Answer in your Grammar section…1. What is a direct object? What is an indirect object? In the

following sentence, circle the D.O. and underline the I.O. (if there is one).– I cooked my family a nice meal.

2. Define linking verb. Write an example of a sentence with a L.V.3. Define helping verb. Write an example of a sentence with a H.V.4. Re-write the phrase “I walk” in the…– Past tense– Present progressive tense– Past progressive tense– Present perfect tense– Past perfect tense– Future tense

5. Next to each phrase, write what it means– EX: “I walk” in the present tense means I generally/regularly

walk.

Past tense vs. Past perfect tense

• Past tense: regularly formed by adding –ed to the end– Means something happened in the past

• Past perfect (uses the past participle): regularly formed by adding “had/has/have” before the verb– Means something happened in the past before

something else that happened in the past

Past Tense

• Past tense means something happened in the past:

----------X----------NOW--------------------

Yesterday, I walked[X] to school. I went[X] to Canada for vacation.

Past Perfect

• Means that something happened in the past BEFORE something else in the past

---------Y---------X---------NOW-----------------------------

I had walked[Y] to school, so I was[X] tired.

She said[X] her father had come[Y] home late that night.

Look how it changes the meaning…• Dean worked(past) through the summer and paid(past)

for his car.– The working and paying are both past, but not before anything

else.• Dean had worked(past participle) through the summer

and paid(past) for his car. – The working happened in the past before paying for his car,

which also happened in the past• Dean had worked(past participle) through the summer

and had paid(past participle) for his car. – Both the working and the paying were done in the past, before

some other event.– *This one is incorrect because it does not tell us another event

in the more recent past.

Active vs. Passive Voice

• Active: subject performs the action– Stacy rides her bike.

• Passive: subject receives the action– Contains a form of “be” (is, are, am, was, were) +

past participle– Often includes a phrase beginning with “by” to tell

who performed the action– The book was placed down on the desk by the

teacher.

What’s the difference?

• Active: stronger, emphasizes the performer of the action

• Passive: emphasize the receiver of the action, use if you do not know who the performer is or you want to de-emphasize the performer– The school was closed all last week. (focus on the

event rather than the performer)– The house was broken into. (you do not know who

broke into the house)