antenna theory and selection
TRANSCRIPT
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
CONFIDENTIAL
www.huawei.com
RNP Staff Training Dept.
Antenna Theory
and Selection
ISSUE 4.0
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RF components are widely used in
wireless system, and affectperformance of network.
Foreword
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References (32pt, No bold)
List all the reference materials
here
Including guideline,
multimedia materials...
20~80pt
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After this course, you will
Master....
Know.... ....
Objectives
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1 Antenna Principle
2 Antenna Classification3 Antenna Performance Index
4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
5 New Technology of Antenna
(Applied for TD-SCDMA Mainly)
Contents
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1 Antenna Principle
1.1 Antenna Location and Function
1.2 Antenna Work Principle
1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band
1.4 Antenna Polarization
Contents
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Antenna Location and Function
Antenna and FeederSystem
Thunder
protector
Feeder(7/8)
Feeder
clip
Feeder
ladder
Grounded
clip
Connector, insulated airproof
tape, PVC insulated tape
Adjustablesupport
Boardantenna
Pole(50~114mm)
Outdoor
jumper
Indoor jumper
Feeder
windowBTS
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Installation of BBU and RRU(DBS3900)
BBU~RRU: Fiber connection
RRU~Antenna: jumper
connection
Fiber
Jumper
Antenna Location and Function
Decrease feeder
loss, enhance
coverage, andsave cost
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1 Antenna Principle
1.1 Antenna Location and Function
1.2 Antenna Work Principle
1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band
1.4 Antenna Polarization
Contents
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Based on the polarization mode:
Alternant circuit in the lead will radiate electromagnetic (EM) waves,
the radiation ability is related to the length and shape of lead.
When the length of lead is close to wave length, circuit in the lead
will increase greatly and radiate strong radio wave, we call this direct
lead as pole.
Antenna Work Principle
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The pole whose two arms are of same length is called dipole. The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/2
Wavelength) is called as full-wave dipole.
The pole whose two arms are of the same length (1/4
Wavelength) is called as half-wave dipole.
1/2 Wavelength
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Antenna Work Principle
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Antenna Work Principle
Directional Antenna Omni Antenna
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1 Antenna Principle
1.1 Antenna Location and Function
1.2 Antenna Work Principle
1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band
1.4 Antenna Polarization
Contents
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Antenna Work Frequency Band
No matter what is receiving antenna or transmitting antenna, theywork in a certain frequency band. Commonly, when it works in
central frequency, maximum output it has. When frequency
departs from central frequency, the output power will decrease.
According to this feature, antenna work frequency band is defined.
Two definitions:
The frequency bandwidth when antenna gain decreases by 3dB.
The frequency bandwidth considering stated standing wave ratio.
Mobile communication system adopts the second definition.
Antenna work frequency bandwidth is that when the antenna
standing wave ration is not bigger than 1.5.
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1 Antenna Principle
1.1 Antenna Location and Function
1.2 Antenna Work Principle
1.3 Antenna Work Frequency Band
1.4 Antenna Polarization
Contents
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The direction of magnetic field is the direction of electromagnetic
wavespolarization.
Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization
+ 45 Polarization - 45 Polarization
Antenna Polarization
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Antenna Polarization
Bi-polarizationUni-polarization
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Uni-polarization Antenna
Comparison
Uni-polarization Ant. and Bi-
polarization Ant. Comparison
Vertical Horizontal Uni-polarization Bi-polarization
Horizontal polarized wave parallels
the ground level, the loss is big.
Vertical polarized wave is vertical to
the ground level, the loss is small.
In order to get the diversity gain, there must
be two uni-polarization antennas physically, it
needs more space. Bi-polarization antenna is
composed of two uni-polarization antennas, itcan save the installation space.
Diversity Distance
Antenna Polarization
Electric Field
Magnetic
Field
Dipole
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Direction
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Polarization Loss
When receiver and arriving electromagnetic wave usedifferent polarization, the receiving signal has polarization
loss. For example, when orbicular polarization antenna
receives signal from uni-polarization antenna, this will cause
3dB loss.
When arriving electromagnetic wave is orthogonal toreceiver, receiver can not get energy from arriving wave.
Arriving wave and receiver are isolated.
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Polarization Isolation
Isolation: the ratio of signal level transmitted by one antenna
to signal level received by another antenna in bi-polar antenna.
1000mW (1W) 1mW
Isolation Calculation:
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
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1 Antenna Principle
2 Antenna Classification3 Antenna Performance Index
4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
5 New Technology of Antenna
(Applied for TD-SCDMA Mainly)
Contents
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2 Antenna Classification
2.1 According to Radiation Direction
2.2 According to Outline
2.3 According to Polarization Mode
Contents
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Classified According to Radiation Direction
Directional
Antenna
Omni
Antenna
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Classified According to Outline
Plate Antenna Cap Antenna
Whip Antenna Paraboloid Antenna
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Vertical Polarization
Omni Antenna
Vertical Polarization
Directional Antenna
Bi-polar
Directional Antenna
Classified According to Polarization Mode
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1 Antenna Principle
2 Antenna Classification3 Antenna Performance Index
4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
5 New Technology of Antenna
(Applied for TD-SCDMA Mainly)
Contents
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3 Antenna Performance Index
3.1 Electrical Index
3.2 Mechanical Index
Contents
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Electrical Index
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Antenna Gain
When the input powers are the
same, antenna gain is the ratio of
output power between antenna
and dipole at the same point
along the direction of maximum
radiation, namely the ratio of
square electric field intensity. The
unit is dBd.
Antenna gain is related to
radiation pattern. More narrowthe major lope is, higher antenna
gain it is.
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Difference between dBd and dBi
2.15dB
Isotropic
Dipole
Actual antenna
Antenna gain is 11dBi or 8.85dBd.
11dBi
8.85dBd 2.15dB 2.15dBi ERP
EIRP
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Antenna Pattern
Symmetric Half waveDipole Pattern
Top View Side View
Omni Antenna Pattern Directional Antenna Pattern
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Antenna Pattern
Front-to-back Ratio Beam Width (BW) (called Half-power Angle)
Zero-point Filling
Upper Side Lobe Suppression
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Front-to-back Ratio
Front-to-back ratio is the ratio of front power to back
power. The bigger front-to-back ratio, the better directional
receiving performance.
Back Power Front Power
Front-to-back Ratio (dB) = 10 log , typical value is about 25dB(Front Power)
(Back Power)
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Beam Width
There are more than one lope in radiation pattern of antenna. The
biggest one is called main lope, the other ones are call side lopes.
Along the pattern of main lope, when the power reduces by 3dB
away from the peak point, the angle of these two points is called
half-power beam width. The smaller half-power beam width is, the
better directivity and the stronger anti-interference capability.
Horizontal Pattern
3dB Beam Width
60(eg)
Peak
- 3dB
- 3dB
Peak
- 3dB
- 3dB
15
(eg)
Vertical Pattern
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Beam Width
Antenna is an energy-centralizing device. The enhancement
of transmission in one direction means the reduction of
transmission in other directions. In general, we can enhance
the transmission strength in a certain direction by reducing
the horizontal lobe width so as to increase the antenna gain.
Under a given antenna gain, the horizontal BW is in reverseproportion with the vertical BW:
10 lg 32400aG
Ga: antenna gain, dBi.: vertical BW, degree.
: horizontal BW, degree.
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For example: one omni antenna, gain 11dBi, horizontal BW 360,
vertical BW is:
1.1
324007.15
360 10
o
Beam Width
Because the design and the manufacturing of antenna are limited, actual
vertical BW is small than the value which is calculated above. The smaller
the difference is, the better the antenna is.
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Relationship between Gain and BW
Beam Width
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F
ixedElectricAntennaDowntilt
FE
Antenna Downtilt
Adjust Downtiltby Antenna
Support
Mechanical
D
ownTilt
Mechanical Downtilt
ElectricDow
ntilt
Electric
Downtilt
Actual Downtilt = MechanicalDowntilt + Electric Downtilt
AdjustableElectr
icAntenna
Downtil
t
ME
RE
ME
RCU
RE
Add
RCU
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Antenna Downtilt
Mechanical
Downtilt
ElectricDowntilt
Adjustable Electric Antenna
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9.5 W
80ohms
50 ohms
Forward: 10W
Reflection: 0.5W
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
If and respectively stand for the input impedance and nominal
impedance of the antenna, the reflectance is
where . The matching
feature of a port can also be indicated by Reflection
Loss . If , will be 13.98
A
oZ
oA
oA
1
1VSWR
50o
Z
1:5.1VSWR dBLR ... .( ) 20 lgR L dB
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Antenna Intermodulation
Passive intermodulation is caused by passive components which work
with high power of multiple channel. And these components are no-
linearity, such as connector, feeder, antenna, filter, etc..
Intermodulation causes:
Magnetism matter
Joint not tightDifferent metallic material connection
Surface of connection is not smooth
Common biggish intermodulation:
Third order intermodulation
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3 Antenna Performance Index
3.1 Electrical Index
3.2 Mechanical Index
Contents
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Other Technical Performances
Port Isolation
Power Capacity
Input Interface of the
Antenna
Passive Inter-modulation
(PIM) Antenna Size and Weight
Wind Load
Working Temperature
and Humidity
Lightning Protection
Three-Proof Capability
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1 Antenna Principle
2 Antenna Classification
3 Antenna Performance Index
4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
5 New Technology of Antenna
(Applied for TD-SCDMA Mainly)
Contents
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4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
Contents
4.1 Urban 4.2 Suburban
4.3 Rural 4.4 Highway
4.5 Offing 4.6 Mountainous Area
4.7 Tunnel 4.8 Indoor
4.9 Antenna Selection Work Flow
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Antenna Selection - Urban
Environment character:
Dense site layout, required coverage of single site is small. It is
recommended to limit single site coverage, avoid overshooting, reduce
interference and improve the network capacity and quality.
Antenna selection principle:
Frequency band (G/C/U/W)
Antenna polarization:45bi-polar, directional antenna Horizontal beam width: 6065
Antenna gain: 1516dBi (medium gain, when frequency band is high,
1718dBi is recommended.
Downtilt:
FE 6or ME (RE) 0 ~ 10ME 0 ~ 15
Front-to-back ratio25dB
Others: Upper Side Lobe Suppression
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Environment character:
Suburban is a scene between urban and rural. Some areas with many
sites need considering coverage and interference control. Some areas
with few sites are similar to rural, only need considering coverage. The
suburban antenna parameters is between urban and rural.
Antenna selection principle: Frequency band (G/C/U/W)
Bi-polar or vertical polar, directional antenna
Horizontal beam width: 65or 90
No electric downtilt normally. If there is, small electric downtilt antenna isadopted.
Antenna gain: 1518dBi (medium, high gain antenna)
Antenna Selection - Suburban
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Environment character:
Sparse site layout, low traffic, broad coverage. Coverage is the sticking
point. The environment around site should be considered when selecting
antenna.
Antenna selection principle:
Directional antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 90120 horizontal beam width /
High antenna gain, 1618 dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Omni antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / Antenna gain: 11 dBi / No electric
downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Antenna Selection - Rural
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Environment character:
Low traffic, high speed subscriber, broad coverage. Coverage is the
sticking point. Highway is strip, the site with two sectors installing high
gain antenna or one sector installing 8-shape omnidirectional is adopted.
When one town is near highway, the site of three sectors installing high
gain antenna or one sector installing heart-shape antenna is adopted.
Antenna selection principle:
Directional antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 30horizontal beam width / Antenna
gain, 21dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
8-shape antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / bidirectional, 70horizontal beam
width / Antenna gain, 14dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Heart-shape antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 210horizontal beam width /
Antenna gain, 12dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Antenna Selection - Highway
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Heart-shape antenna
8-shape antenna
Antenna Selection - Highway
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Environment character:
Mountain will block off the propagation of electromagnetic wave. The
path loss is very big. These areas are not easy to be covered.
Antenna selection principle:
Directional antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 90horizontal beam width / Antenna
gain, 15dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Omni antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / Antenna gain, 11dBi / No electric
downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Antenna Selection - Mountainous Area
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Environment character:
Low traffic, broad coverage, no blocks at the scene. The coverage
distance is affected by two factors, propagation loss and earth sphere
curvature. Considering the earth sphere curvature factor, the antenna
height is adopted more than 100 meters.
Antenna selection principle: Directional antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 30horizontal beam width / Antenna
gain, 21dBi / No electric downtilt / Zero-point Filling
Antenna Selection - Offing
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Environment character:
Low traffic, no interference problem.
Antenna selection principle:
Tunnel is less than 2km
Yagi antenna, 10~12dBi
Log-periodic antenna
Flat-panel antenna
Tunnel is more than 2km
Leaky cable
Antenna Selection - Tunnel
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Environment character:
Distributed antenna system is adopted to solve the coverage of indoor.
Antenna selection principle:
Omni antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 360horizontal beam width, 90
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 2dBi
Flat-panel directional antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 90horizontal beam width, 60
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 7dBi
Log-periodic antenna
Frequency band / Vertical polarization / 55horizontal beam width, 50
vertical beam width / Antenna gain, 11.5dBi
Antenna Selection - Indoor
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Antenna Selection Work Flow
Files
Preferred AntennaFeeder Cataloguev2.2.xls
Non-preferred AntennaCatalogue v2.2.xls
Approach to acquirelatest version
Notes database:SZXAP06-DS
Filename:appdata\ipd\fl3-
codeapply.nsf The two files are
attached in Welcomepage.
Preferred Antenna
Feeder Catalogue
Antenna Feeder
Scheme
Antenna Feeder Scheme
Major Project?
HQ AuditRegional Office
Audit
Confirm Antenna Type
Confirm
whether it is
preferred
antenna?
Customer
Leading
Antenna QuotationLeading
Succeed?
Head of Regional
Wireless Technical
Sale Dept.
Approval
Head of Antenna
Feeder SPDT Cost
& System Dept.
HQ Approval
Quotation Info. To Antenna
Coordinator of HQ
Antenna Feeder
Scheme and Antenna
Selection Auditing
Customer Leading
Antenna Selection
Approval
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
YesYes
NoYes
No
No
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1 Antenna Principle
2 Antenna Classification
3 Antenna Performance Index
4 Antenna Selection Principle and Flow
5 New Technology of Antenna
(Applied for TD-SCDMA Mainly)
Contents
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Dynamic Multiple Beam Antenna
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Dynamic Multiple Beam Antenna
Features:
Multiple beam forming
Beam direction control
Beam width control
Beam distance control
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Dynamic Multiple Beam Antenna
Load balance
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Dynamic Multiple Beam Antenna
Cellular optimizationeffective coverage adjustment
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Dynamic Multiple Beam Antenna
Dedicate beam allocation
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Smart Antenna
Difference from multiple beam antenna
Antenna Type Downlink Beam
Quantity for
Every User
Automatic
Adjustment
Beam
Beam Locating
and Combining
Algorithm
Dynamic multiple
beam antenna
Multiple No No
Smart antenna One Yes Yes
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Smart Antenna
Two Algorithm
Handover Multiple Beam Adaptive Beam
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Smart Antenna
Link Level System Level
Restrain interference
Improve SNR
Improve system capacity
Improve coverage
Improve QoS, bit rate, mobility rate
Smart antenna functions:
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Question
Whatsthe function of antenna?
According to the radiation direction, how
many kinds of antennas are there? What
are they?
Does bi-polar antenna represent two
antennas actually?
What are the important electric indexes for
antenna selection?
What is the relation between dBi and dBd?
Which order of intermodulation is biggish
affection to wireless communicationsystem?
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