ansi/ashrae addendum c to ansi/ashrae standard 62 ... library/technical resources...2018/07/31 ·...

ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum c toANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016

Ventilation forAcceptable Indoor

Air Quality

Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 23, 2018; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on June 27, 2018; and bythe American National Standards Institute on July 25, 2018.

This addendum was approved by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Committee has estab-lished a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely, documented, con-sensus action on requests for change to any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instructions, and deadlines may beobtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paper form from the Senior Manager of Standards.

The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Cus-tomer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go towww.ashrae.org/permissions.

© 2018 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336

ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.

SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus Standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. Consensus is defined by theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this Standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreementreached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this Standard isvoluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.

ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The Project Committee

Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all must be technicallyqualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees.

The Senior Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.

DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and accepted industrypractices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systems tested, installed,or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous orfree from risk.

ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, by suggestingsafe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serveto guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completelyvoluntary.

In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied, that theproduct has been approved by ASHRAE.

ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 62.1Cognizant TC: 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration

SPLS Liaison: Karl L. Peterman

Hoy R. Bohanon, Jr.*, Chair Enrica Galasso Daniel C. Pettway*Jennifer A. Isenbeck*, Co-Vice-Chair Elliott Gall Stephen Ray*Wayne R. Thomann*, Co-Vice-Chair Enrique T. Gonzalez* Chandra Sekhar*Nick H. Agopian Gregg Gress* Charles J. SeyfferCharlene W. Bayer Brian J. Hafendorfer* Jeffrey K. Smith*Lance R. Brown* Nathan L. Ho* Dennis A. Stanke*Robin M. Bristol Elliott Horner* Erica Stewart*Tina M. Brueckner* Eli P. Howard, III* Drayton P. StottMark P. Buttner* Paul J. Kitchens Richard TaftJordan D. Clark Stephany I. Mason Dean T. TompkinsLeonard A. Damiano* Maria A. Menchaca Brandan David VigueAbdel K. Darwich* Christopher O. Muller* Donald Weekes, Jr.James E. Dennison John Nelson, Jr.* Josiah Wiley*Paul L. Doppel* Lisa C. Ng Runming YaoHenry W. Ernst, Jr. Laura G. Petrillo-Groh* Marwa Zaatari*

* Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication

ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2017–2018

Steven J. Emmerich, Chair Roger L. Hedrick David Robin

Donald M. Brundage, Vice-Chair Rick M. Heiden Peter SimmondsNiels Bidstrup Jonathan Humble Dennis A. StankeMichael D. Corbat Srinivas Katipamula Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Drury B. Crawley Kwang Woo Kim Richard T. SwierczynaJulie M. Ferguson Larry Kouma Jack H. ZarourMichael W. Gallagher Arsen K. Melikov Lawrence C. Markel, BOD ExOWalter T. Grondzik R. Lee Millies, Jr. M. Ginger Scoggins, COVinod P. Gupta Karl L. PetermanSusanna S. Hanson Erick A. Phelps

Steven C. Ferguson, Senior Manager of Standards

© ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.


(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)

FOREWORD

Addendum c deletes Informative Appendix C, “Summary ofSelected Air Quality Guidelines,” from Standard 62.1. Appen-dix C first appeared in Standard 62-1989. Since that timethere have been many additions and modifications. Its pur-pose is to assist with the IAQ procedure. The committee isaware of misuse and confusion caused by the information inits present form. The committee prefers to delete this misusedappendix now. The committee may add back relevant infor-mative guidance that assists with implementation of the IAQprocedure in the next version of the standard.

Note: In this addendum, changes to the current standardare indicated in the text by underlining (for additions) andstrikethrough (for deletions) unless the instructions specifi-cally mention some other means of indicating the changes.

6.3.1 Contaminant Sources. Each contaminant of con-cern, for purposes of the design, shall be identified. For eachcontaminant of concern, indoor sources and outdoor sourcesshall be identified, and the emission rate for each contaminantof concern from each source shall be determined. Where twoor more contaminants of concern target the same organ sys-tem, these contaminants shall be considered to be a contami-nant mixture.

Informative Note: Informative Appendix C providesinformation for some potential contaminants of concern,including the organs they affect.

6.3.2 Contaminant Concentration. For each contaminantof concern, a concentration limit and its corresponding expo-sure period and an appropriate reference to a cognizantauthority shall be specified. For each contaminant mixture ofconcern, the ratio of the concentration of each contaminant to

its concentration limit shall be determined, and the sum ofthese ratios shall be not greater than one.

Exception: Consideration of odors in determining concen-tration limits shall not be required.

Informative Notes: 1. Odors are addressed in Section 6.3.4.2.2. Informative Appendix C includes concentration

guidelines for some potential contaminants of con-cern.

6.3.4.2 Subjective Evaluation. Using a subjective occu-pant evaluation conducted in the completed building, the mini-mum outdoor airflow rates required to achieve the level ofacceptability specified in Section 6.3.3 shall be determinedwithin each zone served by the system.

Informative Notes: Level of acceptability often increasesin response to increased outdoor airflow rates, increased levelof indoor or outdoor air cleaning, or decreased indoor or out-door contaminant emission rate.

1. Informative Appendix C presents one approach tosubjective occupant evaluation.

2. Level of acceptability often increases in responseto increased outdoor airflow rates, increased levelof indoor or outdoor air cleaning, or decreasedindoor or outdoor contaminant emission rate.

6.5.2.1 Contaminant Sources. Contaminants or mix-tures of concern for purposes of the design shall be identified.For each contaminant or mixture of concern, indoor sources(occupants, materials, activities, and processes) and outdoorsources shall be identified, and the emission rate for each con-taminant of concern from each source shall be determined.

Informative Note: Informative Appendix C providesinformation for some potential contaminants of concern.

6.5.2.2 Contaminant Concentration. For each contami-nant of concern, a concentration limit and its correspondingexposure period and an appropriate reference to a cognizantauthority shall be specified.

Informative Note: Informative Appendix C includes con-centration guidelines for some potential contaminants of con-cern.

Addendum c to Standard 62.1-2016

Revise Section 6.3.1 as shown.

Revise Section 6.3.2 as shown.

Revise Section 6.3.4.2 as shown.



Delete Informative Appendix C in its entirety.

ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum c to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 1


(This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)

INFORMATIVE APPENDIX CSUMMARY OF SELECTEDAIR QUALITY GUIDELINES

If particular contaminants are of concern, or if the IAQ Proce-dure is to be used, acceptable indoor concentrations and expo-sures are needed for the particular contaminants. When usingthis procedure, these concentration and exposure values needto be documented and justified by reference to a cognizantauthority as defined in the standard. Such guidelines or otherlimiting values can also be useful for diagnostic purposes. Atpresent, no single organization develops acceptable concentra-tions or exposures for all indoor air contaminants, nor are val-ues available for all contaminants of potential concern. Anumber of organizations offer guideline values for selectedindoor air contaminants. These values have been developedprimarily for ambient air, occupational settings, and, in somecases, for residential settings. They should be applied with anunderstanding of their basis and applicability to the indoorenvironment of concern. If an acceptable concentration orexposure has not been published for a contaminant of concern,a value may be derived through review of the toxicological andepidemiological evidence using appropriate consultation.However, the evidence with respect to health effects is likelyto be insufficient for many contaminants. At present, there isno quantitative definition of acceptable IAQ that can necessar-ily be met by measuring one or more contaminants.

Table C-1 presents selected standards and guidelinesused in Canada, Germany, Europe, and the United States foracceptable concentrations of substances in ambient air, indoorair, and industrial workplace environments. These values areissued by cognizant authorities and have not been developedor endorsed by ASHRAE. The table is presented only asbackground information when using the IAQ Procedure. Spe-cialized expertise should be sought before selecting a valuefor use in estimating outdoor airflow rates using the IAQ Pro-cedure or for building design or diagnostics purposes. Meet-ing one, some, or all of the listed values does not ensure thatacceptable IAQ (as defined in this standard) will be achieved.

Tables C-2 and C-3 list concentration values of interestfor selected contaminants as general guidance for buildingdesign, diagnostics, and ventilation system design using theIAQ Procedure. The values in the table are based on cogni-zant authorities and studies reported in peer-reviewed scien-tific publications; ASHRAE does not recommend theiradoption as regulatory values, standards, or guidelines. Thetables are presented as further background when using theIAQ Procedure. Consultation should be sought before select-ing a particular value for use in calculating ventilation usingthe IAQ Procedure. Meeting one, some, or all of the listedvalues does not ensure that acceptable IAQ will be achieved.

Selection of a specific target concentration and exposureis best made by a team with wide experience in toxicology,industrial hygiene, and exposure assessment. As they reviewthe specific concentrations listed in Tables C-1, C-2, and C-3,or others taken from other sources, designers should be mind-ful of the following:

• Standards and guidelines are developed for different pur-poses and should be interpreted with reference to the set-ting and purpose for which they were developed comparedto that to which they are being applied.

• Not all standards and guideline values recognize thepresence of susceptible groups or address typical popula-tions found in occupancies listed in this standard.

• Most standards and guidelines do not consider interac-tions between and among various contaminants of con-cern.

• The assumptions and conditions set forth by the standardor guideline may not be met in the space or for the occu-pants being considered (such as an 8-hour day, 40-hourwork week).

When many chemicals are present in the air, as theyalmost always are in indoor air, then some way of addressingpotential additive effects is warranted. The ACGIH guidanceon the subject instructs that when two or more substances act-ing on the “…same organ system are present, their combinedeffect, rather than that of either individually, should be givenprimary consideration.” C-1 Information on affected organs isreadily available on the websites of the cited references forACGIH, OEHHA, and ATSDR. If no contradictory informa-tion is available, the effects of the different substances“should be considered as additive.” A formula is givenwherein the ratios of the concentrations of each substancewith the same health-related endpoint to the threshold-limitvalue for each substance are added. If the sum of all theseratios exceeds unity, then it is considered that the concentra-tion value has been exceeded.

where

Ci = airborne concentration of the substance

Ti = threshold-limit value of that substance

C1. GUIDELINE VALUES FORINDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS

ACGIH threshold limit values, or TLVs®, have been appliedto industrial workplace air contaminants C-1 (Reference C-2 isthe German counterpart). The ACGIH TLVs represent themaximum acceptable 8-hour, time-weighted average (TWA);15-minute short-term exposure limit (STEL); and instanta-neous (ceiling) case limits. It is a source of concentration lim-its for many chemical substances and physical agents forindustrial use. In light of the constantly changing state ofknowledge, the document is updated annually. It cautions theuser, “The values listed in this book are intended for use in thepractice of industrial hygiene as guidelines or recommenda-

C1

T 1------

C2

T 2------

CnT n------+ + +

2 ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum c to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016


tions to assist in the control of potential health hazards and forno other use.”

Caution must be used in directly extending the ACGIHTLVs or other workplace guidelines to spaces covered by thisstandard and to population groups other than workers. Indus-trial health practice attempts to limit worker exposure to inju-rious substances at levels that do not interfere with theindustrial work process and do not risk the workers’ healthand safety. There is not an intention to eliminate all effects,such as unpleasant smells or mild irritation. Further, thehealth criteria are not uniformly derived for all contaminants.Irritation, narcosis, and nuisance or other forms of stress arenot uniformly considered as the basis for the concentrationlimits. This is because different organizations use differentend points and different contaminants have more or less infor-mation available on diverse end points of interest. The targetpopulation is also different from the occupants found in thespaces covered by this standard. Healthy industrial workerstend to change jobs or occupations if an exposure becomesintolerable. In contrast, workers in commercial environmentssuch as offices often do not expect elevated concentrations ofpotentially harmful substances in their work environments.Also, monitoring programs are unlikely to be in place, as maybe the case with industrial workplaces. In addition, the gen-eral population may have less choice about where they spendmost of their time and includes those who may be more sensi-tive, such as children, asthmatics, allergic individuals, thesick, and the elderly.

C2. GUIDELINES FOR SUBSTANCES INOUTDOOR AIR

Guidelines have been developed for outdoor air for a numberof chemicals and metals, as shown in many of the references.These values, including some for metals, may be appropriatefor some indoor environments, but they should be appliedonly after appropriate consultation. These guidelines also pro-vide guidance concerning the quality of outdoor air if there issuspicion that outdoor air may be contaminated with specificsubstances or if there is a known source of contaminationnearby C-3.

C3. REGULATION OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURETO AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS

Regulations of occupational exposure to workplace hazardsare based on the results of accumulated experience withworker health and toxicological research and carefully evalu-ated by groups of experts. Effects are examined in relation toexposure to the injurious substance. Exposure is defined asthe mathematical product of the concentration of the contami-nant and the time during which a person is exposed to thisconcentration. Because concentration may vary with time,exposure is typically calculated across the appropriate averag-ing time, expressed as a TWA concentration, STEL, or ceilinglimit. Regulations of the U.S. Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA) are TWAs in most cases.

Industrial exposures are regulated on the basis of a 40-hour workweek with 8- to 10-hour days. During the remain-der of the time, exposure is anticipated to be substantiallylower for the contaminants of concern. Application of indus-

trial exposure limits would not necessarily be appropriate forother indoor settings, occupancies, and exposure scenarios.However, for certain contaminants that lack exposure limitsfor a specific nonindustrial target population, substantialdownward adjustments to occupational limits have sometimesbeen used.

C4. SUBSTANCES LACKING GUIDELINESAND STANDARDS

For indoor contaminants for which an acceptable concentra-tion and exposure value has not been established by a cogni-zant authority, one approach has been to assume that somefraction of TLV is applicable and would not lead to adversehealth effects or complaints in general populations. Thisapproach should not be used without first assessing its suit-ability for the contaminant of concern. In any event, if appro-priate standards or guidelines do not exist, expertise must besought or research needs to be conducted to determine con-taminant concentrations and exposures that are acceptable.

C5. SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION

Indoor air often contains complex mixtures of contaminantsof concern, such as environmental tobacco smoke C-30,C-31,infectious and allergenic biological aerosols C-32, and emis-sions of chemicals from commercial and consumer products.Precise quantitative treatment of these contaminants can bedifficult or impossible in most cases. Chemical compositionalone may not always be adequate to reliably predict the reac-tion of building occupants exposed to most common mixturesof substances found in indoor air. There are many toxicologi-cal endpoints used in assessing the effects from exposure toair contaminants.

Irritation of mucosal tissue, such as that found in thehuman nose, eyes, and the upper airways, is one of the end-points often used in assessing short-term exposure to air con-taminants. These irritation responses can occur after theirritant receptor is exposed to nonreactive compounds, toreactive compounds with a different pattern of dose-responserelationships, and through allergic and other immunologiceffects for which dose-response relationships have not beenwell defined. Susceptible populations—i.e., individuals withatopy (“allergies”)—may report irritation at lower levels ofexposures than individuals without allergies. Other suscepti-ble populations, such as the elderly and the young, may differfrom healthy adults in their response to irritating and odoroussubstances.

To some degree, adequacy of control may rest upon subjec-tive evaluation. Panels of observers have been used to performsubjective evaluation of IAQ in buildings. Many contaminantshave odors or are irritants that may be detected by humanoccupants or visitors to a space. Generally, the air can be con-sidered acceptably free of annoying contaminants if 80% of apanel consisting of a group of untrained subjects exposed toknown concentrations of contaminants under representativecontrolled conditions of use and occupancy deems the air notto be objectionable.

When performing a subjective evaluation, an observershould enter the space in the manner of a normal visitor andshould render a judgment of acceptability within 15 seconds.



Each observer should make the evaluation independently ofother observers and without influence from a panel leader.Users of subjective evaluation methods are cautioned thatthey only test odor and sensory responses. Some harmful con-taminants will not be detected by such tests. Carbon monox-ide and radon are two examples of odorless contaminants thatpose significant health risks. To evaluate the acceptability ofadapted persons (occupants), an observer should spend atleast six minutes in the space before rendering a judgment ofacceptability C-29.

REFERENCES

C-1. ACGIH. 2005. Threshold Limit Values for ChemicalSubstances and Physical Agents and BiologicalExposure Indices. American Conference of Govern-mental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper MeadowDrive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634. www.acgih.org.

C-2. Maximum Concentrations at the Workplace and Biolog-ical Tolerance Values for Working Materials 2000,Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazardsof Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, FederalRepublic of Germany.

C-3. Martin, W., and A.C. Stern. 1974. The World’s AirQuality Standards, Vol. II. The Air Quality Manage-ment Standards of the United States, Table 17, pp.11–38. October 1974 (available from NTIS PB-241-876; National Technical Information Service, 4285Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161).

C-4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 40, Part 50. NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards. www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html.

C-5. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety andHealth Administration. Code of Federal Regulations,Title 29, Part 1910.1000-1910.1450. www.osha.gov.

C-6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2004. Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 21, Part 801.415 (maxi-mum acceptable levels of ozone), April 1. www.gpo-access. gov/cfr/index.htm/.

C-7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. A Citi-zen’s Guide to Radon and Technical Support Docu-ment for the Citizen’s Guide to Radon.

C-8. Health Canada. 1995. Exposure Guidelines for Residen-tial Indoor Air Quality: A Report of the Federal-Pro-vincial Advisory Committee on Environmental andOccupational Health. Ottawa: Health Canada.www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecssesc/air_quality/pdf/tr-156.pdf.

C-9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Compen-dium of Methods for Determination of Air Pollutantsin Indoor Air. Document No. PB 90-200-288/AS,available from NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161.

C-10.American Society of Testing and Materials. AnnualBook of ASTM Standards, Section 11, Vol. 11.03Atmospheric Analysis; Occupational Health andSafety. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.

C-11.World Health Organization. 2000. Air Quality Guide-lines for Europe, 2nd Edition. World Health Organi-zation Regional Publications, European Series No.

91. World Health Organization, Regional Office forEurope, Copenhagen, www.euro.who.int/document/e71922.pdf.

C-12.Commission of the European Communities. 1992.Report No. 11: Guidelines for Ventilation Require-ments in Buildings. Joint Research Centre, Ispra(Varese), Italy.

C-13.NIOSH. 2004. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Haz-ards (NPG). National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health, February. www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html.

C-14.Shields, H.C., D.M. Fleischer, and C.J. Weschler. 1996.Comparisons among VOCs measured at three typesof U.S. commercial buildings with different occu-pant densities. Indoor Air 6(1):2–17.

C-15.Devos, M. F. Patte, J. Rouault, P. Laffort, and L.J. VanGemert. 1990. Standardized Human OlfactoryThresholds. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

C-16.California Air Resources Board. 2004. Indoor AirQuality Guideline No. 1, Formaldehyde in the Home.August. Sacramento, CA. http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/formaldGL08-04.pdf.

C-17.American Society of Testing and Materials. 2004. Stan-dard Practice for Conversion Units and FactorsRelating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres,D-1914-95(2004)e1. In Annual Book of ASTM Stan-dards, 2004; Section Eleven, Water and Environ-mental Technology, Vol. 11.03. 100 Barr HarborDrive, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428,www.astm.org.

C-18.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The PlainEnglish Guide To The Clean Air Act. EPA Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards. www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/peg_caa/pegcaa11.html.

C-19.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. Healthand Environmental Effects Profile for Formaldehyde.EPA/600/x-85/362. Environmental Criteria andAssessment Office, Office of Health and Environ-mental Assessment, Office of Research and Devel-opment, Cincinnati, OH.

C-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Formaldehyde;Hazard Summary. Technology Transfer Network,Air Toxics Web site, Office of Air Quality Planningand Standards. www.epa.gov/ttnatw01//hlthef/form-alde.html.

C-21 Hodgson, A.T. 1995. A review and a limited comparisonof methods for measuring total volatile organic com-pounds in indoor air. In Indoor Air, Vol. 5, No. 4.

C-22. Brown, S., M.R. Sim, M.J. Abramson, and C.N. Gray.1994. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds inindoor air—A review, p. 123–34. In Indoor Air, Vol. 4.

C-23.Daisey, J.M., A.T. Hodgson, W.J. Fisk, M.J. Mendell,and J. Ten Brinks. 1994. Volatile organic compoundsin twelve california office buildings: Classes, con-centrations, and sources, p. 3557–62. In AtmosphericEnvironment, Vol. 28, No. 22.

C-24.Nielsen et al. 1998. In H. Levin (Ed.), Indoor AirGuideline Values for Organic Acids, Phenols, and



Glycol Ethers. Indoor Air Supplement 5/1998.Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

C-25.Anonymous. 1999. Jane’s Chem-Bio Handbook. Jane’sInformation Group. Alexandria, Virginia.

C-26.Anderson, K., J.V. Bakke, O Bjørseth, C.-G. Bornehag,G. Clausen, J.K. Hongslo, M. Kjellman, S. Kjær-gaard, F. Levy, L. Mølhave, S. Skerfving and J. Sun-dell. 1997. TVOC and Health in Non-IndustrialIndoor Environments. Report from a Nordic Scien-tific Consensus Meeting at Långholmen in Stock-holm, 1996. In Indoor Air, Vol 7:78–91.

C-27.European Collaborative Action. Total Volatile OrganicCompounds (TVOC) in Indoor Air Quality Investiga-tions, Report No. 19 (EUR 17675 EN). JointResearch Centre, Environment Institute, EuropeanCommission. Ispra, Italy.

C-28.Wolkoff, P., P.A. Clausen, B. Jensen, G.D. Nielsen andC.K. Wilkins. 1997. Are we measuring the relevantindoor pollutants?, pp. 92–106. In Indoor Air, Vol. 7.

C-29.Gunnarsen, L. and P.O. Fanger. 1992. Adaptation toindoor air pollution, pp. 43–54. In EnvironmentInternational, Vol. 18.

C-30.National Institutes of Safety and Health (NIOSH).1991. Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Work-place.

C-31.California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA).1997. Health Effects of Exposure to EnvironmentalTobacco Smoke, Sept. Available at: www.oehha.ca.gov/air/environmental_tobacco/fina-lets.html.

C-32.ACGIH. 1999. Bioareosols: Assessment and Control.American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists. Cincinnati.

C-33.Roach, S.A and S.M. Rappoport. 1990. But they are notthresholds: A critical analysis, the documentation ofthreshold limit values, pp. 727–53. In AmericanJournal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 17.

C-34.Castleman, B.I and G.E. Ziem. 1988. Corporate influ-ence on threshold limit values, pp. 531–59. In Am. J.Ind. Med. Vol. 13.

C-35.Bluyssen et al. 1996. European indoor air quality auditproject in 56 office buildings. In Indoor Air. Vol. 6.

C-36.California Environmental Protection Agency, Office ofEnvironmental Health Hazard Assessment. Decem-ber 18, 2008. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program RiskAssessment Guidelines. Technical Support Docu-ment for the Derivation of Noncancer ReferenceExposure Levels. OEHHA, Sacramento, CA. Avail-able at http://www.oehha.org/air/allrels.html.

C-37.Womble S.E., E.L. Ronca, J.R. Girman, and H.S.Brightman. 1996. Developing baseline informationon buildings and indoor air quality (BASE ‘95), pp.109–17. In Proceedings of IAQ 96/Paths to BetterBuilding Environments/Health Symptoms in Build-ing Occupants, Atlanta, Georgia.

C-38.Hadwen, G.E., J.F. McCarthy, S.E. Womble, JR Gir-man, and H.S. Brightman, 1997. Volatile organiccompound concentrations in 41 office buildings in

the continental United States, pp. 465–70. In J.E.Woods, D.T. Grimsrud, and N. Boschi, (Eds.), Pro-ceedings: Healthy Buildings/IAQ'97. Washington,DC: Vol. 2.

C-39.Apte, M.G. and J.M. Daisey. 1999. VOCs and “sickbuilding syndrome”: Application of a new statisticalapproach for SBS research to US EPA BASE studydata, pp. 117–22. In Proceedings of Indoor Air 99:The 8th International Conference on Indoor AirQuality and Climate, Edinburgh, Scotland, 8–13August. Vol. 1.

C-40.International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).2004. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcino-genic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyeth-anol and 1-tert-Butoxy-2-propanol 88:2–9 (June).www.cie. iarc.fr/htdocs/announcements/vol88.html.

C-41.California Air Resources Board. 2005. CaliforniaAmbient Air Quality Standards. Sacramento, CA.http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/aaqs/caaqs/caaqs.htm.

C-42.Hodgson, A.T., and H. Levin. 2003. Volatile OrganicCompounds in Indoor Air: A Review of Concentra-tions Measured in North America Since 1990. LBLReport 51715, April 2003. http://eetd.lbl.gov/ied/pdf/LBNL-51715.pdf.

C-43.Hodgson, A.T., and H. Levin. 2003. Classification ofMeasured Indoor Volatile Organic CompoundsBased on Noncancer Health and Comfort Consider-ations. LBL Report 53308. Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory, September 2003. http://eetd.lbl.gov/ied/pdf/LBNL-53308.pdf.

C-44.European Commission. 2004. Critical Appraisal of theSetting and Implementation of Indoor Exposure Lim-its in the EU (THE INDEX Project): Summary ofRecommendations and Management Options.December 2004. Joint Research Centre, Institute forHealth and Consumer Protection, Physical andChemical Exposure Unit, Ispra, Italy. Available athttp://ec.europa.eu/health/index_en.htm.

C-45.Levin, H. and A. T. Hodgson. 2006. VOC Concentra-tions of Interest in North American Offices andHomes. Proceedings Healthy Buildings 2006, Lis-bon, Portugal, 4-8 June, 2006, Vol. I, pp. 233-238.

C-46.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agencyfor Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR),Jan. 14, 2009. Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs). Accessi-ble at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/

C-47.California Air Resources Board. 2008; Airborne ToxicControl Measure to Reduce Formaldehyde Emis-sions from Composite Wood Products. CaliforniaCode of Regulations, Title 17, Sections 93120-93120.12.Also available at http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/compwood/compwood.htm.

C-48.FEMA Procurement Specification, Release NumberHQ-08-056, April 11, 2008. Available at: http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=43180.



Guide for Using TABLE C-1

The substances listed in Table C-1 are common air contaminants in industrial and nonindustrial environments. The values sum-marized in this table are from various sources with diverse procedures and criteria for establishing the values. Some are forindustrial environments (OSHA, MAK, NIOSH, ACGIH), some are for outdoor environments (NAAQS), and others are gen-eral (WHO) or indoor residential environment-related (Canadian) values. The following explanations are intended to assist thereader by providing a brief description of the criteria each agency used in adopting its guideline values.

• NAAQS: Outdoor air standards developed by the U.S. EPA under the Clean Air Act. By law, the values listed in these reg-ulations must be reviewed every five years. These concentrations are selected to protect not only the general populationbut also the most sensitive individuals.

• OSHA: Enforceable maximum exposures for industrial environments developed by OSHA (U.S. Department of Labor)through a formal rule-making process. Once an exposure limit has been set, levels can be changed only through reopeningthe rule-making process. These permissible exposure limits (PELs) are not selected to protect the most sensitive individu-als.

• MAK: Recommended maximum exposures for industrial environments developed by the Deutsche Forschungs Gemein-schaft, a German institution similar to the U.S. National Institutes of Health and NIOSH. Levels are set on a regular basis,with annual reviews and periodic republication of criteria levels. These levels are enforceable in Germany and are notselected to protect the most sensitive individuals.

• Canadian: Recommended maximum exposures for residences developed in 1987 and reaffirmed in 1995 by a committeeof provincial members convened by the federal government to establish consensus guideline-type levels. A revised versionis being considered. These are not intended to be enforced.

• WHO/Europe: Environmental (nonindustrial) guidelines developed in 1987 and updated in 1999 by the WHO Office forEurope (Denmark). Intended for application both to indoor and outdoor exposure.

• NIOSH: Recommended maximum exposure guidelines for industrial environments are developed by NIOSH (Centers forDisease Control) and published in a series of criteria documents. NIOSH criteria documents contain both a review of theliterature and a recommended exposure limit (REL) guideline. These are not enforceable, are not reviewed regularly, andare not selected to protect the most sensitive individuals. In some cases, they are set at levels above those deemed protec-tive of health because commonly available industrial hygiene practice does not reliably detect the substances at lower lev-els. (Note that methods used in nonindustrial settings are often more sensitive than NIOSH methods for industrial hygienemeasurements.)

• ACGIH: Recommended maximum exposures for industrial environments developed by ACGIH’s Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) Committee. The committee reviews the scientific literature and recommends exposure guidelines. The assump-tions are for usual industrial working conditions, 40-hour weeks, and single exposures. Surveillance practices for bothexposures and biological responses are often in place in the work environments where these levels are used. These levelsare not selected to protect the most sensitive individuals. About half of the TLVs are intended to protect against irritation.Published studies have shown that many of the TLVs intended to protect against irritation actually represent levels wheresome or all of the study subjects did report irritation C-33, C-34.

The table is not inclusive of all contaminants in indoor air, and achieving the listed indoor concentrations for all of thelisted substances does not ensure odor acceptability, avoidance of sensory irritation, or all adverse health effects for all occu-pants. In addition to indoor contaminant levels, the acceptability of indoor air also involves thermal conditions, indoor moisturelevels as they impact microbial growth, and other indoor environmental factors. ASHRAE is not selecting or recommendingdefault concentrations.

Users of this table should recognize that unlisted noxious contaminants can also cause unacceptable IAQ with regard tocomfort (sensory irritation), odors, and health. When such contaminants are known or might reasonably be expected to be pres-ent, selection of an acceptable concentration and exposure may require reference to other guidelines or a review and evaluationof relevant toxicological and epidemiological literature.


© ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,

TA

BL

EC

-1C

om

par

iso

no

fR

egu

lati

on

san

dG

uid

elin

esP

erti

nen

tto

Ind

oo

rE

nvi

ron

men

ts a

(The

user

ofan

yva

lue

inth

ista

ble

shou

ldta

kein

toac

coun

tthe

purp

ose

for

whi

chit

was

adop

ted

and

the

mea

nsby

whi

chit

was

deve

lope

d.)

Enf

orce

able

and

/or

Reg

ulat

ory

Lev

els

Non

enfo

rced

Gui

delin

es a

nd R

efer

ence

Lev

els

NA

AQ

S/E

PA (R

ef. C

-4)

OSH

A (R

ef. C

-5)

MA

K (R

ef. C

-2)

Can

adia

n (R

ef. C

-8)

WH

O/E

urop

e (R

ef. C

-11)

NIO

SH (R

ef. C

-13)

AC

GIH

(Ref

. C-1

)

Car

bon

diox

ide

5000

ppm

5000

ppm

10,0

00 p

pm [1

h]

3500

ppm

[L]

5000

ppm

30,0

00 p

pm [1

5 m

in]

5000

ppm

30,0

00 p

pm [1

5 m

in]

Car

bon

mon

oxid

e c9

ppm

g35

ppm

[1 h

] g50

ppm

30 p

pm60

ppm

[30

min

]11

ppm

[8 h

]25

ppm

[1 h

]90

ppm

[15

min

]50

ppm

[30

min

]25

ppm

[1 h

]10

ppm

[8 h

]

35 p

pm20

0 pp

m [C

]25

ppm

Form

alde

hyde

h0.

75 p

pm2

ppm

[15

min

]0.

3 pp

m1

ppm

i0.

1 pp

m [L

]0.

05 p

pm [L

] b0.

1 m

g/m

3 (0.0

81 p

pm)

[30

min

] p0.

016

ppm

0.1

ppm

[15

min

]0.

3 pp

m [C

]

Lead

1.5 μg

/m3 [3

mon

ths]

0.05

mg/

m3

0.1

mg/

m3

1 m

g/m

3 [30

min

]M

inim

ize

expo

sure

0.5 μg

/m3 [1

yr]

0.05

0 m

g/m

30.

05 m

g/m

3

Nitr

ogen

dio

xide

0.05

ppm

[1 y

r]5

ppm

[C]

5 pp

m10

ppm

[5 m

in]

0.05

ppm

0.25

ppm

[1 h

]0.

1 pp

m[1

h]

0.02

ppm

[1 y

r]1

ppm

[15

min

]3

ppm

5 pp

m [1

5 m

in]

Ozo

ne0.

12 p

pm [1

h] g

0.08

ppm

0.1

ppm

j0.

12 p

pm [1

h]

0.06

4 pp

m(1

20 μ

g/m

3 ) [8

h]0.

1 pp

m [C

]0.

05 p

pmk

0.08

ppm

l

0.1

ppm

m0.

2 pp

m n

Parti

cles

e <2

.5 μ

m M

MA

D d

15 μ

g/m

3 [1

yr] o

35 μ

g/m

3 [24

h] o

5 m

g/m

31.

5 m

g/m

3 for <

4 μm

0.1

mg/

m3 [

1 h]

0.04

0 m

g/m

3 [L]

3 m

g/m

3 [C

]

Parti

cles

e<1

0 μm

MM

AD

d15

0 μg

/m3 [2

4 h]

o4

mg/

m3

10 m

g/m

3 [C

]

Rad

on80

0 B

q/m

3 [1 y

r]

Sulfu

r dio

xide

0.03

ppm

[1 y

r]

0.14

ppm

[24

h] g

5 pp

m

0.5

ppm

1 pp

m i

0.38

ppm

[5 m

in]

0.01

9 pp

m0.

048

ppm

[24

h]0.

012

ppm

[1 y

r]2

ppm

5 pp

m [1

5 m

in]

2 pp

m5

ppm

[15

min

]

Tota

l par

ticle

s e15

mg/

m3

a.N

umbe

rs in

bra

cket

s [ ]

refe

r to

eith

er a

cei

ling

or to

ave

ragi

ng ti

mes

of l

ess t

han

or g

reat

er th

an e

ight

hou

rs (m

in =

min

utes

; h =

hou

rs; y

= y

ear;

C =

cei

ling,

L =

long

-term

). W

here

no

time

is sp

ecifi

ed, t

he a

vera

ging

tim

e is

eig

ht h

ours

.b.

Targ

et le

vel i

s 0.0

5 pp

m b

ecau

se o

f its

pot

entia

l car

cino

geni

c eff

ects

. Tot

al al

dehy

des l

imite

d to

1 p

pm. A

lthou

gh th

e epi

dem

iolo

gica

l stu

dies

cond

ucte

d to

dat

e pro

vide

littl

e con

vinc

ing

evid

ence

that

form

alde

hyde

is ca

rcin

ogen

ic in

hum

an p

opul

atio

ns,

beca

use

of th

is p

oten

tial,

indo

or le

vels

shou

ld b

e re

duce

d as

muc

h as

pos

sibl

e.c.

As o

ne ex

ampl

e reg

ardi

ng th

e use

of v

alue

s in

this

tabl

e, re

ader

s sho

uld

cons

ider

the a

pplic

abili

ty o

f car

bon

mon

oxid

e con

cent

ratio

ns. T

he co

ncen

tratio

ns co

nsid

ered

acce

ptab

le fo

r non

indu

stria

l, as

opp

osed

to in

dust

rial,

expo

sure

are s

ubst

antia

lly lo

wer

.Th

ese

low

er c

once

ntra

tions

(in

othe

r wor

ds, t

he a

mbi

ent a

ir qu

ality

stan

dard

s, w

hich

are

requ

ired

to c

onsi

der p

opul

atio

ns a

t hig

hest

risk

) are

set t

o pr

otec

t the

mos

t sen

sitiv

e su

bpop

ulat

ion,

indi

vidu

als w

ith p

re-e

xist

ing

hear

t con

ditio

ns.

d.M

MA

D =

mas

s med

ian

aero

dyna

mic

dia

met

er in

mic

rons

(mic

rom

eter

s). L

ess t

han

3.0 m

is c

onsi

dere

d re

spira

ble;

less

than

10 m

is c

onsi

dere

d in

hala

ble.

e.N

uisa

nce

parti

cles

not

oth

erw

ise

clas

sifie

d (P

NO

C),

not k

now

n to

con

tain

sign

ifica

nt a

mou

nts o

f asb

esto

s, le

ad, c

ryst

allin

e si

lica,

kno

wn

carc

inog

ens,

or o

ther

par

ticle

s kno

wn

to c

ause

sign

ifica

nt a

dver

se h

ealth

eff

ects

.f.

See

Tabl

e C

-2 fo

r the

U.S

. EPA

gui

delin

e.g.

Not

to b

e ex

ceed

ed m

ore

than

onc

e pe

r yea

rh.

The

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Hou

sing

and

Urb

an D

evel

opm

ent a

dopt

ed re

gula

tions

con

cern

ing

form

alde

hyde

em

issi

ons f

rom

ply

woo

d an

d pa

rticl

eboa

rd in

tend

ed to

lim

it th

e ai

rbor

ne c

once

ntra

tion

of fo

rmal

dehy

de in

man

ufac

ture

d ho

mes

to 0

.4 p

pm. (

24C

FR P

art 3

280,

HU

D M

anuf

actu

red

Hom

e Con

stru

ctio

n an

d Sa

fety

Sta

ndar

ds).

In ad

ditio

n, C

alifo

rnia

Air

Res

ourc

es B

oard

Reg

ulat

ion

§931

20, e

ntitl

ed “A

irbor

ne T

oxic

Con

trol M

easu

re to

Red

uce F

orm

alde

hyde

Em

issi

ons f

rom

Com

posi

te W

ood

Prod

-uc

ts”

has s

peci

fic c

ham

ber-

base

d re

quire

men

ts fo

r com

posi

te w

ood

prod

ucts

sold

in C

alifo

rnia

C-4

7 . i.

Nev

er to

be

exce

eded

j.C

arci

noge

n, n

o m

axim

um v

alue

s est

ablis

hed

k.TL

V fo

r hea

vy w

ork

l.TL

V fo

r mod

erat

e w

ork

m.T

LV fo

r lig

ht w

ork

n.TL

V fo

r hea

vy, m

oder

ate,

or l

ight

wor

kloa

ds (l

ess t

han

or e

qual

to tw

o ho

urs)

o.62

FR38

652

- 387

60, J

uly

16, 1

997

p.Ep

idem

iolo

gica

l stu

dies

sugg

est a

caus

al re

latio

nshi

p be

twee

n ex

posu

re to

form

alde

hyde

and

naso

phar

ynge

al ca

ncer

, alth

ough

the c

oncl

usio

n is

tem

pere

d by

the s

mal

l num

bers

of o

bser

ved

and

expe

cted

case

s. Th

ere a

re al

so ep

idem

iolo

gica

l obs

erva

tions

of a

n as

soci

atio

n be

twee

n re

lativ

ely

high

occ

upat

iona

l exp

osur

es to

form

alde

hyde

and

sino

nasa

l can

cer.

or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.



Gu

ide

for

Usi

ng

TA

BL

EC

-2

The

subs

tanc

es li

sted

in T

able

C-2

are

com

mon

air

cont

amin

ants

of c

once

rn in

non

indu

stria

l env

ironm

ents

. The

targ

et c

once

ntra

tions

that

hav

e be

en se

t or p

ropo

sed

by v

ario

us n

atio

nal o

r int

erna

-tio

nal o

rgan

izat

ions

con

cern

ed w

ith h

ealth

and

com

fort

effe

cts o

f out

door

and

indo

or a

ir ar

e lis

ted

for r

efer

ence

onl

y. T

he ta

ble

is n

ot in

clus

ive

of a

ll co

ntam

inan

ts in

indo

or a

ir, a

nd a

chie

ving

the

tar-

get i

ndoo

r con

cent

ratio

ns fo

r all

of th

e lis

ted

subs

tanc

es d

oes n

ot e

nsur

e fr

eedo

m fr

om se

nsor

y irr

itatio

n or

from

all

adve

rse

heal

th e

ffec

ts fo

r all

occu

pant

s. In

add

ition

to in

door

con

tam

inan

t lev

els,

the

acce

ptab

ility

of i

ndoo

r air

also

invo

lves

ther

mal

con

ditio

ns, i

ndoo

r moi

stur

e le

vels

as t

hey

impa

ct m

icro

bial

gro

wth

, and

oth

er in

door

env

ironm

enta

l fac

tors

. ASH

RA

E is

not

sele

ctin

g or

reco

m-

men

ding

def

ault

conc

entra

tions

. H

ealth

or c

omfo

rt ef

fect

s and

exp

osur

e pe

riods

that

are

the

basi

s for

the

guid

elin

e le

vels

are

list

ed in

the

“com

men

ts”

colu

mn.

For

des

ign,

the

goal

shou

ld b

e to

mee

t the

gui

delin

e le

vels

con

tin-

uous

ly d

urin

g oc

cupa

ncy

beca

use

peop

le sp

end

the

grea

t maj

ority

of t

heir

time

indo

ors.

Use

rs o

f thi

s tab

le sh

ould

reco

gniz

e th

at u

nlis

ted

noxi

ous c

onta

min

ants

can

als

o ca

use

unac

cept

able

IAQ

with

rega

rd to

com

fort

(sen

sory

irrit

atio

n), o

dors

, and

hea

lth. W

hen

such

con

tam

inan

tsar

e kn

own

or m

ight

reas

onab

ly b

e ex

pect

ed to

be

pres

ent,

sele

ctio

n of

an

acce

ptab

le c

once

ntra

tion

and

expo

sure

may

requ

ire re

fere

nce

to o

ther

gui

delin

es o

r a re

view

and

eva

luat

ion

of re

leva

nt to

xi-

colo

gica

l and

epi

dem

iolo

gica

l lite

ratu

re. (

Tabl

e C

-2 su

mm

ariz

es so

me

of th

is li

tera

ture

.)

TA

BL

EC

-2C

on

cen

trat

ion

of

Inte

rest

for

Sel

ecte

dC

on

tam

inan

ts(N

ote:

Ref

eren

ces

num

bers

that

are

follo

wed

by[c

]and

[m]l

istt

heco

ncen

trat

ions

ofin

tere

st[c

]and

mea

sure

men

tmet

hods

[m].

The

user

ofan

yva

lue

inth

ista

ble

shou

ldta

kein

toac

coun

tthe

purp

ose

for

whi

chit

was

adop

ted

and

the

mea

nsby

whi

chit

was

deve

lope

d.)

Con

tam

inan

tSo

urce

sC

once

ntra

tions

of In

tere

stC

omm

ents

Ref

eren

ces

Car

bon

Mon

oxid

e (C

O)

Leak

ing

vent

ed c

ombu

stio

n ap

plia

nces

Unv

ente

d co

mbu

stio

n ap

plia

nces

Park

ing

gara

ges

Out

door

air

9 pp

m (8

h)

Bas

ed o

n ef

fect

s on

pers

ons w

ith c

oron

ary

arte

ry d

isea

se, a

vera

ge e

xpos

ure

for e

ight

hou

rs.

Sust

aine

d in

door

con

cent

ratio

ns e

xcee

ding

out

door

con

cent

ratio

ns m

ay m

erit

furth

er in

vest

igat

ion.

Man

y ca

rbon

m

onox

ide

mea

surin

g in

stru

men

ts h

ave

limite

d ac

cura

cy a

t low

leve

ls.

Sour

ces—

burn

ing

of g

asol

ine,

nat

ural

gas

, coa

l, oi

l, et

c. (N

ote:

CO

is u

nlik

ely

to b

e th

e on

lyco

ntam

inan

t of c

once

rn in

par

king

gar

ages

or o

ther

spac

es w

here

veh

icle

s ope

rate

.)H

ealth

eff

ects

—re

duce

s abi

lity

of b

lood

to b

ring

oxyg

en to

bod

y ce

lls a

nd ti

ssue

s; c

ells

and

tiss

ues n

eed

oxyg

en to

w

ork.

Car

bon

mon

oxid

e m

ay b

e pa

rticu

larly

haz

ardo

us to

peo

ple

who

hav

e he

art o

r circ

ulat

ory

prob

lem

s and

peo

ple

who

hav

e da

mag

ed lu

ngs o

r bre

athi

ng p

assa

ges.

C-4

[c]

C-9

[m]

Form

alde

hyde

(H

CH

O)

Pres

sed-

woo

d pr

oduc

tsFu

rnitu

re a

nd fu

rnis

hing

s0.

1 m

g/m

3(0

.081

ppm

)(3

0 m

in)

Bas

ed o

n irr

itatio

n of

sens

itive

peo

ple,

30-

min

ute

expo

sure

(WH

O)

C-1

1 [c

]C

-9, 2

6 [m

]

27 p

pb (8

h)

Esta

blis

hed

as a

nev

er-to

-exc

eed

guid

elin

e to

avo

id ir

ritan

t eff

ects

in se

nsiti

ve in

divi

dual

s. D

oes n

ot p

rote

ct a

gain

st

form

alde

hyde

’s p

oten

tial c

arci

noge

nici

ty (C

alifo

rnia

Air

Res

ourc

es B

oard

). C

-16

45 p

pb (5

5 μg

/m3 ) (1

h)

7.3

ppb

(9 μ

g/m

3 ) (8

h)A

cute

and

8-h

our n

onca

ncer

Ref

eren

ce E

xpos

ure

Leve

ls (R

ELs)

dev

elop

ed b

ased

on

curr

ent

scie

ntifi

c da

taba

se (C

al-E

PA, O

EHH

A).

C-3

6

Hea

lth e

ffec

ts—

Acu

te a

nd c

hron

ic in

hala

tion

expo

sure

to fo

rmal

dehy

de in

hum

ans c

an re

sult

in e

ye, n

ose,

and

thro

at

irrita

tion,

resp

irato

ry sy

mpt

oms,

exac

erba

tion

of a

sthm

a, a

nd se

nsiti

zatio

n. H

uman

stud

ies h

ave

repo

rted

an

asso

ciat

ion

betw

een

form

alde

hyde

exp

osur

e an

d lu

ng a

nd n

asop

hary

ngea

l can

cer.

In 2

004,

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Age

ncy

for R

esea

rch

on C

ance

r (IA

RC

) con

clud

ed th

at “

form

alde

hyde

is c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s (G

roup

1),

on th

e ba

sis o

f su

ffici

ent e

vide

nce

in h

uman

s and

suffi

cien

t evi

denc

e in

exp

erim

enta

l ani

mal

s.”

C-1

9, 2

0,

36, 4

0

16 p

pb

FEM

A P

rocu

rem

ent S

peci

ficat

ion

for M

obile

Hom

esC

-48

a.U

SEPA

has

pro

mul

gate

d a

guid

elin

e va

lue

of 4

pC

i/L in

door

con

cent

ratio

n. T

his i

s not

a re

gula

tory

val

ue b

ut a

n ac

tion

leve

l whe

re m

itiga

tion

is re

com

men

ded

if th

e va

lue

is e

xcee

ded

in lo

ng-te

rm te

sts.

Con

vers

ion

Fact

ors C

-17

Parts

per

mill

ion

and

mas

s per

uni

t vol

ume:

Mea

sure

men

ts o

f ind

oor a

irbor

ne c

once

ntra

tions

of s

ubst

ance

s are

gen

eral

ly c

onve

rted

to st

anda

rd c

ondi

tions

of 7

7°F

(25°

C) a

nd 2

9.92

in. H

g (1

01.3

25 k

Pa) p

ress

ure.

Vap

ors o

r gas

es a

re o

ften

expr

esse

d in

par

ts p

er m

illio

n (p

pm) b

y vo

lum

e or

in

mas

s per

uni

t vol

ume.

Con

cent

ratio

ns in

ppm

by

volu

me

can

be c

onve

rted

to m

ass p

er u

nit v

olum

e va

lues

as f

ollo

ws:

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght/2

4,45

0 =

mg/

Lpp

m ×

mol

ecul

ar w

eigh

t/0.0

2445

= μ

g/m

3

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght/2

4.45

= m

g/m

3

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght ×

28.

3/24

,450

= m

g/ft3




Lead

(Pb)

Pain

t dus

tO

utdo

or a

ir 1.

5 μg

/m3

Bas

ed o

n ad

vers

e ef

fect

s on

neur

opsy

chol

ogic

al fu

nctio

ning

of c

hild

ren,

ave

rage

exp

osur

e fo

r thr

ee m

onth

s (W

HO

: 0.

5–1 μg

/m3 fo

r 1 y

ear)

.So

urce

s—le

aded

gas

olin

e (b

eing

pha

sed

out),

pai

nt (h

ouse

s, ca

rs),

smel

ters

(met

al re

finer

ies)

, man

ufac

ture

of l

ead

stor

age

batte

ries.

Hea

lth e

ffec

ts—

brai

n an

d ot

her n

ervo

us sy

stem

dam

age;

chi

ldre

n ar

e at

spec

ial r

isk.

Som

e le

ad-c

onta

inin

g ch

emic

als

caus

e ca

ncer

in a

nim

als.

Lead

cau

ses d

iges

tive

and

othe

r hea

lth p

robl

ems.

Envi

ronm

enta

l eff

ects

—Le

ad c

an h

arm

wild

life.

C-4

[c]

C-4

[m]

C-1

8

Nitr

ogen

Dio

xide

(NO

2)Le

akin

g ve

nted

com

bust

ion

appl

ianc

esU

nven

ted

com

bust

ion

appl

ianc

esO

utdo

or a

ir Pa

rkin

g ga

rage

s

100 μg

/m3

Bas

ed o

n pr

ovid

ing

prot

ectio

n ag

ains

t adv

erse

resp

irato

ry e

ffec

ts, a

vera

ge e

xpos

ure

for o

ne y

ear.

C-4

[c]

C-9

[m]

C-1

8So

urce

s—bu

rnin

g of

gas

olin

e, n

atur

al g

as, c

oal,

oil,

etc.

Car

s are

an

impo

rtant

sour

ce o

f NO

2 out

door

s and

coo

king

an

d w

ater

- and

spac

e-he

atin

g de

vice

s are

impo

rtant

sour

ces i

ndoo

rs.

Hea

lth e

ffec

ts—

lung

dam

age,

illn

esse

s of b

reat

hing

pas

sage

s and

lung

s (re

spira

tory

syst

em).

Envi

ronm

enta

l eff

ects

—N

itrog

en d

ioxi

de is

a c

ompo

nent

of a

cid

rain

(aci

d ae

roso

ls),

whi

ch c

an d

amag

e tre

es a

nd

lake

s. A

cid

aero

sols

can

redu

ce v

isib

ility

. Pr

oper

ty d

amag

e—A

cid

aero

sols

can

eat

aw

ay st

one

used

on

build

ings

, sta

tues

, mon

umen

ts, e

tc.

470 μg

/m3

24-h

our a

vera

ge to

pre

vent

hig

h ex

posu

res d

urin

g us

e of

com

bust

ion

appl

ianc

es su

ch a

s spa

ce-h

eatin

g de

vice

s and

gas

st

oves

.C

-41

Odo

rsO

ccup

ants

VO

C so

urce

s (in

clud

ing

fung

al

sour

ces s

uch

as m

old)

Coo

king

, foo

d pr

oces

sing

,se

wag

e, b

iow

aste

faci

litie

s, et

c.

Pred

icte

d (o

r mea

sure

d) ac

cept

abili

ty

to 8

0% o

r mor

e of

occ

upan

ts

or v

isito

rs

CO

2 con

cent

ratio

n ca

n be

use

d as

a su

rrog

ate

for o

ccup

ant o

dors

(odo

rous

bio

efflu

ents

). Se

e In

form

ativ

e A

ppen

dix

D

for a

dis

cuss

ion

of in

door

CO

2 lev

els a

nd v

entil

atio

n ra

tes.

For s

ourc

es o

ther

than

peo

ple,

sour

ce c

ontro

l is

reco

mm

ende

d.

C-1

2, 2

4, 2

9,

30 [c

] C

-9 (C

O2)

, C

-15

(odo

r)

[m]

Ozo

ne (O

3)El

ectro

stat

ic a

pplia

nces

Off

ice

mac

hine

sO

zone

gen

erat

ors

Out

door

air

100 μg

/m3

(50

ppb)

Bas

ed o

n 25

% in

crea

se in

sym

ptom

exa

cerb

atio

ns a

mon

g ad

ults

or a

sthm

atic

s (no

rmal

act

ivity

), ei

ght-h

our e

xpos

ure

(WH

O);

cont

inuo

us e

xpos

ure

(FD

A).

Ozo

ne p

rese

nt a

t lev

els b

elow

the

conc

entra

tion

of in

tere

st m

ay c

ontri

bute

to th

e de

grad

atio

n of

indo

or a

ir qu

ality

di

rect

ly a

nd b

y re

actin

g w

ith o

ther

con

tam

inan

ts in

the

indo

or sp

ace.

Gro

und-

leve

l ozo

ne is

the

prin

cipa

l com

pone

nt o

f sm

og.

Sour

ces—

outd

oors

, fro

m c

hem

ical

reac

tion

of p

ollu

tant

s, V

OC

s, an

d N

Ox;

indo

ors,

from

pho

toco

pier

s, la

ser p

rinte

rs,

ozon

e ge

nera

tors

, ele

ctro

stat

ic p

reci

pita

tors

, and

som

e ot

her a

ir cl

eane

rs.

Hea

lth e

ffec

ts—

brea

thin

g pr

oble

ms,

redu

ced

lung

func

tion,

ast

hma,

irrit

ated

eye

s, st

uffy

nos

e, re

duce

d re

sist

ance

to

cold

s and

oth

er in

fect

ions

. May

spee

d up

agi

ng o

f lun

g tis

sue.

Envi

ronm

enta

l eff

ects

—O

utdo

ors,

ozon

e ca

n da

mag

e pl

ants

and

tree

s; sm

og c

an c

ause

redu

ced

visi

bilit

y.

Prop

erty

dam

age—

Indo

ors a

nd o

utdo

ors,

ozon

e da

mag

es n

atur

al a

nd sy

nthe

tic ru

bber

s, pl

astic

s, fa

bric

s, et

c.

C-6

, 11

[c]

C-6

[m]

C-1

8

Parti

cles

(PM

2.5)

Com

bust

ion

prod

ucts

, coo

king

,ca

ndle

s, in

cens

e, re

susp

ensi

on,

outd

oor a

ir, d

iese

l exh

aust

, and

pa

rkin

g ga

rage

s

15 μ

g/m

3C

-4

TA

BL

EC

-2C

on

cen

trat

ion

of

Inte

rest

for

Sel

ecte

dC

on

tam

inan

ts(C

on

tin

ued

)(N

ote:

Ref

eren

ces

num

bers

that

are

follo

wed

by[c

]and

[m]l

istt

heco

ncen

trat

ions

ofin

tere

st[c

]and

mea

sure

men

tmet

hods

[m].

The

user

ofan

yva

lue

inth

ista

ble

shou

ldta

kein

toac

coun

tthe

purp

ose

for

whi

chit

was

adop

ted

and

the

mea

nsby

whi

chit

was

deve

lope

d.)

Con

tam

inan

tSo

urce

sC

once

ntra

tions

of In

tere

stC

omm

ents

Ref

eren

ces

a.U

SEPA

has

pro

mul

gate

d a

guid

elin

e va

lue

of 4

pC

i/L in

door

con

cent

ratio

n. T

his i

s not

a re

gula

tory

val

ue b

ut a

n ac

tion

leve

l whe

re m

itiga

tion

is re

com

men

ded

if th

e va

lue

is e

xcee

ded

in lo

ng-te

rm te

sts.

Con

vers

ion

Fact

ors C

-17

Parts

per

mill

ion

and

mas

s per

uni

t vol

ume:

Mea

sure

men

ts o

f ind

oor a

irbor

ne c

once

ntra

tions

of s

ubst

ance

s are

gen

eral

ly c

onve

rted

to st

anda

rd c

ondi

tions

of 7

7°F

(25°

C) a

nd 2

9.92

in. H

g (1

01.3

25 k

Pa) p

ress

ure.

Vap

ors o

r gas

es a

re o

ften

expr

esse

d in

par

ts p

er m

illio

n (p

pm) b

y vo

lum

e or

in

mas

s per

uni

t vol

ume.

Con

cent

ratio

ns in

ppm

by

volu

me

can

be c

onve

rted

to m

ass p

er u

nit v

olum

e va

lues

as f

ollo

ws:

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght/2

4,45

0 =

mg/

Lpp

m ×

mol

ecul

ar w

eigh

t/0.0

2445

= μ

g/m

3

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght/2

4.45

= m

g/m

3

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght ×

28.

3/24

,450

= m

g/ft3




Parti

cles

(PM

10)

Dus

tSm

oke

Det

erio

ratin

g m

ater

ials

Out

door

air

50 μ

g/m

3B

ased

on

prot

ectin

g ag

ains

t res

pira

tory

mor

bidi

ty in

the

gene

ral p

opul

atio

n an

d av

oidi

ng e

xace

rbat

ion

of a

sthm

a,

aver

age

expo

sure

for o

ne y

ear,

no c

arci

noge

ns. I

ndoo

r con

cent

ratio

ns a

re n

orm

ally

low

er; g

uide

line

leve

l may

lead

to

unac

cept

able

dep

ositi

on o

f “du

st.”

C-4

[c]

C-4

[m]

Sour

ces—

burn

ing

of w

ood,

die

sel,

and

othe

r fue

ls; i

ndus

trial

pla

nts;

agric

ultu

re (p

low

ing,

bur

ning

off

fiel

ds);

unpa

ved

road

s. H

ealth

eff

ects

—no

se a

nd th

roat

irrit

atio

n, lu

ng d

amag

e, b

ronc

hitis

, ear

ly d

eath

. En

viro

nmen

tal e

ffec

ts—

Parti

cula

tes a

re th

e m

ain

sour

ce o

f haz

e th

at re

duce

s vis

ibili

ty.

Prop

erty

dam

age—

Ash

es, s

oot,

smok

e, a

nd d

ust c

an d

irty

and

disc

olor

stru

ctur

es a

nd o

ther

pro

perty

, inc

ludi

ng c

loth

es

and

furn

iture

.C

-18

Rad

on (R

n)So

il ga

s4

pCi/L

aB

ased

on

lung

can

cer,

aver

age

expo

sure

for o

ne y

ear.

C-7

[c,m

]C

-10

[m]

Sulfu

rD

ioxi

de(S

O2)

Unv

ente

d sp

ace

heat

ers (

kero

sene

)O

utdo

or a

ir 80

μg/

m3

Bas

ed o

n pr

otec

ting

agai

nst r

espi

rato

ry m

orbi

dity

in th

e ge

nera

l pop

ulat

ion

and

avoi

ding

exa

cerb

atio

n of

ast

hma,

av

erag

e ex

posu

re fo

r one

yea

r (W

HO

: 50 μg

/m3 if

with

PM

).So

urce

—bu

rnin

g of

coa

l and

oil,

esp

ecia

lly h

igh-

sulfu

r coa

l fro

m th

e ea

ster

n U

nite

d St

ates

; ind

ustri

al p

roce

sses

(p

aper

, met

als)

. H

ealth

eff

ects

—br

eath

ing

prob

lem

s; m

ay c

ause

per

man

ent d

amag

e to

lung

s. En

viro

nmen

tal e

ffec

ts—

SO2 i

s a c

ompo

nent

of a

cid

rain

(aci

d ae

roso

ls),

whi

ch c

an d

amag

e tre

es a

nd la

kes.

Aci

d ae

roso

ls c

an a

lso

redu

ce v

isib

ility

. Pr

oper

ty d

amag

e—A

cid

aero

sols

can

eat

aw

ay st

one

used

in b

uild

ings

, sta

tues

, mon

umen

ts, e

tc.

C-4

[c]

C-4

[m]

C-1

8

Tota

l Vol

atile

O

rgan

icC

ompo

unds

(TV

OC

s)

New

bui

ldin

g m

ater

ials

and

fu

rnis

hing

sC

onsu

mab

le p

rodu

cts

Mai

nten

ance

mat

eria

lsO

utdo

or a

ir

Prec

ise

guid

ance

on

TVO

C

conc

entra

tions

can

not

be g

iven

A v

arie

ty o

f def

initi

ons o

f TV

OC

hav

e be

en e

mpl

oyed

in th

e pa

st. R

efer

ence

C-2

7 co

ntai

ns a

spec

ific

defin

ition

that

re

flect

s rec

ent t

hink

ing

on th

e su

bjec

t.Th

ere

is in

suff

icie

nt e

vide

nce

that

TV

OC

mea

sure

men

ts c

an b

e us

ed to

pre

dict

hea

lth o

r com

fort

effe

cts.

In a

dditi

on,

odor

and

irrit

atio

n re

spon

ses t

o or

gani

c co

mpo

unds

are

hig

hly

varia

ble.

Fur

ther

mor

e, n

o si

ngle

met

hod

curr

ently

in

use

mea

sure

s all

orga

nic

com

poun

ds th

at m

ay b

e of

inte

rest

. The

refo

re, s

ome

inve

stig

ator

s hav

e re

porte

d th

e to

tal o

f al

l mea

sure

d V

OC

s as t

he S

umV

OC

in o

rder

to m

ake

expl

icit

that

the

repo

rted

valu

e do

es n

ot re

pres

ent t

he to

tal o

f all

VO

Cs p

rese

nt. S

ome

of th

e re

fere

nces

incl

uded

her

e us

e th

is m

etho

d fo

r pre

sent

ing

VO

C m

easu

rem

ent r

esul

ts.

Setti

ng ta

rget

con

cent

ratio

ns fo

r TV

OC

s is n

ot re

com

men

ded.

Set

ting

targ

et c

once

ntra

tions

for s

peci

fic V

OC

s of

conc

ern

is p

refe

rred

.

C-9

[m]

C-1

4, 2

6-28

, 35

, 37

Vol

atile

Org

anic

C

ompo

unds

(V

OC

s)(S

ee T

able

C-3

fo

r a li

st o

f se

lect

ed

com

poun

ds)

New

bui

ldin

g m

ater

ials

and

fu

rnis

hing

sC

onsu

mab

le p

rodu

cts

Mai

nten

ance

mat

eria

lsO

utdo

or a

ir Pa

rkin

g ga

rage

sR

efue

ling

stat

ions

Mus

t be

dete

rmin

ed fo

r ea

ch in

divi

dual

com

poun

d(S

ee T

able

C-3

for a

list

of

sele

cted

com

poun

ds)

Indi

vidu

al v

olat

ile o

rgan

ic c

ompo

unds

may

be

cont

amin

ants

of c

once

rn in

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

e IA

Q P

roce

dure

. C

once

ntra

tions

of c

once

rn ra

nge

from

less

than

1 p

art p

er b

illio

n (p

pb) f

or so

me

very

toxi

c co

mpo

unds

or f

or

com

poun

ds h

avin

g ve

ry lo

w o

dor t

hres

hold

s up

to c

once

ntra

tions

seve

ral o

rder

s of m

agni

tude

hig

her.

Not

all

com

poun

ds c

an b

e id

entif

ied,

and

toxi

colo

gica

l dat

a ar

e in

com

plet

e fo

r man

y co

mpo

unds

.

C-2

2–26

, 28,

42

, 43,

44

[c]

C-9

, 10,

21

[m]

C-1

1, 1

5, 3

6,

38, 3

9, 1

1

TA

BL

EC

-2C

on

cen

trat

ion

of

Inte

rest

for

Sel

ecte

dC

on

tam

inan

ts(C

on

tin

ued

)(N

ote:

Ref

eren

ces

num

bers

that

are

follo

wed

by[c

]and

[m]l

istt

heco

ncen

trat

ions

ofin

tere

st[c

]and

mea

sure

men

tmet

hods

[m].

The

user

ofan

yva

lue

inth

ista

ble

shou

ldta

kein

toac

coun

tthe

purp

ose

for

whi

chit

was

adop

ted

and

the

mea

nsby

whi

chit

was

deve

lope

d.)

Con

tam

inan

tSo

urce

sC

once

ntra

tions

of In

tere

stC

omm

ents

Ref

eren

ces

a.U

SEPA

has

pro

mul

gate

d a

guid

elin

e va

lue

of 4

pC

i/L in

door

con

cent

ratio

n. T

his i

s not

a re

gula

tory

val

ue b

ut a

n ac

tion

leve

l whe

re m

itiga

tion

is re

com

men

ded

if th

e va

lue

is e

xcee

ded

in lo

ng-te

rm te

sts.

Con

vers

ion

Fact

ors C

-17

Parts

per

mill

ion

and

mas

s per

uni

t vol

ume:

Mea

sure

men

ts o

f ind

oor a

irbor

ne c

once

ntra

tions

of s

ubst

ance

s are

gen

eral

ly c

onve

rted

to st

anda

rd c

ondi

tions

of 7

7°F

(25°

C) a

nd 2

9.92

in. H

g (1

01.3

25 k

Pa) p

ress

ure.

Vap

ors o

r gas

es a

re o

ften

expr

esse

d in

par

ts p

er m

illio

n (p

pm) b

y vo

lum

e or

in

mas

s per

uni

t vol

ume.

Con

cent

ratio

ns in

ppm

by

volu

me

can

be c

onve

rted

to m

ass p

er u

nit v

olum

e va

lues

as f

ollo

ws:

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght/2

4,45

0 =

mg/

Lpp

m ×

mol

ecul

ar w

eigh

t/0.0

2445

= μ

g/m

3

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght/2

4.45

= m

g/m

3

ppm

× m

olec

ular

wei

ght ×

28.

3/24

,450

= m

g/ft3




Gu

ide

for

Usi

ng

Tab

leC

-3

Tabl

e C

-3 p

rovi

des

info

rmat

ion

that

may

be

bene

ficia

l for

des

igne

rs w

ho c

hoos

e to

com

ply

with

the

Indo

or A

ir Q

ualit

y Pr

oced

ure

of th

is S

tand

ard.

The

VO

Cs

incl

uded

in th

eta

ble

wer

e re

porte

d in

pub

lishe

d, p

eer-

revi

ewed

surv

eys c

ondu

cted

in o

ffic

e bu

ildin

gs a

nd in

new

and

exi

stin

g re

side

nces

in N

orth

Am

eric

a du

ring

the

perio

d 19

90–2

000 C

-42,

C-

43,C

-45 . O

nly

thos

e V

OC

s for

whi

ch e

xpos

ure

guid

elin

es fo

r the

gen

eral

pop

ulat

ion

have

bee

n de

velo

ped

by c

ogni

zant

aut

horit

ies a

re li

sted

in T

able

C-3

.R

efer

ence

Exp

osur

e Le

vels

(R

ELs)

are

gui

delin

es f

or a

cute

, 8-

hour

and

chr

onic

inh

alat

ion

expo

sure

s de

velo

ped

by C

alifo

rnia

Off

ice

of H

ealth

Haz

ard

Ass

essm

ent

(OEH

HA

). M

inim

al R

isk

Leve

ls (M

RLs

) for

haz

ardo

us s

ubst

ance

s ar

e gu

idel

ines

for a

cute

, int

erm

edia

te a

nd c

hron

ic in

hala

tion

expo

sure

s de

velo

ped

by th

e A

genc

y fo

r Tox

icSu

bsta

nces

and

Dis

ease

Reg

istry

(ATS

DR

). Fa

ctor

s for

μg/

m3 to

ppb

con

cent

ratio

n co

nver

sion

s are

show

n.Th

e ta

ble

does

not

pur

port

to re

pres

ent (

a) a

ll po

ssib

le c

hem

ical

s fou

nd in

non

indu

stria

l ind

oor e

nviro

nmen

ts a

nd (b

) all

conc

entra

tion

guid

elin

es, s

tand

ards

, and

regu

lato

rylim

its. P

ublis

hed,

pee

r-re

view

ed su

rvey

s con

duct

ed in

off

ice

build

ings

and

in n

ew a

nd e

xist

ing

resi

denc

es in

Nor

th A

mer

ica

sinc

e 20

00 m

ay id

entif

y se

vera

l mor

e co

mpo

unds

, for

som

e of

whi

ch g

uide

lines

may

be

avai

labl

e fr

om th

e co

gniz

ant a

utho

ritie

s des

crib

ed a

bove

.

TA

BL

EC

-3C

on

cen

trat

ion

so

fIn

tere

stfo

rS

elec

ted

Vo

lati

leO

rgan

icC

om

po

un

ds

Com

poun

dC

AS

Num

ber

Che

mic

alC

lass

aC

onve

rsio

n Fa

ctor

:μg

/m3 to

ppb

b

CA

OE

HH

A R

EL C

-36

AT

SDR

MR

L C-4

6

Acu

te c

(μg/

m3 )

8-h d

(μg/

m3 )

Chr

onic

e

(μg/

m3 )

Acu

te f

(ppb

)In

term

edia

te g

(ppb

)C

hron

ic h

(ppb

)

Ace

tald

ehyd

e75

-07-

0A

ld0.

554

470

300

140

Acr

olei

n10

7-02

-8A

ld0.

436

2.5

0.7

0.35

30.

4

Acr

ylon

itrile

107-

13-1

Mis

c0.

460

510

0

Ben

zene

71-4

3-2

Aro

m0.

313

1300

609

63

Bro

mom

etha

ne(M

ethy

l bro

mid

e)74

-83-

9H

alo

0.25

850

505

1,3-

But

adie

ne10

6-99

-0A

lke

0.45

220

2-B

utan

one

78-9

3-3

Ket

0.33

913

,000

2-B

utox

yeth

anol

111-

76-2

Gly

0.20

760

0030

0020

0

t-But

yl m

ethy

l eth

er(M

ethy

l-t-b

utyl

eth

er)

1634

-04-

4Et

hr0.

277

8000

2000

700

700

Car

bon

disu

lfide

75-1

5-0

Mis

c0.

321

6200

800

300

Car

bon

tetra

chlo

ride

56-2

3-5

Hal

o0.

159

1900

4030

30

Chl

orob

enze

ne10

8-90

-7C

lAro

0.21

710

00

Chl

orof

orm

67-6

6-3

Hal

o0.

205

150

300

100

5020

1,4-

Dic

hlor

oben

zene

106-

46-7

ClA

ro0.

166

800

2000

200

10

a.A

lc =

alco

hol;

Ethr

= et

her;

Gly

= g

lyco

l eth

er; K

et =

ket

one;

Ald

= al

dehy

de; E

str =

acet

ates

and

othe

r est

ers;

Aci

d =

carb

oxyl

ic ac

id; A

lka =

alka

ne H

C; A

lke =

alke

ne H

C; C

ycl =

cycl

ic H

C; T

erp

= te

rpen

e HC

; Aro

m =

arom

atic

HC

; ClA

ro =

chlo

rinat

edar

omat

ic H

C; H

alo

= ha

loge

nate

d al

ipha

tic H

C; M

isc

= m

isce

llane

ous c

ateg

ory

b.C

onve

rsio

n fa

ctor

s fro

m μ

g/m

3 to p

pbc.

Expo

sure

ave

ragi

ng ti

me

is 1

hou

rd.

Expo

sure

ave

ragi

ng ti

me

is 8

hou

rs a

nd w

hich

may

be

repe

ated

e.D

esig

ned

to a

ddre

ss c

ontin

uous

exp

osur

es fo

r up

to a

life

time:

the

expo

sure

met

ric u

sed

is th

e an

nual

ave

rage

exp

osur

ef.

Expo

sure

to a

che

mic

al fo

r a d

urat

ion

of 1

4 da

ys o

r les

s, as

spec

ified

in th

e to

xico

logi

cal p

rofil

esg.

Expo

sure

to a

che

mic

al fo

r a d

urat

ion

of 1

5–36

4 da

ys, a

s spe

cifie

d in

the

toxi

colo

gica

l pro

files

h.Ex

posu

re to

a c

hem

ical

for 3

65 d

ays o

r mor

e, a

s spe

cifie

d in

the

toxi

colo

gica

l pro

files

i.Se

e al

so T

able

s C-1

and

C-2

for a

dditi

onal

gui

danc

e on

form

alde

hyde

.




1,2-

Dic

hlor

oeth

ane

(Eth

ylen

e di

chlo

ride)

107-

06-2

Hal

o0.

247

600

Dic

hlor

omet

hane

(Met

hyle

ne c

hlor

ide)

75-0

9-2

Hal

o0.

288

14,0

0040

060

030

030

0

1,4-

Dio

xane

123-

91-1

Ethr

0.27

830

0030

0020

0010

0010

00

Ethy

lben

zene

100-

41-4

Aro

m0.

230

2000

10,0

0070

030

0

Ethy

lene

gly

col

107-

21-1

Gly

0.39

440

078

8

Form

alde

hyde

i50

-00-

0A

ld0.

815

559

940

308

n-H

exan

e11

0-54

-3A

lka

0.28

470

0060

0

Nap

htha

lene

91-2

0-3

Aro

m0.

191

90.

7

Phen

ol10

8-95

-2A

lc0.

260

5800

200

2-Pr

opan

ol(I

sopr

opan

ol)

67-6

3-0

Alc

0.40

732

0070

00

2-Pr

opan

one

(Ace

tone

)67

-64-

1K

et0.

421

26,0

0013

,000

13,0

00

Styr

ene

100-

42-5

Aro

m0.

235

21,0

0090

020

0020

0

Tetra

chlo

roet

hene

(Tet

rach

loro

ethy

lene

,Pe

rchl

oroe

thyl

ene)

127-

18-4

Hal

o0.

147

20,0

0035

200

40

Tolu

ene

108-

88-3

Aro

m0.

265

37,0

0030

010

0080

1,1,

1-Tr

ichl

oroe

than

e(M

ethy

l chl

orof

orm

)71

-55-

6H

alo

0.18

368

,000

1000

2000

700

Tric

hlor

oeth

ene

(Tric

hlor

oeth

ylen

e)79

-01-

6H

alo

0.18

660

020

0010

0

Vin

yl c

hlor

ide

75-0

1-4

Hal

o0.

391

180,

000

500

30

Xyl

ene

isom

ers

1330

-20-

7A

rom

0.23

022

,000

700

2000

600

50

TA

BL

EC

-3C

on

cen

trat

ion

so

fIn

tere

stfo

rS

elec

ted

Vo

lati

leO

rgan

icC

om

po

un

ds

(Co

nti

nu

ed)

Com

poun

dC

AS

Num

ber

Che

mic

alC

lass

aC

onve

rsio

n Fa

ctor

:μg

/m3 to

ppb

b

CA

OE

HH

A R

EL C

-36

AT

SDR

MR

L C-4

6

Acu

te c

(μg/

m3 )

8-h d

(μg/

m3 )

Chr

onic

e

(μg/

m3 )

Acu

te f

(ppb

)In

term

edia

te g

(ppb

)C

hron

ic h

(ppb

)

a.A

lc =

alco

hol;

Ethr

= et

her;

Gly

= g

lyco

l eth

er; K

et =

ket

one;

Ald

= al

dehy

de; E

str =

acet

ates

and

othe

r est

ers;

Aci

d =

carb

oxyl

ic ac

id; A

lka =

alka

ne H

C; A

lke =

alke

ne H

C; C

ycl =

cycl

ic H

C; T

erp

= te

rpen

e HC

; Aro

m =

arom

atic

HC

; ClA

ro =

chlo

rinat

edar

omat

ic H

C; H

alo

= ha

loge

nate

d al

ipha

tic H

C; M

isc

= m

isce

llane

ous c

ateg

ory

b.C

onve

rsio

n fa

ctor

s fro

m μ

g/m

3 to p

pbc.

Expo

sure

ave

ragi

ng ti

me

is 1

hou

rd.

Expo

sure

ave

ragi

ng ti

me

is 8

hou

rs a

nd w

hich

may

be

repe

ated

e.D

esig

ned

to a

ddre

ss c

ontin

uous

exp

osur

es fo

r up

to a

life

time:

the

expo

sure

met

ric u

sed

is th

e an

nual

ave

rage

exp

osur

ef.

Expo

sure

to a

che

mic

al fo

r a d

urat

ion

of 1

4 da

ys o

r les

s, as

spec

ified

in th

e to

xico

logi

cal p

rofil

esg.

Expo

sure

to a

che

mic

al fo

r a d

urat

ion

of 1

5–36

4 da

ys, a

s spe

cifie

d in

the

toxi

colo

gica

l pro

files

h.Ex

posu

re to

a c

hem

ical

for 3

65 d

ays o

r mor

e, a

s spe

cifie

d in

the

toxi

colo

gica

l pro

files

i.Se

e al

so T

able

s C-1

and

C-2

for a

dditi

onal

gui

danc

e on

form

alde

hyde

.



POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAE’S CONCERNFOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES

ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members’ activities on both the indoor and outdoor environment.ASHRAE’s members will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment ofthe systems and components in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide,consistent with accepted Standards and the practical state of the art.

ASHRAE’s short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact theindoor and outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the Standards and Guidelines as established byitself and other responsible bodies.

As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive Technical Committee structure,continue to generate up-to-date Standards and Guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promotethose new and revised Standards developed by other responsible organizations.

Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date Standards and design considerations as thematerial is systematically revised.

ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest andwill seek out and disseminate information from other responsible organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updatingStandards and Guidelines.

The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of thesystem’s intended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered.

ASHRAE’s primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHRAE’s scopeoperates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source andenergy transportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selectionshould be made by its members.


ASHRAE · 1791 Tullie Circle NE · Atlanta, GA 30329 · www.ashrae.org

About ASHRAE

ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a global society advancing human well-being through sustainable technology for thebuilt environment. The Society and its members focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality,refrigeration, and sustainability. Through research, Standards writing, publishing, certification and continuingeducation, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow’s built environment today.

For more information or to become a member of ASHRAE, visit www.ashrae.org.

To stay current with this and other ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines, visit www.ashrae.org/standards.

Visit the ASHRAE Bookstore

ASHRAE offers its Standards and Guidelines in print, as immediately downloadable PDFs, on CD-ROM, and viaASHRAE Digital Collections, which provides online access with automatic updates as well as historical versions ofpublications. Selected Standards and Guidelines are also offered in redline versions that indicate the changes madebetween the active Standard or Guideline and its previous version. For more information, visit the Standards andGuidelines section of the ASHRAE Bookstore at www.ashrae.org/bookstore.

IMPORTANT NOTICES ABOUT THIS STANDARD

To ensure that you have all of the approved addenda, errata, and interpretations for thisStandard, visit www.ashrae.org/standards to download them free of charge.

Addenda, errata, and interpretations for ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are no longerdistributed with copies of the Standards and Guidelines. ASHRAE provides these addenda,errata, and interpretations only in electronic form to promote more sustainable use ofresources.

7/18

ansi/ashrae addendum c to ansi/ashrae standard 62 ... library/technical resources...2018/07/31 ·...

Documents