antebellum revivalism & reform. reform movement came about because of the market revolution...
TRANSCRIPT
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AntebellumRevivalism
&Reform
AntebellumRevivalism
&Reform
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Reform movement came about because of the Market Revolution
1. Led by the Middle Class2. Belief in the goodness of human
nature3. Moralistic
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The Second Great Awakening1790’s-1830’s
• 2nd Religious Revival Movement in the U.S.
• Stressed salvation through personal faith– Redemption
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The Second GreatAwakening
The Second GreatAwakening
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal
Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolitionism
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The “Burned-Over” District• An area in Upstate & Western NY state• Heavily evangelized during the 2nd G.A.• There was no more “Fuel” to “Burn” b/c
everyone had converted• New religious
movements began in this area
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
1823 Golden Tablets
1830 Book of Mormon
1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
• After his death, Brigham Young became the new leader
• Mormons faced persecution b/c of their beliefs– Polygamy– Cooperative
Communities
Brigham Young(1801-1877)
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The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek” Desert
community would become their “Zion”
Salt Lake City, Utah founded in 1847
Utah did not become a state until 1896 b/c of Mormon beliefs
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B.B. Utopian Utopian CommunitiesCommunitiesB.B. Utopian Utopian
CommunitiesCommunities
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What is a Utopian Community?
• A group that pulls away from society to form a “perfect” community
• Formed to counteract the economic & social evils caused by the Market Revolution
• About 100 formed– All were Cooperative– Socialist/Communist in nature– Gender roles neutralized– Some founded around religion
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The Shakers• Religion was the focus• Life should be dedicated to finding
perfection• Segregated men and women• Believed in celibacy• Live a simplistic
lifestyle
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The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
Millenarianism --> the 2nd
coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.
• all residents married to each other – “Complex Marriage”• carefully regulated “free love”
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Brook FarmBrook Farm
George Ripley
1802-1880
• Transcendentalist Utopian farm
• Formed in West Roxbury, MA
• Was influential to writers like Thoreau & Hawthorne
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New Harmony, IN• To deal with poverty
socialist communities should be established
• All families work & live together Robert Owen
1771-1858
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Institute Building in the U.S
• During the 1830’s and 1840’s the U.S. began a program of institute building:– Jails for debtors and criminals– Poorhouses for the destitute– Orphanages for children without
families
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Dorthea Dix• Mentally insane were
placed in prisons and abused
• No assistance given• Dix was an advocate to
improve their treatment• 1849:1st Asylum
established to treat the insane
• By 1860 28 states established asylums
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Consumption of Alcohol• Alcohol seen as one of
the biggest problems of society
• Mainly a problem for men– “Demon” Rum, Cider,
Whiskey– Beer (when the Germans
arrive)• Problem?
– Wasted Money– Domestic Abuse– Increased Crime Rates– Decreased Efficiency at
work
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American Temperance Society
• Founded in 1826 in Boston, MA• Claimed to have 200,000 members by mid
1830’s• Group mainly made up of Women• Two methods for ending the evils of alcohol:
1. Advocate a moderate use of alcohol 2. Make alcohol illegal
• By 1857, 12 states had made alcohol illegal– ME was the first– Problem: laws found unconstitutional
• Successful: alcohol consumption dropped
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“Father of American Education”
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Pushed for a state supported, public educational system Advocated dividing children up by “Grades” and having a uniform curriculum in all schools Discouraged corporal punishment Established state teacher- training programs
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Educational ReformEducational Reform
Religious Training Secular Education
MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every Northern state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.
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Women EducatorsWomen Educators Middle class women now seen as able to have an acceptable job outside of the houseEstablished a seminary in NY to train female teachers
Emma Willard(1787-1870)
Mary Lyons(1797-1849)
1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [MA] as the first college for women.
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Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own
property.4. Married no control over her
property or her children.5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
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“Separate Spheres” Concept
“Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of
Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home
Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.
Four Cardinal virtues:1.Piety2.Purity3.Submission4.Domesticity
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Women’s RightsWomen’s RightsMany women believed that their roles in other reform movements should lead to an expansion of their rights
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
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Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryThe 2nd Great Awakening inspired
women to improve society.
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
Southern Abolitionists
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Seneca Falls Convention
• 1st women’s rights convention
• Held in July 1848 • Stanton read
Declaration of Sentiments
• Outlined that women & men should be equals
• However, no real changes until after WWI
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Early Movements• 1816: American Colonization Society
founded• Did not believe that freed slaves could
achieve equality in the U.S.• Established Liberia in Africa
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William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison • Wanted immediate
emancipation with NO compensation.
• Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue.
• Began militant abolitionist movement in the North
Premiere issue January 1, 1831