense of hope. It gave the people courage to make long-lasting changes to their lifestyle, government, and ways of thinking. It increased their love for nature and all of God’s creations, and looked at nature as a representation of who they were. It helped the countries get into order and start building what we have today.

Works Cited

• "Romanticism." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.• Schwartz, Robert. "The Romantic Era." The France of Victor Hugo. Les

Mis and Les Media, 10 May 1999. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.• "Romanticism." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Jan. 2014. Web.

29 Jan. 2014. (Pictures)

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UnityTara Schuster

Definition of Unity

• “The quality or state of not being multiple: oneness,” (Merriam Webster Dictionary). • “The state of being united or joined as a whole,” (Oxford Dictionaries).

Origin

• “Latin unitas, from the word unus which means 'one’” (Merriam Webster Dictionary).• c.1300, from Anglo-French unite, Old French unite, "oneness, sameness,

agreement” (Online Etymology Dictionary).

Analogy

A symphony where each and every member has the same music and is in exactly the same part sounds amazing and can accomplish much, but a symphony where each member has a different piece of music or is even just the slightest bit off will cause a disaster. Its only when unity exists and everyone is playing together as part of something bigger that beautiful music can be created.

Works Cited

• Merriam Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014.• "Oxford Dictionaries." Oxford Dictionaries. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan.

2014.• "Online Etymology Dictionary." Online Etymology Dictionary. N.p., n.d.

Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

OBJECTIVISMBy Mikayl martin

What is Objectivism?

• Ayn Rand’s philosophy of “objectivism” is the idea that man’s moral goal is his own personal happiness, with his greatest pursuit being his own success, and logic as his only truth (“Objectivism”).

objectivism

• Objectivism is a concept proclaiming the importance of placing facts over feelings or opinions (Merriam-Webster).

Origin of Objectivism

• “Objectivism as it is known today that finds its origins in the early 19th Century… work of Gottlob Frege. The doctrine is, however, most closely identified with the 20th Century philosopher Ayn Rand (1905 - 1982)” (The Basics of Philosophy).

He finds his truths in the world, which he carries on his shoulders. The truths he carries provide his strength, personal achievement, and happiness.

Works cited

• "Objectivism." Ayn Rand Lexicon. Ayn Rand Institute, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/objectivism.html>.

• "Objectivism." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/objectivism>.

• "Objectivism." The Basics of Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_objectivism.html>.

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