answer keys · web viewsuperior orbital fissure 17. alveolar process 7. temporal bone 18....

Answer Keys To Lab NotebookLab 1

Part A Diagram (p. 1)

1. Frontal 17. Inguinal

2. Orbital 18. Pelvic

3. Nasal 19. Coxa.

4. Buccal 20. Carpal

5. Oral 21. Palmar

6. Mental 22. Digital

7. Cervical 23. Pollex

8. Thoracic (pectoral) 24. Pubic

9. Acromial 25. Femoral

10. Axillary 26. Patellar

11. Sternal 27. Crural

12. Brachial 28. Fibular (peroneal)

13. Antecubital 29. Tarsal

14. Abdominal 30. Digital (phalangeal)

15. Antebrachial 31. Hallux

16. Umbilical 32. Pedal

Part A Diagram (p. 2)

33. Cephalic 41. Sacral

34. Otic 42. Gluteal

35. Occipital 43. Perineal

36. Scapular 44. Manus

37. Vertebral 45. Popliteal

38. Dorsal 46. Sural

39. Lumbar 47. Calcaneal

40. Olecranal 48. Plantar

Part B Table (p.3)

Cavity Major Organs

1. Thoracic

a. Pleural cavities Lungs

b. Mediastinum Pericardial cavity, heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea

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c. Pericardial cavity Heart

2. Abdominal cavity Digestive: Stomach, pancreas, intestines, liver, kidneys

3. Pelvic cavity Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

4. Cranial cavity Brain

5. Vertebral (spinal) cavity Spinal cord

Part B Questions (p.3)

1. Ventral cavity 4d. Abdominal

2. Abdominopelvic cavity 4e. Abdominal

3. Dorsal cavity 4f. Cranial

4a. Vertebral (dorsal) 4g. Orbital

4b. Mediastinum 4h. Pleural

4c. Pericardial (thoracic)

Part C Diagram (p.4)

1. Cranial cavity 7. Pleural cavity

2. Vertebral cavity 8. Mediastinum

3. Dorsal cavity 9. Pericardial cavity

4. Thoracic cavity 10. Abdominal cavity

5. Abdominopelvic cavity 11. Pelvic cavity

6. Ventral cavity

Part D Table (p.5)

Regions Major Organs

1. Epigastric Stomach, liver, transverse colon

2. Umbilical Small intestines

3. Hypogastric Small intestines, urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, prostate

4. Right hypochondriac Liver

5. Left hypochondriac Spleen

6. Right lumbar (R) kidney, ascending colon

7. Left lumbar (L) kidney, descending colon

8. Right inguinal (iliac) Cecum (beginning colon), appendix

9. Left inguinal (iliac) Sigmoid colon, small intestines

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Part D Diagram (p.5)

1. (R) Hypochondriac region 5. (L) Hypochondriac region

2. Umbilical region 6. (L) Lumbar region

3. (R) Inguinal (iliac) region 7. (L) Inguinal (iliac) region

4. Epigastric region 8. Hypogastric

Part E Diagram (p.6)

1. Transverse

2. Coronal or frontal

3. Median sagittal

Part E Questions (p.6)

1. Liver

2. Epigastric

3. Hypogastric

4. Right lumbar

5. Small intestines

6. Sagittal

7. Midsagittal; parasagittal

8. Transverse or cross-section

9. Frontal or coronal

Part F Questions (p.7)

1. Superior 5. Medial

2. Distal 6. Deep

3. Lateral 7. Visceral

4. Superficial 8. Parietal

Lab 2

Part A Diagram (p.9)

1. Ocular 9. Revolving nosepiece

2. Eye tube 10. Objective

3. Arm 11. Mechanical stage

4. Stage clip 12. Condenser

5. On/Off switch 13. Iris diaphragm lever

6. Illuminator knob 14. X-Y stage control knob

7. Coarse adjustment knob 15. Illuminator

8. Fine adjustment knob

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Part B Questions (p.10-11)

1. Multiply ocular magnification, times objective magnification

2. Parfocal microscopes remain in focus at high power once they’ve been focused on low power

3. Lower the light intensity by closing the iris diaphragm

4. The clarity of the image being viewed

5. The higher power of the objective, the more light is necessary

6. In order not to break the slide or more importantly, to avoid damaging the objective

Part C Questions (p.11)

1a. To the left

1b. Turns the image upside down and reverses it

3a. Varies with the slide

Part D Questions (p.12)

6a. Nucleus, vacuole, cell membrane


2a. Onion cells are rectangular shaped and onion cells have a cell wall.

2b. Cell wall

3a. Nucleus, cell wall


1a. Chloroplasts

1b. Human or onion cells do not possess chloroplasts. Onions do not photosynthesize because they are the roots of the plant.

1c. Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuoles, no centrioles; Animal: no cell wall, no chloroplasts, smaller vacuoles, centrioles

Lab 3

Part A Conversions (p.16) Part B Conversions (p.16) Part C Conversions (p.16)

1. 3520 mm 1. 1000 mL 1. 154.35 lbs

2. 150,000 m 2. 150 mL 2. 300,000 mg

3. 2 mm 3. 900 mL 3. 4 mg

4. 120,000,000 nm 4. 200 mL 4. 99.792 mg

5. 0.001 m 5. 520,000 mg

6. 0.0001 mm 6. 0.0043 g

7. 0.1 nm

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Part D Questions (p.17) Part E Questions (p.17) Part E Questions (p.18)

1. 0.039 in 2a. 4 mm 3b. 0.5 mm

2. 1000 2b. 2 mm 3c.

3. Graduated cylinder 2c. 0.5 mm 4. Depends upon individual slides

4. mL or ml

5. kL


1. 25.4 mm

2. Use 10X objective, then convert mm to m

3.

Lab 4


1. Lysosome 9. Nuclear membrane

2. Smooth ER 10. Nucleolus

3. Cytoplasm or Cytosol 11. Golgi apparatus

4. Vacuole 12. Chromatin (DNA)

5. Centriole 13. Nuclear pore

6. Microvilli 14. Vesicle (phagocytic or pinocytic)

7. Mitochondrion 15. Rough ER

8. Nucleus 16. Plasma membrane

Lab 5


1. S = Synthesis 5. 3rd phase = Anaphase

2. G2 = Gap 2 6. 4th phase = Telophase

3. 1st phase = Prophase 7. G1 = Gap 1

4. 2nd phase = Metaphase

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Lab 6


1. Phosphate 4. Hydrogen bonds

2. Deoxyribose sugar 5. Nitrogenous base

3. Nucleotide

Part A Questions (p.28)

1. Adenine; guanine; cytosine; thymine; uracil

2. Sugar; phosphate

3. Nitrogenous base; hydrogen bond

4. Double helix

5. Adenine; cytosine; uracil

6. Nucleus; mitochondria

7. Determines the genetic code for protein construction; makes up genes on chromosomes

8. Gene

9. Replicate

Part B Questions (p.28-29)

1. RNA - ribose sugar, single-stranded, and uracil base instead of thymine; DNA - deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, and thymine base

2. Cytoplasm (mRNA, tRNA), ribosomes (rRNA) and nucleolus. Some in nucleus (mRNA)

3. Carries out orders of DNA

4a. Formed in nucleolus. Used to make ribosomes

4b. Carries DNA code out of nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm

4c. Carries amino acids to ribosomes for construction of proteins

Lab 7


1. Uncoil or unwind

2. Separate; bases

3. New DNA strand

4. DNA polymerase

5. DNA ligase

6. Two double-stranded DNA molecules

Lab 8125

Part A Diagram Questions (p.31)

1a. RNA polymerase; unwind 1d. Introns; exons

1b. Separate; sense; mRNA 1e. Cytoplasm; ribosome

1c. Codon


1. DNA cannot leave the nucleus

2. A template for construction of a protein

3. RNA has uracil as a base instead of thymine

Part B Diagram Questions (p.32)

1a. Ribosome 1d. Hydrogen; mRNA

1b. tRNA 1e. Peptide; polypeptide

1c. 20; anticodon


1. On the ribosomes (in cytoplasm)

2. mRNA (originally from DNA)

3. Carries amino acids to site where they attach to mRNA and form a polypeptide

Lab 10

Part D Questions (p.44)

1. Mucus producing, single-celled glands

2. Simple columnar and pseudostratified ciliated columnar

3. Tiny, hair-like projections on cell surfaces that move substances; found in upper respiratory tract

4. Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells, such as cells lining digestive system; increase surface are for absorption

5. Answers vary

6. Protein fibers formed from underlying connective tissue to reinforce the epithelial tissue. Helps to keep E.T. from overstretching or tearing.

7. Simple – one layer of cells above the basement membrane; stratified – many cell layers above the membrane

8. Stratified squamous tissue cells are flat at the apical surface, whereas transitional tissue cells are cuboidal at the apical surface

9. Simple columnar – nucleus near the basement membrane; simple cuboidal – centrally located nucleus; pseudostratified ciliated columnar – scattered nuclei giving the appearance of stratification

10. Stratified cuboidal

11. Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) on a connective tissue base

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12. Diffusion, filtration, protection

Lab 11

Part A-D Diagrams (p.45)

1. Fibroblast on a collagen fiber 4. Reticular fiber

2. Mast cell 5. Fibroblast

3. Collagen fiber 6. Elastic fiber

Part G Questions (p.47-48)

1. Ground substance – composed of interstitial fluid and proteoglycans and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular);

2a. Fibroblasts – produce proteoglycans and all three type of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

2b. Mast cells – produce histamines and heparin for the inflammatory response

2c. Plasma cells – produce antibodies

2d. Macrophages – phagocytize foreign particles

2e. Leukocytes – white blood cells acting as body’s defense

2f. Chondroblasts (cytes) – produce matrix in cartilage

2g. Osteoblasts (cytes) – produce organic matrix in bone

3a Protein fibers that provide support for connective tissue

3b Three (collagen, elastic and reticular)

3c. Synthesized by blast cell types

3d. In the matrix

3e(i). Collagen – thick protein fibers constructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen

3e(ii). Elastic – long, thin fibers containing elastin protein, that allows them to stretch and recoil

3e(iii). Reticular – fine collagenous fibers forming delicate networks that support soft tissue of organs

4a. Vascular or avascular

4b. Extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers

4c. Loosely scattered cells

4d. Binds, supports, protects, insulates, transports

4e. Blast cell types produce organic matrix

4f. Many cells types

Lab 12

Part C Questions (p.49)

1. Small spaces surrounding chrondrocytes and osteocytes

2. Polysaccharides attached to proteoglycans; produced by blast cells to thicken the matrix

3. Yes

4. No. The fibers are not visible in hyaline cartilage.

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Part F Questions (p.51-52)

1. Fibrous, vascular connective tissue on the surface of cartilage

2. Vascular connective tissue on the surface of bone

3. Elastic cartilage, although some collagen fibers are visible in fibrocartilage

4. Hyaline cartilage

5. No because it does not have its own blood supply. Bone on the other hand is vascular so it heals well.

6. Hyaline cartilage located on the end of bones that articulate at a joint

7. A growth plate where the growth in long bones occurs

8. Gelatinous substance filling the space between cells and contains the fibers. Composed of interstitial fluid and proteoglycans

9. Mineral salts such as calcium hydroxyapatite

10. Organic matter contains fibers and ground substance produced by blast cell types; inorganic matter contains mineral salts deposited from the blood

11. Disorders such as rickets/osteomalacia

Lab 13


1. Stratum corneum 4. Stratum basale (germinativum)

2. Stratum granulosum 5. Papillary layer of dermis

3. Stratum spinosum

Part B Diagram (p.54)

1. Hair shaft 9. Sebaceous gland

2. Epidermis 10. Arrector pili muscle

3. Dermis 11. Sudoriferous (sweat) gland

4. Hypodermis 12. Pacinian corpuscle

5. Epidermal peg 13. Adipose tissue

6. Dermal papilla 14. Hair follicle

7. Meissner’s corpuscle 15. Artery

8. Free nerve endings 16. Vein

Part C Questions (p.55-56)

1. Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

2. Epidermis (ectoderm); dermis (mesoderm)

3. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

4a. Stratum basale - mitotic; contains melanocytes

4b. Stratum spinosum - largest, living layer containing spiny-shaped cells

4c. Stratum granulosum - numerous keratohyaline granules128

4d. Stratum lucidum - translucent, dead cell layer located only in thick skin

4e. Stratum corneum - thick layer of dead, flaking cells

5. Dermal and epidermal ridges

6. Produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale. Melanosomes (melanin granules) may be present in the stratum spinosum

7. Melanocytes

8. Melanin is transferred from the melanocytes processes to nearby keratinocytes

9. UV protection

10. UV light stimulates melanin production therefore, the skin becomes darker

11. Localized patches of melanin

12. Both have same number of melanocytes but dark skin contains more numerous and darker colored melanosomes

13. Contraction of arrector pili muscles

14. Secretes sebum to soften and lubricate skin and hair

15. Stratum basale (germinativum)

16. Detects light pressure or discriminative touch

17. Detects deep pressure or crude touch

Lab 14


1. Intramembranous and endochondral

2. Intramembranous (skull); endochondral (long bones)

3. Yes; veins, arteries and lymph

4. Interstitial lamella – incomplete lamella lying between intact Haversian systems; concetric lamella – rings of lamella making up each osteon; circumferential lamella – lamella extentending around the entire circumference of the bone shaft

Part B Diagram (p.58)

1. Epiphysis 6. Medullary cavity (lined with endosteum)

2. Diaphysis 7. Yellow marrow

3. Epiphysis 8. Compact bone

4. Cancellous bone 9. Periosteum

5. Epiphyseal plate


1. Hyaline cartilage 4. Absence of blood supply

2. Following puberty 5.

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3. YesCartilage Bone

Absent Nerves Present

Absent Blood vessels Present

Absent Lymph channels Present

Organic Matrix typeOrganic & inorganic

Lab 15

Part A2: Vertebral Landmarks (p.64)

1. Spinous process 6. Pedicle

2. Lamina 7. Demifacet

3. Facet 8. Vertebral foramen

4. Transverse process 9. Body

5. Superior articular process

Part A3: Atlas (p.64)

1. Anterior arch 4. Transverse foramen

2. Superior articular process 5. Posterior arch

3. Transverse process 6. Vertebral foramen

Part A4: Axis (p.64)

1. Odontoid process 3. Transverse process

2. Superior articular process 4. Spinous process

Part A5: Sacrum & Coccyx (p.65)

1. Ala 6. Sacral canal

2. Sacral promontory 7. Articular fossa for ilium

3. Body 8. Sacral foramina

4. Coccyx 9. Sacral hiatus

5. Superior articular process


1. Transverse foramina, small bifid (split at the tip) spinous process

2. Vertebral arteries pass through transverse foramina on both sides to service the brain

130

3. Intervertebral discs which are made of fibrocartilage

4. Spinal nerves

5. Head of rib articulates with demifacet on the thoracic vertebrae body. The tubercle of rib articulates with facet on transverse process of thoracic vertebrae.

6. Twelve

Part B1: Sternum (p.66)

1. Jugular (interclavicular) notch 5. Costal facet

2. Clavicular notch 6. Gladiolus

3. Manubrium 7. Xiphoid process

4. Sternal angle

Part B1 Questions (p.67)

1. Used to locate region for compression during CPR

2. Yes

3. By individual costal cartilages

Part B2: Ribs (p.67)

1. Tubercle 5. Neck

2. Facet of rib 6. Shaft or body

3. Costal groove 7. Sternal end

4. Head of rib


1. Vertebral end comprises of a facet and a demifacet

2. First pair is flattened and broad forming a horizontal plate

3. The head of the rib articulates with the bodies of the thoracic vertebra by two facets: one articulates with the demifacet of the same-numbered thoracic vertebra, the other articulates with the demifacet of the thoracic vertebra immediately superior. The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the same-numbered thoracic vertebra.

4. Intercostal space

5. Intercostal nerves and blood vessels

6. True (vertebrosternal) ribs because they attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.

7. False (vertebrochondral) ribs. Rib pairs 8-10 attach to the sternum indirectly; each joins the costal cartilage immediately above.

8. Floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment.

9. Top figure.

131

Part C1: Anterior Aspect of Skull (p.69)

1. Frontal (coronal) suture 12. Inferior orbital fissure

2. Frontal bone 13. Middle nasal concha

3. Parietal bone 14. Infraorbital foramen

4. Nasal bone 15. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

5. Supraorbital foramen 16. Inferior nasal concha

6. Superior orbital fissure 17. Alveolar process

7. Temporal bone 18. Maxillary bone (maxilla)

8. Ethmoid bone 19. Vomer bone

9. Sphenoid bone 20. Mental foramen

10. Lacrimal bone 21. Mandible

11. Zygomatic bone

Part C2: Lateral Aspect of Skull (p.70)

1. Sphenoid bone 11. Maxilla

2. Squamosal suture 12. Occipital bone

3. Coronal (frontal) suture 13. External auditory meatus

4. Frontal bone 14. Zygomatic bone

5. Parietal bone 15. Coronoid process

6. Ethmoid bone 16. Alveolar process

7. Lacrimal bone 17. Mastoid process

8. Temporal bone 18. Mandibular condyle (condylar process)

9. Lambdoid suture 19. Styloid process

10. Nasal bone 20. Mandible

Part C3: Posterior Aspect of Skull (p.71)

1. Sagittal suture 4. Occipital bone

2. Parietal bone 5. External occipital protuberance

3. Lambdoid suture

Part C4: Inferior Aspect of Skull (p.72)

1. Palatine bone 4. Foramen ovale

2. Vomer bone 5. Medial pterygoid process

3. Foramen lacerum 6. Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

Part C4: Inferior Aspect of Skull cont. (p.72)

7. Carotid canal 12. Stylomastoid foramen

132

8. Styloid process 13. Jugular foramen

9. Temporal bone (zygomatic process) 14. Foramen magnum

10. Mandibular fossa 15. Mastoid process

11. Occipital condyles

Part C5: Other Aspects of Skull (p.73)

1. Crista galli 10. Posterior clinoid process

2. Sella turcica (hypophyseal fossa) 11. Foramen lacerum

3. Cribriform plate of ethmoid 12. Hypoglossal canal

4. Lesser wing of sphenoid bone 13. Lesser wing of sphenoid bone

5. Optic canal 14. Greater wing of sphenoid

6. Anterior clinoid process 15. Superior orbital fissure

7. Foramen rotundum 16. Medial pterygoid process

8. Foramen ovale 17. Lateral pterygoid process

9. Foramen spinosum

Part C5: Ethmoid Bone (p.74)

1. Crista galli 3. Perpendicular plate

2. Cribriform plate 4. Middle nasal concha

Part C5: Temporal Bone (p.74)

1. Zygomatic process of temporal bone 4. Mastoid process

2. Mandibular fossa 5. External auditory (acoustic) meatus

3. Syloid process

Part C5: Additional Features (p.75)

1. Parietal bone 7. Frontal bone

2. Occipital bone 8. Supraorbital foramen

3. Zygomatic bone 9. Nasal bone

4. Occipital condyle 10. Lacrimal bone

5. Foramen magnum 11. Vomer bone

6. External occipital protuberance 12. Inferior nasal concha

Part C5: Maxilla & Palatine Bones (p.76)

1. Infraorbital foramen 3. Horizontal plate

2. Alveolar process133

Part C5: Mandible (p.76)

1. Coronoid process 5. Body

2. Mandibular foramen 6. Ramus

3. Alveolar process 7. Mandibular notch

4. Mental foramen

Part C5: Ossicles (p.77)

1. Incus 3. Stapes

2. Malleus


1. Vomer and the perpendicular plate of ethmoid

2. Temporal bone and zygomatic bone

3. Palatine bone and maxilla

4. Ethmoid bone (cribriform plate and crista galli)

5. Temporal bone

6. Parietal bones

7. Occipital bone and the parietal bones

8. Frontal bone and the parietal bones

9. Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

10. Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and foramen lacerum

11. Air-filled cavity in certain cranial bones

12. Frontal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and maxilla

13. Temporal bone

Part A1: Clavicle (p.79)

1. Acromial end 2. Sternal end

Part A1 Questions (p.79)

1. Figure A

Part A2: Scapulae (p.80)

1. Coracoid process 10. Vertebral (medial) border

134

2. Subscapular fossa 11. Spine

3. Vertebral (medial) border 12. Supraspinous fossa

4. Axillary (lateral) border 13. Superior angle

5. Glenoid cavity 14. Superior border

6. Acromion process 15. Suprascapular notch

7. Infraspinous fossa 16. Supraglenoid tubercle

8. Axillary (lateral) border 17. Infraglenoid tubercle

9. Inferior angle

Part A2 Questions (p.81)

1. Left scapula

Part B1: Humerus (p.81)

1. Greater tubercle 9. Lateral supracondylar ridge

2. Head 10. Coronoid fossa

3. Surgical neck 11. Capitulum

4. Anatomical neck 12. Medial epicondyle

5. Lesser tubercle 13. Lateral epicondyle

6. Deltoid tuberosity 14. Olecranon fossa

7. Radial groove 15. Trochlea

8. Medial supracondylar ridge


1. Right humerus

Part B2: Radius & Ulna (p.82)

1. Trochlear notch 7. Radius

2. Radial notch 8. Ulna

3. Head of radius 9. Ulnar notch

4. Olecranon process 10. Styloid process of ulna

5. Coronoid process 11. Head of ulna

6. Radial tuberosity 12. Styloid process of radius


1. Left forearm

Part B3: Hand (p.83)

135

1. Middle phalanx #4 7. Hamate

2. Proximal phalanx #2 8. Trapezium

3. Distal phalanx #1 9. Scaphoid

4. Metacarpal #3 10. Pisiform

5. Trapezoid 11. Triquetral

6. Capitate 12. Lunate


1. Left hand. Thumb is located on the left

Part C1: Os Coxa (p.84)

1. Iliac crest 10. Ischial spine

2. Ilium 11. Acetabular notch

3. Anterior superior iliac spine 12. Pubis

4. Anterior inferior iliac spine 13. Lesser sciatic notch

5. Posterior superior iliac spine 14. Ischial tuberosity

6. Posterior inferior iliac spine 15. Inferior ramus of pubis

7. Acetabulum 16. Obturator foramen

8. Acetabular fossa 17. Ischium

9. Greater sciatic notch 18. Inferior ramus of ischium (ischial ramus)

Part C1 Questions (p.84)

1. Right os coxa. Acetabulum is always lateral.

Part D1: Femur (p.85)

1. Head 9. Linea aspera

2. Intertrochanteric line 10. Intercondylar notch

3. Neck 11. Lateral epicondyle

4. Fovea capitis 12. Medial epicondyle

5. Greater trochanter 13. Adductor tubercle

6. Intertrochanteric crest 14. Medial condyle

7. Lesser trochanter 15. Lateral condyle

8. Gluteal tuberosity

Part D1 Questions (p.85)

1. Right femur. Head is located medially

136

Part D2: Tibia & Fibula (p.86)

1. Intercondylar eminence 5. Anterior crest

2. Lateral condyle 6. Medial malleolus

3. Head of fibula 7. Lateral malleolus

4. Tibial tuberosity


1. Right leg

Part D3: Foot (p.87)

1. Middle phalanx #2 7. Middle cuneiform

2. Distal phalanx #4 8. Cuboid

3. Proximal phalanx #1 9. Navicular

4. Metatarsals 10. Talus

5. Lateral cuneiform 11. Calcaneus

6. Medial cuneiform


1. Left foot

Part D4: Patella (p.88)

1. Anterior view 2. Posterior view


1. Left patella

Part E1: Hyoid Bone (p.88)

1. Greater cornu


1. It does not articulate directly with any other bone. It is anchored to the styloid process of the temporal bones by ligaments.

137

Lab 16

Part B: Diagrams (p.90-91)

1. Muscle 10. T-tubule 19. Sarcomere

2. Epimysium 11. Muscle fiber 20. Troponin complex

3. Fascicle 12. Sarcoplasmic reticulum 21. G actin

4. Perimysium 13. Terminal cisternae 22. Tropomyosin

5. Muscle fiber (cell) 14. I band 23. Thin (actin) filament

6. Endomysium 15. A band 24. Myosin head

7. Nucleus 16. Z disc 25. Thick (myosin) filament

8. Myofibril 17. H band

9. Myofibril 18. M line


1. Calcium (Ca2+) ions

2. Sarcolemma

3. Muscle contraction is controlled by action potentials travelling along sarcolemma. Since t-tubules are continuations of the sarcolemma, they conduct impulses (action potential) deep into the muscle fiber.

4. Binding of Ca2+

5. Tropomyosin strand moves away from actin’s binding sites

6. As myosin heads bind to the active sites on the actin myofilament, it changes from its high-energy, “cocked” position to its low-energy shape, which pulls on the thin filament, sliding it toward the center of the sarcomere.

7. As a new ATP molecule binds to the myosin heads, the myosin heads detach from actin

8. Hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + P i provides the energy needed to return the myosin head to its high-energy, or “cocked,” position.

Part C: Diagram (p.93)

1. Sternocleidomastoid 10. Brachioradialis 19. Gracilis

2. Pectoralis minor 11. Internal oblique 20. Rectus femoris

3. Serratus anterior 12. Flexors 21. Vastus lateralis

4. Deltoid 13. Transversus abdominis 22. Vastus medialis

5. Pectoralis major 14. Iliopsoas 23. Gastrocnemius

6. Biceps brachii 15. Tensor fasciae latae 24. Extensor digitorum

7. Rectus abdominis 16. Pectineus 25. Tibialis anterior

8. Brachialis 17. Sartorius 26. Soleus

9. External oblique 18. Adductor longus

138

Part C: Diagram (p.94)

27. Sternocleidomastoid 33. Triceps brachii 39. Biceps femoris

28. Trapezius 34. Extensors 40. Semitendinosus

29. Deltoid 35. Gluteus medius 41. Semimembranosus

30. Infraspinatus 36. Gluteus maximus 42. Gastrocnemius

31. Teres major 37. Adductor magnus 43. Soleus

32. Latissimus dorsi 38. Iliotibial tract 44. Calcaneal tendon

Lab 17

Part A: Diagram (p.112)

1. Superior oblique 4. Lateral rectus

2. Superior rectus 5. Inferior rectus

3. Medial rectus 6. Inferior oblique

Part B1: Diagram (p.113)

1. Sclera 6. Optic disc 11. Cornea

2. Choroid 7. Posterior segment (vitreous humor)

12. Anterior segment (aqueous humor)

3. Retina 8. Canal of Schlemm 13. Iris

4. Macula lutea & fovea centralis 9. Suspensory ligaments 14. Ciliary body

5. Optic nerve 10. Lens 15. Ora serrata


1. Ganglion cell layer 5. Sclera

2. Bipolar layer 6. Photoreceptor layer

3. Retina 7. Cone

4. Choroid 8. Rod


1. Process of ciliary muscles contracting and releasing tension on the suspensory ligaments of the lens. As a resut, the lens thickens to focus on a near object.

2. A condition resulting in the loss of near focusing ability due to decreased elasticity in the lens as one ages

3. At twilight, it is not dark enough to fully activate the rods for night vision and there is not enough light to fully activate the cones for vision in bright light

4. Carrots contain vitamin A which is necessary to form the visual pigment retinal

5. Because rods stop functioning in low-intensity light and rods pigments have been bleached out by the bright light, and the rods are still initially inhibited

6. Optic chiasm is superior and anterior to the sella turcica where the pituitary gland (hypophysis) sits. Any 139

tumors or enlargements of the pituitary gland can compress the optic chiasm causing visual impairments or blindness

7. The lacrimal canals (sacs) drain the eye to the nasal cavity. Infections from the throat can spread to the nasal cavity and reach the lacrimal sac to the eye

8. Condition in which intraocular pressure (due to blocked drainage of the aqueous humor) increases to levels that cause compression of the retina and optic nerve, resulting in blindness

9. Inability to supply mitochondria with nutrients to the eye, resulting in blindness

Lab 18


1. Outer Ear 4. Pinna

2. Middle Ear 5. External auditory canal

3. Inner Ear

Part A: Diagrams (p.118)

6. Malleus 16. Saccule

7. Tensor tympani muscle 17. Utricle

8. Incus 18. Ampulla

9. Stapedius muscle 19. Vestibule

10. Stapes 20. Oval window

11. Tympanic membrane 21. Vestibular nerve

12. Eustachian or auditory tube 22. Cochlear nerve

13. Bony labyrinth 23. Cochlea

14. Membranous labyrinth 24. Stapes in oval window

15. Semicircular canal 25. Cupula of crista ampullaris

Part B: Diagram (p.119)

1. Cochlea 5. Tectorial membrane

2. Scala vestibuli 6. Organ of Corti

3. Scala media or cochlear duct 7. Basilar membrane

4. Scala tympani

140

answer keys · web viewsuperior orbital fissure 17. alveolar process 7. temporal bone 18....

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