1 Ans. aExplan - The Paleolithic sites are spread inpractically all parts of India except the alluvialplains of Indus and Ganga. The people of this agewere food gathering people who lived on huntingand gathering wild fruits and vegetables.Man during this period used tools of unpolished,undressed rough stones and lived in cave and rockshelters. They had no knowledge of Agriculture,fire or pottery of any material. They mainly usedhand axes, cleavers, choppers, blades, scrapersand burin. Their tools were made of hard rockcalled ‘quartzite’. Hence Paleolithic men are alsocalled ‘Quartzite Men’.Homo sapiens first appeared in the last of thisphase. It has been pointed out that Paleolithic menbelonged to the Negrito race.The Paleolithic Age in India has been divided intothree phases according to the nature of stone toolsused by the people and also according to the natureof change in the Climate – Early or lowerPaleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and UpperPaleolithic.

The Early Paleolithic Age covers the greater partof the Ice Age. Its characteristic tools are handaxes, cleavers and choppers. Such tools have beenfound in Soan and Sohan river valley (now inPakistan) and in the Belan Valley in the Mirzapurdistrict of UP In this period climate became lesshumid.Middle Paleolithic Phase is characterized by theuse of stone tools made of flakes mainly scrapers,borers and blade like tools. The sites are found inthe valleys of Soan, Narmada and TungabhadraRivers.In the Upper Paleolithic Phase, the climatebecame warm and less humid. This stage ismarked by burins and scrapers. Such tools havebeen found in AP Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bhopaland Chhota Nagpur plateau.

2. Ans. dExplan - The credit for the rediscovery of Indianpre-history goes to Dr. Primrose, an Englishman,who was the first person to discover pre-historicimplements (stone knives and arrowheads) in1842 at a place called Lingsugur in the Raichur

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district of Karnataka. However, John Evans wasfirst to publish an account of worked flintsdiscovered on the bed of the Narmada River nearJabalpur in 1853.In the second half of the nineteenth centuryColonel Meadows Taylor published manyexcavation reports of megalithic burials inHyderabad. Another person who enriched ourknowledge about Indian pre-history was RobertBruce Foote who, although a geologist byprofession, discovered a large number ofpre-historic sites in South India and collectedStone Age artefacts in 1930, M.C. Burkittpublished an account of the collection from theKrishna basin and in 1935 H. de Terra and T.T.Paterson studied the glacial sequence of Kashmirand Punjab and related their findings to the pre-historic stone industries of Punjab, the Narmadavalley and Tamil Nadu.These early efforts could not place India on thepre-historic map of the world. It was Sir MortimerWheeler whose efforts resulted in our knowledgeof the entire pre-historic culture sequence of India;putting India firmly on the world map of pre-history the efforts of the 1940s resulted in thepublication of Stuart Piggott’s Prehistoric Indiain 1950. Since then, the explorations andexcavations done have resulted in theidentification and establishment of culturesequences more firmly.

3. Ans. cExplan - In the Old Stone Age, food was obtainedby hunting animals and gathering edible plantsand tubers. Therefore, these people are called ashunter-gatherers.They used stone tools, hand-sized and flaked-offlarge pebbles for hunting animals. Stoneimplements are made of a hard rock known asquartzite. Large pebbles are often found in riverterraces. The hunting of large animals would haverequired the combined effort of a group of peoplewith large stone axes. We have little knowledgeabout their language and communication.Their way of life became modified with thepassage of time since they made attempts todomesticate animals, make crude pots and growsome plants. A few Old Stone Age paintings havealso been found on rocks at Bhimbetka and otherplaces. The period before 10000 B.C. is assignedto the Old Stone Age.

4. Ans. dExplan - Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age fallsroughly from 10000 B.C. to 6000 B.C. It was thetransitional phase between the Paleolithic Age andNeolithic Age. Mesolithic remains are found inLanghanj in Gujarat, Adamgarh in MadhyaPradesh and also in some places of Rajasthan,Utter Pradesh and Bihar. The paintings andengravings found at the rock shelters give an ideaabout the social life and economic activities ofMesolithic people. In the sites of Mesolithic Age,a different type of stone tools is found. These aretiny stone artifacts, often not more than fivecentimetres in size, and therefore calledmicroliths. The hunting-gathering pattern of lifecontinued during this period.However, there seems to have been a shift frombig animal hunting to small animal hunting andfishing. The use of bow and arrow also beganduring this period. Also, there began a tendencyto settle for longer periods in an area. Therefore,domestication of animals, horticulture andprimitive cultivation started. Animal bones arefound in these sites and these include dog, deer,boar and ostrich. Occasionally, burials of the deadalong with some microliths and shells seem tohave been practiced.Bagor, a Mesolithic site in Rajasthan on the riverKothari is the largest Mesolithic site in India alsofrom where systematic burials of skeletons havebeen found.

5. Ans. dExplan - Mehrgarh, sometimes anglicized asMehergarh or Mehrgar, is a Neolithic (7000 BCEto c. 2500/2000 BCE) site located near the BolanPass on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan,to the west of the Indus River valley.The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh, in thenortheast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km2) site,was a small farming village which was inhabitedfrom circa 6500 BCE. [2] It is one of the earliestsites with evidence of farming and herding inSouth Asia.The site was discovered in 1974 by anarchaeological team led by French archaeologistsJean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige, andwas excavated continuously between 1974 and1986, and again from 1997 to 2000.Archaeological material has been found in sixmounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have beencollected.

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Mehrgarh is now seen as a precursor to the IndusValley Civilization, displaying the whole sequencefrom earliest settlement and the start ofagriculture, to the mature Harappan Civilisation.

6. Ans. bExplan - The Neolithic period is followed byChalcolithic (copper-stone) period when copperand bronze came to be used. The new technologyof smelting metal ore and crafting metal artifactsis an important development in humancivilization. But the use of stone tools was notgiven up. Some of the micro-lithic tools continuedto be essential items. People began to travel for along distance to obtain metal ores. This led to anetwork of Chalcolithic cultures and theChalcolithic cultures were found in many partsof India.Generally, Chalcolithic cultures had grown inriver valleys. Most importantly, the Harappanculture is considered as a part of Chalcolithicculture. In South India the river valleys of theGodavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra, Pennar andKaveri were settled by farming communitiesduring this period. Although they were not usingmetals in the beginning of the Metal Age, there isevidence of copper and bronze artifacts by theend of second millennium B.C. Several bronzeand copper objects, beads, terracotta figurines andpottery were found at Paiyampalli in Tamil Nadu.The Chalcolithic age is followed by Iron Age. Ironis frequently referred to in the Vedas. The IronAge of the southern peninsula is often related toMegalithic Burials. Megalith means Large Stone.The burial pits were covered with these stones.Such graves are extensively found in South India.Some of the important megalithic sites are Hallurand Maski in Karnataka, Nagarjunakonda inAndhra Pradesh and Adichchanallur in TamilNadu. Black and red pottery, iron artifacts suchas hoes and sickles and small weapons were foundin the burial pits. The Harappan Civilizationsucceeded the Prehistoric India.The Chalcolithic people used different types ofpottery of which black and red pottery was mostpopular. It was wheel made and painted with whiteline design.

7. Ans. dExplan - The Chalcolithic culture in Rajasthanis known as Banas culture after the river of thesame name and is also known as Ahar culture after

the type-site. The Rangpur culture sites are locatedmostly on Ghelo and Kalubhar rivers in Gujarat.Ahara Culture: The sites of Ahar Culture wereAahar (Rajasthan), balathal, Gilund etc. Thedistinctive feature is black and red ware.Kayatha Culture: Located in Chambal and itstributaries, the sturdy red slipped ware withchocolate designs is main feature.Malwa Culture: Narmada & its tributaries inGujarat. One of the largest Chalcolithicsettlements.Svalda Culture: The well-known sites are inDhulia district of Maharashtra.Prabhas & Rangpur Culture: Both of them arederived from the Harappa culture. The polishedred ware is the hall mark of this culture.

8. Ans. aExplan - During the lifetime of Buddha, thepowerful Achaemenian emperor of Persia DariusI (522-486 B.C.) captured a portion of Punjab andSindh. The Behistun Inscription of 519 B.C. statesthat Gadara (Gandhara) was a province which sentteak.The Behistun Inscription is a multilingualinscription and large rock relief on a cliff at MountBehistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, nearthe city of Kermanshah in western Iran. It wascrucial to the decipherment of cuneiform script.Authored by Darius the Great sometime betweenhis coronation as king of the Persian Empire inthe summer of 522 BC and his death in autumnof 486 BC, the inscription begins with a briefautobiography of Darius, including his ancestryand lineage.Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthysequence of events following the deaths of Cyrusthe Great and Cambyses II in which he foughtnineteen battles in a period of one year (ending inDecember 521 BC) to put down multiplerebellions throughout the Persian Empire.The inscription states in detail that the rebellions,which had resulted from the deaths of Cyrus theGreat and his son Cambyses II, were orchestratedby several impostors and their co-conspirators invarious cities throughout the empire, each ofwhom falsely proclaimed kinghood during theupheaval following Cyrus’s death.

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Darius the Great proclaimed himself victoriousin all battles during the period of upheaval,attributing his success to the “grace of AhuraMazda”.

9. Ans. cExplan - The Battle of the Hydaspes (or Jhelum)was fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BCagainst King Porus of the Paurava kingdom onthe banks of the river Hydaspes (now known asthe Jhelum) in the Punjab near Bhera, thought tobe located at the site of modern-day Mong. Thebattle resulted in a complete Macedonian victoryand the annexation of the Punjab, which laybeyond the far easternmost confines of the alreadyabsorbed Persian Empire, into the AlexandrianEmpire.Alexander’s decision to cross the monsoon-swollen river despite close Indian surveillance,in order to catch Porus’ army in the flank, hasbeen referred as one of his “masterpieces”.Although victorious, it was also the most costlybattle fought by the Macedonians. The resistanceput up by King Porus and his men won the respectof Alexander, who asked Porus to become aMacedonian satrap.The battle is historically significant for openingup India to Greek political (Seleucid, Greco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek) and cultural influences(Greco-Buddhist art), which continued to have animpact for many centuries.

10. Ans. cExplan - Alexander III of Macedon, commonlyknown as Alexander the Great, was a King(Basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom ofMacedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeededhis father, Philip II, to the throne at the age oftwenty. He spent most of his ruling years on anunprecedented military campaign through Asiaand northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty hehad created one of the largest empires of theancient world, stretching from Greece tonorthwestern India. He was undefeated in battleand is widely considered one of history’s mostsuccessful military commanders.

During his youth, Alexander was tutored by thephilosopher Aristotle until the age of 16. AfterPhilip’s assassination in 336 BC, Alexandersucceeded his father to the throne and inherited astrong kingdom and an experienced army.Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greeceand used this authority to launch his father’sPanhellenic project to lead the Greeks in theconquest of Persia. In 334 BC, he invaded theAchaemenid Empire, ruled Asia Minor, and begana series of campaigns that lasted ten years.Alexander broke the power of Persia in a seriesof decisive battles, most notably the battles ofIssus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrewthe Persian King Darius III and conquered theAchaemenid Empire in its entirety. At that point,his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to theIndus River.

11. Ans. dExplan - 1st Rock Edict: It puts prohibition onanimal sacrifices in festive gatherings.2nd Rock Edict: It mentions about the medicalmissions sent everywhere for both men andanimals by Ashoka.1st Major Rock EdictThe Beloved of the Gods, Piyadassi the king, hashad this inscription on Dhamma engraved. Here,no living thing having been killed is to besacrificed; nor is the holding of a festivalpermitted. For the Beloved of the Gods, the kingPiyadassi, sees much evil in festivals, though thereare some of which the Beloved of the Gods, theking Piyadassi, approves.Formerly in the kitchens of the Beloved of theGods, the king Piyadassi, many hundreds ofthousands of living animals were killed daily formeat. But now, at the time of writing thisinscription on Dhamma, only three animals arekilled, two peacocks and a deer, and the deer notinvariably. Even these three animals will not bekilled in future.2nd Major Rock EdictEverywhere in the empire of the Beloved of theGods, the king Piyadassi, and even in the landson its frontiers, those of the Colas, Pandyas,

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Satyaputras, Keralaputras, and as far as Ceylon,and of the Greek king named Antiochus and ofthose kings who are neighbours of that Antiochus,everywhere the two medical services of theBeloved of the Gods, the king Piyadassi, havebeen provided. These consist of the medical careof man and the care of animals. Medicinal herbswhether useful to man or to beast, have beenbrought and planted wherever they did not grow;similarly, roots and fruit have been brought andplanted wherever they did not grow. Along theroads wells have been dug and trees planted forthe use of men and beasts.3rd Major Rock EdictThus speaks the Beloved of the Gods, the kingPiyadassi: When I had been consecrated twelveyears I commanded as follows: Everywhere in myempire, the yuktas [subordinate officers] with therajukas [rural administrators] and the pradesikas[heads of the districts], shall go on tour every fiveyears, in order to instruct people in the Dhammaas well as for other purposes. It is good to beobedient to one’s mother and father, friends andrelatives, to be generous to brahmans andsramanas, it is good not to kill living beings, it isgood not only to spend little, but to own theminimum of property. The council will instructthe officials to record the above, making it bothmanifest to the public and explaining why.

12. Ans. aExplan - Senguttuvan ascended the Chera throneafter the death of his father Nedunjeral Adan. Hewon a war against the Mokur chieftain. TheStlappadikaram tells us that he attacked Viyalurin the land of Nannan and took the Kodukurfortress in Kongu country.The Cheras ruled over parts of modern Kerala.Their capital was Vanji and their importantseaports were Tondi and Musiri. They had thepalmyra flowers as their garland. The Pugalurinscription of the first century A.D refers to threegenerations of Chera rulers. Padirruppattu alsoprovides information on Chera kings. PerumSorru Udhiyan Cheralathan, ImayavarambanNedum Cheralathan and Cheran Senguttuvanwere the famous rulers of this dynasty. CheranSenguttuvan belonged to 2nd century A.D. Hisyounger brother was Elango Adigal, the authorof Silappathigaram. Among his militaryachievements, his expedition to the Himalayaswas remarkable. He defeated many north Indian

monarchs. Senguttuvan introduced the Pattini cultor the worship of Kannagi as the ideal wife inTamil Nadu. The stone for making the idol ofKannagi was brought by him after his Himalayanexpedition. The consecration ceremony wasattended by many princes including GajabhaguII from Sri Lanka.The Chola kingdom of the Sangam periodextended from modern Tiruchi district to southernAndhra Pradesh. Their capital was first locatedat Uraiyur and then shifted to Puhar. Karikala wasa famous king of the Sangam Cholas.Pattinappalai portrays his early life and hismilitary conquests. In the Battle of Venni hedefeated the mighty confederacy consisting of theCheras, Pandyas and eleven minor chieftains. Thisevent is mentioned in many Sangam poems.Vahaipparandalai was another important battlefought by him in which nine enemy chieftainssubmitted before him. Karikala’s militaryachievements made him the overlord of the wholeTamil country. Trade and commerce flourishedduring his reign period. He was responsible forthe reclamation of forest lands and brought themunder cultivation thus adding prosperity to thepeople. He also built Kallanai across the riverKaveri and also constructed many irrigation tanks.

13. Ans. aExplan - The Vakataka Empire was a royal Indiandynasty that originated from the Deccan in themid-3rd century CE. Their state is believed to haveextended from the southern edges of Malwa andGujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra River inthe south as well as from the Arabian Sea in thewest to the edges of Chhattisgarh in the east. Theywere the most important successors of theSatavahanas in the Deccan and contemporaneouswith the Guptas in northern India.The Vakatakas, like many coeval dynasties of theDeccan, claimed Brahmanical origin. Little isknown about Vindhyashakti (c. 250–270 CE), thefounder of the family. Territorial expansion beganin the reign of his son Pravarasena I. It is generallybelieved that the Vakataka dynasty was dividedinto four branches after Pravarasena I. Twobranches are known and two are unknown. Theknown branches are the Pravarpura-Nandivardhana branch and the Vatsagulmabranch. The Gupta emperor Chandragupta IImarried his daughter into Vakataka royal familyand with their support annexed Gujarat from the

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Saka Satraps in 4th century CE. The Vakatakapower was followed by that of the Chalukyas ofBadami in Deccan.The Vakatakas are noted for having been patronsof the arts, architecture and literature. They ledpublic works and their monuments are a visiblelegacy. The rock-cut Buddhist viharas andchaityas of Ajanta Caves (a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site) were built under the patronage ofVakataka Emperor Harishena.

14. Ans. bExplan - The Thirukkural is a classic Tamilsangam literature consisting of 1330 couplets orKurals, dealing with the everyday virtues ofcommon man. It was authored by Thiruvalluvar.The Thirukkual is one of the most important worksin the Tamil language. This is reflected in someof the other names by which the text is given bysuch as Tamil Marai (Tamil Veda); Poyyamoli(words that never fail); and Daiva nul (divine text).The work is dated to sometime between the thirdand first centuries BCE and is considered toprecede Manimekalai and Silappatikaram, sincethey both acknowledge the Kural text.

15. Ans. dExplan - Kavi Bilhana was an 11th-centuryKashmiri poet. He is known for his love poem,the Caurapancasika.According to legend, the Brahman Bilhana fellin love with the daughter of King Madanabhirama,Princess Yaminipurnatilaka, and had a secretivelove affair. They were discovered, and Bilhanawas thrown into prison. While awaitingjudgement, he wrote the Caurapancasika, a fifty-stanza love poem, not knowing whether he wouldbe sent into exile or die on the gallows. It isunknown what fate Bilhana encountered.Nevertheless, his poem was transmitted orallyaround India. There are several versions, includingones from South India which had a happy ending;the Kashmiri version does not specify what theoutcome was. The Caurapancasika was firsttranslated into a European language, French, in1848. Subsequently it was translated several othertimes. Notable translations are those of Sir EdwinArnold (London 1896) and Edward PowysMathers titled Black Marigolds. This latter versionwas quoted extensively by John Steinbeck inCannery Row.

Bilhana is also known for writing, under thepatronage of the Western Chalukya Empire KingVikramaditya VI, the Vikramankadevacharita.Bilhana is from the period of time when Sanskritcontinued to be the language of literature, and isa very important poet of Kashmir from theMedieval period of Indian literature.The Mitakcara is a vivrti (legal commentary) onthe Yajnavalkya Smriti best known for its theoryof “inheritance by birth.” It was written byVijnanesvara, a scholar in the Western Chalukyacourt in the late eleventh and early twelfth century.Along with the Dayabhaga, it was considered oneof the main authorities on Hindu Law from thetime the British began administering laws in India.The entire Mitaksara, along with the text of theYajnavalkya-smriti, is approximately 492 closelyprinted pages.

16. Ans. bExplan - The book Gahasattasai in Prakrit, ismore popularly known as Gatha Saptasati inSanskrit. It is also known as Gahakosa which is acollection of 100 Maharashtri Prakrit lyric andexotic verses par excellence. Since Prakrit hadbeen a dialect of the masses, it was supposed tohave a better emotional appeal than Sanskrit. Thiswork contains the best selected lyrical poems,independent, unconnected with each other, fullof meaning, abounding in suggestive or figurativespeech rather than in laksana and abhidha, withdepth of emotional feelings. It is not a smallwonder that Prakrit poetic composition hadreached such a peak in the first or second centuryA.D.The compiler of Gahasattasai is Hala, the Kavi-vatsala (literally ‘affectionate’ towards the poet),who was the lord of Kuntala janapada. The“Country of Kuntala” represents the south-western region of Hyderabad of modern AndhraPradesh. In a gatha of his own composition,the Satavahana king, Hala states that he hascomposed, rather collected, only700 gathas adorned with alankars (figure ofspeech) out of ten millions of such verses.This book provides much information about thehistory and culture of Andhra and Maharashtrapeople during, before and after his rule especiallyin the field of social, economic and religious lifeof the rural people. But Uttarapatha (generallyNorth India), the Himalayas and the Ganga arenot mentioned in any of the gathas.

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The river Yamuna is mentioned only once but theVindhya ranges have been mentioned time andagain. Of the rivers of the Deccan, the Goda orGodavari, the Narmada or Reva, the Tapi or Taptiare mentioned in different contexts. Hala, thesixteenth ruler of the Satavahana line reignedsometime during the first half of 1st c.A.D. So,the social picture of culture and civilization whichwas revealed in the Gatha Saptasati may beregarded as relating approximately between2nd c.B.C. and 2nd c. A.D.

17. Ans. cExplan - The most important feature of the Cholaadministration was the local administration atdistricts, towns and villages level. Uttaramerurinscriptions speak much about the Cholaadministration. Village autonomy was the mostunique feature of Chola administrative system.The entire responsibility of the villageadministration was in the hands of the villageassembly called Grama Sabha. The lowest unitof the Chola administration was the village unit.The village assemblies looked after themaintenance of peace, tanks, roads, public pondsrevenue collection, judiciary, education andtemples. The village assemblies were in chargeof the payment of taxes due from the villages tothe treasury. They regulated public markets andhelped people at times of fathine and flood.Assemblies provided provisions for education.The village assemblies possessed absoluteauthority over the affairs of villages. Theymaintained law and order in every village.Brahmin settlement was called Chathurvedimangalam.Village Assemblies carried on villageadministration effectively with the help ofvariyams. Male members of the society were themembers of these variyams. Composition of thesevariyams, qualification and durations ofmembership differed from village to village. Therewere many variyams in every village. Niyayavariyam administered justice, Thottavariyamlooked after flower gardens. The Dharma variyamlooked after charities and temples. Erivariyam wasin charge of tanks and water supply. The ponvariyam was in charge of the finance. TheGramakariya variyam looked after the works ofall committees. The members of these varivamswere known as “Varivaperumakkal They renderedhonorary service. The village officials were paid

salary either in cash or in kind. Good functioningof these variams increased the efficiency of thelocal administration of the Cholas.

18. Ans. dExplan - In Europeans sense, feudalism describesa set of reciprocal legal and military obligationsamong the warrior nobility, revolving around thethree key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.However, in context with ancient India, the systemgradually developed from the beginning of theland grants. The practice of making land grantsto the Brahmanas was a custom, sanctified by theinjunctions laid down in the Dharmashashtras,Epics and Puranas. The Anusasana Parva of theMahabharata devotes a whole chapter to the praiseof making gifts of land (Bhumidanaprasamsa).The main implications of the Indian Feudalism inearly medieval period are as follows:Political decentralization: The seed ofdecentralization that was sown in the form of Landgrants turned into a vividly branched politicalorganization made up semi-autonomous rulers,Samantas, Mahasamantas and others such asRajpurushas.Emergence of new landed intermediatories:The emergence of landed intermediaries- adominant landholding social group absent in theearly historical period- is linked to the practice ofland grants which began with the Saatavahana.Changes in agrarian relations: Free vaishyapeasants dominated the agrarian structure in earlyhistorical India and labour services provided bythe Shudra. But, from the sixth century ADonwards the peasants stuck to the land granted tothe beneficiaries because they were asked not toleave the village granted to the beneficiaries ormigrate to tax-free village. This resulted in theimmobility of the population and isolation fromthe rest of the world. Its implication was veryprofound such as development of localizedcustoms, languages and rituals.

19. Ans. dExplan - The Kalachuris of Chedi also known askings of Dahalas, had their capital at Tripur,represented by the modern village of Tewar, sixmiles to the west of Jubulpore.They ruled parts of the Deccan extending overregions of present day North Karnataka and partsof Maharashtra. This dynasty rose to power in theDeccan between 1156 and 1181 A.D. They traced

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their origins to Krishna, the conqueror of Kalinjarand Dahala in Madhya Pradesh.Some people say that Bijjala a viceroy of thisdynasty established the authority over Karnataka.He wrested power from the Chalukya king TailaIII. Bijjala was succeeded by his sons Someshwaraand Sangama. After 1181 A.D, the Chalukyasgradually retrieved the territory. Their rule was ashort and turbulent, although very important fromthe socio - religious movement point of view. Aunique and purely native form of Kannadaliterature-poetry called the Vachanas was alsoborn during this time. The writers of Vachanaswere called Vachanakaras (poets). Many otherimportant works like Virupaksha Pandita’sChennabasavapurana, Dharani Pandita’sBijjalarayacharite and Chandrasagara Varni’sBijjalarayapurana were also written.The Kalachuris of the south were Jains andencouraged Jainism in their kingdom. TheSouthern Kaluchuri kingdom went into declineafter the assassination of Bijjalla. The rulers whofollowed were weak and incompetent, with theexception of Sovideva, who managed to maintaincontrol over the kingdom. The Kalachuris are theprincipal characters in the Andhra epic The battleof Palnadu.

20. Ans. bExplan - Nanadesi was merchant operatinginternationally in medieval India. The Nanadesiswere a guild of traders who organized themselvesinto one of the biggest of the trading associationsat the time of the Hoysala Empire. They developedsignificant trade contact with many areas,including foreign countries such as Malaya,Magadha, Kosala, Nepal, and Persia. They wererespected in their communities and were generousin their grants to temples and mathas. The termNanadesi means “traders from other kingdoms”while nagaram was used for local merchants.

21. Ans. cExplan - Brahmadeya (given to Brahmin) wastax free land gift either in form of single plot orwhole villages donated to Brahmans in the earlymedieval India. It was initially practiced by theruling dynasties and was soon followed up by thechiefs, merchants, feudatories, etc. Brahmadeyawas devised by the Brahmanical texts as the surestmean to achieve merit and destroy sin.Brahmadeya helped the expansion of agrarianeconomy and the emergence of urban settlements.

It also helped the Kings to gain the ideologicalsupport for their rule. Brahamdeya sometimes alsoresulted in alienation of peasant land rights andcreated social tension and clash leading even todeath between peasant, Brahmans and the Kings.

22. Ans. dExplan - The term Rajput starts coming in usefrom the 6th Century AD. They rose toprominence from the 6th century till 12th centuryand kept ruling in different parts of the countryfrom Sultanate to Mughal Era and as rulers of theprincely states till the departure of British fromthe country in 1947. Several theories exist aboutthe origin of the Rajputs. They important theoriesare as follows:Foreign origin of Rajputs: This theory says thatthe Rajputs are descendents of the raceslike Sakas, Kushanas, Hunas etc. This theory wasput forward by Col. James Todd, the celebratedauthor of Annals and Antiques of Rajasthan. Hehas detailed the history of Rajputana and CentralIndia. The main argument of James Todd behindthe foreign origin of the Rajputs was that thesepeople worshipped Fire and Fire was the maindeity of the Sakas and Hunas.Kashtriya Heroes theory: This theory says thatthe Rajputs are NOT from the foreign origin andthey are descendents of the mythological AryanHeroes like Rama. They worship fire as the Aryansdid and worship of fire was not the tradition ofthe Foreigners only.Mixed Origin Theory: This theory as put forwardby V A Smith says that Rajput is a mixed race.Some of them were descendents of the Aryanswhile some of them were from the foreign racessuch as Hunas, Sakas etc.Agnikula Thoery: This theory comes fromthe Prithvirajraso of Chandarbardai. The Rajputsdescended from Agni. The theory is based uponthe Agnikula Legend of Bhavishyapurana.Basically, this theory says that the forefathers ofthe Rajputs were born at Mount Abu. The fourRajput clans from Agnikunda are Chauhans,Chalukyas, Parmaras and Pratiharas.A Zimmi/Dhimmi is a historical term referring tonon-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state. The wordliterally means “protected person.” According toscholars, dhimmis had their rights fully protectedin their communities, but as citizens in the Islamicstate, had certain restrictions, and it was obligatoryfor them to pay the jizya tax, which complemented

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the zakat, or alms, paid by the Muslim subjects.Dhimmis were excluded from specific dutiesassigned to Muslims, and did not enjoy certainpolitical rights reserved for Muslims, but wereotherwise equal under the laws of property,contract, and obligation.Historically, dhimmi status was originally appliedto Jews, Christians, and Sabians. This status lateralso came to be applied to Zoroastrians,Mandaeans, Hindus, and Buddhists. Eventually,the Hanafi school, the largest school of Islamicjurisprudence, and the Maliki school, the secondlargest school of Islamic jurisprudence, appliedthis term to all non-Muslims living in Islamic landsoutside the sacred area surrounding Mecca, inpresent-day Saudi Arabia. Some modern Hanafischolars, however, do not make any legaldistinction between a non-Muslim dhimmi and aMuslim citizen.

23. Ans. aExplan - Vajrayana, also known as TantricBuddhism, Tantrayana, Mantrayana, SecretMantra, Esoteric Buddhism, Diamond Way,Thunderbolt Way, or the Indestructible Way, is acomplex and multifaceted system of Buddhistthought and practice which has evolved overseveral centuries.According to Vajrayana scriptures, the termVajrayana refers to one of three vehicles or routesto enlightenment, the other two being theravakayana (also known as the Theravada orHinayana) and Mahayana.Founded by Indian Mahasiddhas, Vajrayanasubscribes to Buddhist tantric literature. Thetantric sect gained wider acceptance during thePala rule.The Pala Empire was an imperial power duringthe Late Classical period on the Indiansubcontinent, which originated in the region ofBengal. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whoserulers bore names ending with the suffix of Pala,which meant “protector” in the ancient languageof Prakrit. They were followers of the Mahayanaand Tantric schools of Buddhism. The empire wasfounded with the election of Gopala as theemperor of Gauda in 750. The Pala strongholdwas located in Bengal and Bihar, which includedthe major cities of Pataliputra, Vikrampura,Ramvati (Varendra), Munger, Tamralipta andJaggadala.

24. Ans. cExplan - Kailash Mansarovar Yatra (KMY) isknown for its religious importance, culturalsignificance and arduous nature. The trek throughhigh altitudes in freezing temperature entails hardlabour and courting danger. The annual pilgrimageholds religious importance for Hindus, Jains andBuddhists.Yatra involves trekking at high altitudes of up to19,500 feet, under inhospitable conditions,including extreme cold and rugged terrain. It mayprove hazardous for those who are not physicallyand medically fit.Mansarovar Lake is located at an altitude of14,950 ft (4,558 m) is said to be the highestfreshwater lake in the world. It is located in theTibet Autonomous Region, China, 940 kilometres(580 mi) from Lhasa. To the west of it is LakeRakshastal and to the north is Mount Kailash.The yatra is organized by the Ministry of ExternalAffairs (MEA) annually. The Yatra is organizedin close cooperation with the Government of thePeople’s Republic of China. State Governmentsof Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Delhi, and Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and KumaonMandal Vikas Nigam Limited (KMVN) are othermajor Indian partners of the Ministry in organizingthe Yatra.

25. Ans. aExplan - Bangalore City Railway Station has beenrenamed as “Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna”Railway Station.Sangolli Rayanna (15 August 1798 – 26 January1831) was a prominent warrior from Karnataka,India. Rayanna was born on 15 August 1798. Hewas the army chief of the Kingdom of Kittur ruledat the time by Rani Chennamma and fought theBritish East India Company till his death.Sangolli Rayanna also participated in the 1824rebellion and was arrested by the British, whoreleased him later. He continued to fight theBritish and wanted to install adopted sonShivalingappa as the ruler of Kittur. He mobilisedlocal people and started a guerilla type war againstthe British. He and his “army” moved from placeto place, burnt government offices, waylaidBritish troops and plundered treasuries. Most ofhis land was confiscated and what remained of itwas heavily taxed. He taxed the landlords andbuilt up an army from the masses. The British

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troops could not defeat him in open battle. Hence,by treachery, he was caught in April 1831 andtried by the British; and sentenced todeath. Shivalingappa, the boy who was supposedto be the new ruler, was also arrested by theBritish.Rayanna was executed by hanging to death froma Banyan tree about 4 kilometers from Nandagadin Belgaum district on 26 January 1832.Rayanna was helped by Gajaveera, a Siddiwarrior, in his revolt against the British in 1829-30.

26. Ans. dExplan - Chadar Badar— Santhal — PerformingArt – Puppetry that tells stories of Santhal way oflife and migration.Pari-Khanda — Rajputs — Martial art – Swordand shield fighting, Techniques are also used inchau dance.Lavani/Tamasha — Dhangars or shepherds ofSholapur — Maharashtrian folk including songand dance.

27. Ans. dExplan - Ghoomar — Bhil — A traditionallypassed folk dance of Mewar of Rajasthan includesrhythmic swirling. Women’s dance performed inwomen gatherings.Chari — Gujjar — Women’s dance form depictingcollecting of water. Women dance by balancingbrass pots which are kept ignited with the cottonseeds dipped in oil.

28. Ans. aExplan - The federation as prescribed byGovernment of India Act, 1935 never came intobeing because it was optional for the Indian States(or the Princely States) to join the federation. Andsince the rulers of the Indian States never gavetheir consent, the Federation as envisaged by theAct of 1935 never came into being.

29. Ans. aExplan - Though Government of India Act, 1919relaxed the central control over the provinces bydemarcating and separating the central andprovincial subjects, the structure of governmentcontinued to be centralised and unitary. The Act,further divided provincial subjects into twoparts—transferred and reserved. The transferredsubjects were to be administered by the governorwith the aid of ministers responsible to the

legislative Council. The reserved subjects, on theother hand, were to be administered by thegovernor and his executive council without beingresponsible to the legislative Council. This dualscheme of governance was known as‘diarchy’.Separate electorate was introduced bythe Morley-Minto Reforms or the Indian CouncilsAct, 1909

30. Ans. cExplan - The Ryotwari system had provisions ofscientific provisions to take into considerationfactors like soil fertility, rainfall etc. but it wasseldom done properly. It was first started in southand south western India with an aim of collectingmore revenue. later it was extended to provincesof Bombay and madras This system did notfacilitate the system of peasant ownership as therent fixed was exorbitant and the Govt couldenhance the revenue at its own will and revenuewas to be paid even in case of drought or floods.

31. Ans. c32. Ans. c

Explan - After first phase of Civil disobedienceMovement, Gandhi signed pact with Irwin in1931, which led to suspension of movement andcongress agreed to participate in 2nd RTC. Allthe confiscated lands of farmers were promisedto be returned, but couldn’t happen immediately,which happened only after congress governmentscame in power in 1937.Congress didn’t getdivided on this issue.

33. Ans. aExplan - Of the ba-shara movements, i.e. thoseSufi movements which followed the Islamic law(shara), only two acquired significant influenceand following in north India during the thirteenthand fourteenth centuries. These were the Chistiand Suhrawardi silsilahs.The Chishti sufis believed in simplicity andpoverty; possession of private property wasconsidered as an impediment to the developmentof the spiritual personality and hence they livedmainly on charity. These sufi saints madethemselves popular by adopting musicalrecitations called sama, to create a mood ofnearness to God. The Chishtis preferred to keepaloof from state politics and shunned the companyof rulers and nobles.Unlike the Chishtis, the Suhrawardi saints did notbelieve in leading a life of poverty. They accepted

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the service of the state, and some of them heldimportant posts in the ecclesiastical departmentMusic was rejected by this order.

34. Ans. bExplan - When the Montague report of 1918 wasmade public, there was a divide in the Congressover it. The moderates welcomed it while theextremists opposed it. This led to a schism in theCongress with moderate leaders and forming the“National Liberal Federation of India” in 1919.Its most prominent leaders were Tej BahadurSapru, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri and M. R. Jayakar.

35. Ans. aExplan - When the Congress ministries in theProvinces resigned, the British arose and wantedto get support of the Congress for war. In March1940, Congress met at Ramgarh in Bihar in itsannual session. The Congress passed a resolutionoffering the British Government support in war,if a provisional National Government is setup atCentre. This was responded by Lord Linlithgowin the sort of a proposal which is called AugustOffer.The august Offer turned down the demand of theCongress to set up a national Government at thecenter but proposed the following: After the war, a representative “Constitution

Making Body” shall be appointed immedi-ately after the war.

The number of the Indians in the Viceroy’sExecutive council will be increased.

A war advisory Council would be set up. The Congress did not approve the August

Offer. Jawahar Lal Nehru said that the wholeidea was “dead and doornail”. The MuslimLeague said that it will not be satisfied withanything short of partition of India.

36. Ans. cExplan - The latter half of the 19th century saw aremarkable growth in the Vernacular Press of thecountry and newspapers played a role of catalystin the new socio-political consciousness.Earlier, the newspapers were being published inCalcutta, Madras, Bombay, and Allahabad onlybut later the newspapers started getting publishedfrom smaller places also. Since, most of thenewspapers published from smaller places, theyall were in vernacular languages. In 1878, whenthis act was passed, the number of EnglishNewspapers was 20 and Vernacular newspaperswere 200. These vernacular newspapers made thepeople aware of the political affairs and now the

people slowly started asking questions for theirrights.So, in the best interest of the Government, LordLytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878.By this act, the magistrates of the districts wereempowered, without the prior permission of theGovernment, to call upon a printer and publisherof any kind to enter into a Bond, undertaking notto publish anything which might “rouse” feelingsof disaffection against the government.The magistrate was also authorized to deposit asecurity, which could be confiscated if the printerviolated the Bond.If a printer repeated the violation, his press couldbe seized.Thus the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 gaggedthe press and result was some proceedings againstsome vernacular press people. There was now apopular protest against this act. The act was laterrepealed by Lord Ripon, who followed LordLytton.

37. Ans. aExplan - The first provision of this act was thatthe governing bodies of the universities were tobe reconstituted and the size of the Senates wasreduced. Now the number in the senate could beminimum 50 and maximum 100.Each of them would hold the office for 6 years.For the Universities of Bombay, Calcutta andMadras, the elected fellows were to be 50 and forrest of the universities, the number was fixed 15.This act allowed the Government to appoint amajority of the fellows in a university.The Governor General was now empowered todecide a University’s territorial limits and alsoaffiliation between the universities and colleges.The Indian Universities Act made the universitiesand colleges completely under the Governmentcontrol.However, for better education and research a grantof Rs. 5 Lakh per year for 5 years was alsoaccepted.This was the beginning of university grants inIndia which later became a permanent feature inthe structure of India education.

38. Ans. cExplan - Fahien noted the peacefulness of India,the rarity of serious crime, and the mildness ofthe administration. He stated that it was possibleto travel from one end to another in the countrywithout molestation, and without passports. In his

remarks on social custom he stated that allrespectable persons were vegetarians, meat eatingbeing confined to low castes and untouchables.Fahien stated that the death penalty was notimposed in north India, but most crime waspunished by fines and only serious revolt by theamputation of one hand. Executions were rare.Yuan Chwang had also reported that Nalanda wassupported by the revenues of an enormous estateof one hundred villages, and by the alms of manypatrons, including the great Harsha himself; itprovided free training for no less than 10,000students, who had a large staff to wait on them.

39. Ans. cExplan - Siri Guru Granth Sahib was originallycompiled by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Devji in 1604. It included the sacred teaching songsof the previous Sikh Gurus, the songs of GuruArjan himself, as well as sacred songs from Hinduand Muslim saints. The name given to thiscompilation was Adi Granth. During the time ofthe tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, thesacred songs of the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru TegBahadur, were added to the Granth. Before hisdeath, Guru Gobind Singh ji appointed the AdiGranth, which would come to be known as SiriGuru Granth Sahib, as the final and ultimateteacher for the Sikhs.

40. Ans. cExplan - Gandhiji dangled between India andSouth Africa for many times till January 1915,when he arrived in India and remained here tillhis death. The date of his arrival is celebratedtoday as Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas.His first major public appearance in India was atthe opening ceremony of the Banaras HinduUniversity in February 1916.In the next two years he involved in somesignificant struggles that made him the undisputedleader of India’s masses.The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was MahatmaGandhi’s first Satyagraha.Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha were theevents which later put Gandhi on the front seat ofIndian National Revolution and made Satyagrahaa powerful tool.The peasants (bhumihars) of the Champaran andother areas of North Bihar were growing theIndigo under the tinakathia system. Under thetinakathia system the peasants were bound to plant3 out of 20 parts of his land with indigo for hislandlord.

This means that out of 20 khatas which make anacre, they had to dedicate 3 khatas for indigoplantation. This was the root cause of the trouble.They had to lease this part in return to the advanceat the beginning of each cultivation season. Theprice was too less and was fixed on the areacultivated rather than the crop produced. Theywere actually being cheated by the Englishplanters.The planters had agreed to the peasants to relivethem from the lease contracts but demanded heavycompensations which they were not able to pay.One local peasant leader Rajkumar Shukla hadinvited Mahatma Gandhi to visit Champaran.Gandhi ji arrived in Champaran but was laterordered by the District magistrate of ChamparanW B Heycock to leave the district. Gandhi jirefused and persisted. He decided to commitSatyagraha. He proceeded towards theChamparan. The commissioner of tirhut divisionordered Gandhi’s arrest but Government of Indiacancelled the arrest because it did want to makehim a hero.He was left at liberty to pursue his investigationsinto the peasant’s grievances. Later theChamparan Agragarian committee wasconstituted and Gandhi was offered a seat in it.The psychological impact of this Satyagraha wasoutstanding. Gandhi became Lord Rama of thepeasants who demolished the demons (planters)J People got a holy man” Gandhi Baba” in Gandhiwho could cure all their problems.

41. Ans. cExplan - The Carnatic Wars were fought betweenthe English and the French on the Indian soil forsupremacy. These wars were fought to decide therivalry between the English and the French andwere directly connected with their rivalry inEurope.These were really part of the great Anglo-Frenchwars of the eighteenth century and are called theCarnatic wars because the theatre of these warsin India lay mainly in the Carnatic.Dupleix raised an army: It was Joseph FrancisDupleix, Governor of Pondicherry, who made thefirst attempt to set up a colonial empire in India.In 1740, he began to train detachments of Indiansoldiers under the command of the Frenchofficers. This was how the first Sepoy detachmentscame into existence. These Indian soldiers trainedby the French officers fought so well in the FirstCarnatic War that the British also began formingIndian detachments.

42. Ans. cExplan - In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promotedMuhammad Ali to Faujdar (General) of Rajmahaland entitled him as Alivardi Khan. In 1733, hewas assigned as the Naib Nazim (DeputySubahdar) of Bihar.Alivardi Khan aspired for larger authority. On 10April 1740 in the Battle of Giria, he defeated andkilled Shuja ud-Din’s successor, Sarfaraz Khan.Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Thenon 3 March 1741 he defeated Rustam Jang, deputygovernor of Orissa and a relative of SarfarazKhan, in the battle of Phulwarion. Orissa alsocame under control of Alivardi Khan.Alivardi Khan died of dropsy on 10 April 1756 atthe age of 80 or 80 above. His grandchildren fromdaughters side, Siraj-ud-Daula, succeeded him inApril 1756 at the age of 23.

43. Ans. dExplan - The territories ruled by Portugal in Indiawere called “India Portuguesa” and included Goa,Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu. Theseterritories are sometimes collectively referred toas Goa.Later the name “Estado Da India” or “State ofIndia” was adopted and included all Portugueseterritories in the Indian Ocean from SouthernAfrica to South – East Asia governed by a Viceroyor Governor from Goa since 1510.The Portuguese monopoly of the Indian Oceanremained unbroken till 1595 but gradually lostmany of the settlements in India. Shah Jahancaptured Hugli in 1632. In 1661, the king ofPortugal gave Bombay as dowry to Charles II ofEngland when he married Catherine of Braganza,the sister of Portuguese king.The Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein in1739. In the end the Portuguese were left onlywith Goa, Diu and Daman, which they retainedtill 1961. The decline of Portuguese power in Indiawas due to several internal and external factors.Following are some of the main causes:i. The Portuguese failed to evolve an efficient

system of administration.ii. Their religious intolerance provoked the hos-

tility of the Indian rulers and the people.iii. Their clandestine practises in trade went

against them, one of which was the Cartazesystem by which every Indian ship sailing toa destination not reserved by the Portuguesefor their own trade had to buy passes fromthe Portuguese Viceroy to avoid seizures andconfiscation of its merchandise as contra-band.

iv. The discovery of Brazil drew the colonisingactivities of Portugal to the west.

v. The Portuguese failed to compete success-fully with the other European companies.

44. Ans. cExplan - With a view to get direct access to thespice markets in South-East Asia, the Dutchundertook several voyages from 1596 andeventually formed the Dutch East India Companyor the Vereenigde ost-lndische Companies (VOC)in 1602. It was granted an exclusive right to tradewith India and East Indies and vested with powersof attack and conquest by the state.The Dutch first came to the islands of Sumatra,Java and the Spice Islands, attracted by thelucrative trade in pepper and spices. What broughtthem to India in the first instance was rather therequirements of the archipelago than of theEuropean market.The spices of the archipelago were exchanged forcotton goods from Gujarat and the CoromandelCoast.

45. Ans. aExplan - In 1605, Admiral Van der Hagenestablished Dutch Factory at Masulipatam.Another factory was founded at Pettapoli( N i z a m a p a t a n a m ) , D e v a n a m p a t i n a m(Tegnapatam, called fort St. David later under theBritish). In 1610, upon negotiating with the Kingof Chandragiri, the Dutch were permitted to foundanother factory at Pulicat which was fortified andnamed as Fort Geldria. Other commoditiesexported by the Dutch were indigo, saltpetre andBengal raw silk.

46. Ans. aExplan - The credit for making Indian textilesthe premier export from India goes to the Dutch.

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Textiles woven according to special patterns sentfrom Bantam and Batavia, constituted the chiefexport of the Coromandel ports. Indigo wasexported from Masulipatam.Apart from spice, the chief articles of import tothe Coromandel were pepper and sandal-woodfrom the archipelago, textiles from China andcopper from Japan. In 1617, the chief of Pulicatbecame the Governor and Pulicat was theheadquarters of the Dutch in India below theGovernor- General in Batavia. Negapatam on theTanjore coast acquired from the Portuguese in1659 super-seded Pulicat as the seat of Governorand as the strategic centre of the Coromandelin1689.In 1616 Pieter Van den Broecke got from thegovernor the permission to erect a factory at Surat.The director-ate of Surat proved to be one of themost profitable establishments of the DutchCompany.Factories were organised at Broach, Bombay,Ahmedabad, Agra and Burhanpur. Bimlipatam(1641), Karikal (1645), Chinsura (1653) wherethe Dutch constructed Fort Gustavus, Kasimbazar,Baranagore, Patna, Balasore (1658) and Cochin(1663) were other important Dutch factories inIndia By supplanting the Portuguese, the Dutchpractically maintained a monopoly of the spicetrade in the East throughout the 17th Century.

47. Ans. dExplan - The Dutch rivalry with the English,during the 17th century was more bitter than thatof the Portu-guese. By the beginning of the 18thcentury the Dutch power in India began to decline.Their final collapse came with their defeat by theEnglish in the battle of Bedara in 1759. Theexpulsion of the Dutch from their possessions inIndia by the British came in 1795.The Battle of Bedara (25 November 1759) wasfought between the British Army and the DutchArmy, in Bengal, India. In this battle, the latterforce was decisively defeated by the Britishforces.

48. Ans. bExplan - In 1599, John Mildenhall, a merchantadventurer of London came to India by theoverland route and spent seven years in the East.It was on 31st December, 1600, that the firstimportant step towards England’s commercialprosperity was taken.

On that day Queen Elizabeth granted Charter to“The Governor and Company of Merchants ofLondon Trading into the East Indies”, later calledthe East India Company for fifteen years. Thecompany sent Captain Hawkins to Jahangir’scourt to seek permission for the English to opena factory at Surat in 1609 which was refused dueto the hostile activities of the Portuguese and theopposition of the Surat merchants.A fireman was issued by Jahangir in 1613permitting the English to establish a factory atSurat after the defeat of the Portuguese fleet bythe English under Captain Best at Swally (nearSurat) in 1612. Sir Thomas Roe, the royalambassador of the king of England James I to theMughal Court succeeded in getting the Emperor’spermission to trade and erects factories in certainplaces within the empire in 1618.

49. Ans. cExplan - Before Roe left India in February 1619,the English had estab-lished factories at Surat,Agra, Ahmadabad and Broach. All these wereplaced under the control of the President andcounsel of the Surat factory. In 1668, Bombay wastransferred to the East India Company by Charles11 at an annual rent of £10. Bombay replacedSurat as the chief settlement of the English on thewest coast in 1687 and it became the headquartersof the Company on the west coast.

50. Ans. cExplan - On the south-eastern coast, the Englishestablished a factory at Masulipatam in 1611 andArmagaon near Pulicat in 1626. The Sultan ofGolcunda granted the English the “GoldenFireman” in 1632 by which they were allowed totrade freely in their kingdom ports on payment ofduties worth 500 pagodas per annum.

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