another look at psrs: intermediate structure starting x-bar theory
TRANSCRIPT
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Another look at PSRs:Intermediate Structure
Starting X-bar theory
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Flat Structure
NP(D) (AP+) N (PP+)
the blue cover
NP
D AP N PP PPthe book
A P NP P NPbig of with
Npoems
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Flat Structure I bought the big [book of poems] with the red cover not the
small [one] with the blue cover.
the blue cover
NP
D AP N PP PPthe book
A P NP P NPbig of with
Npoems
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Flat Structure I bought the big [book of poems with the blue cover] not
the small [one].
the blue cover
NP
D AP N PP PPthe book
A P NP P NPbig of with
Npoems
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Flat Structure I bought this [big book of poems with the red cover] not
that [one].
the blue cover
NP
D AP N PP PPthis book
A P NP P NPbig of with
Npoems
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N’ Structure
NP
Dthe
N’
N PPbook
of poems
with the blue cover
PP
N’AP
big
N’
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N’ rules
NP (D) N’ N’ (AP) N’ or N’ (PP) N’ N (PP)
An iterative (self-recursive) rule: can apply as many times as needed
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One-Replacement
Replace an N’ node with [one]
not N, not NP
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One replacement
NP
Dthat
N’
N PPbook
of poems
with the blue cover
PP
N’AP
big
N’
I want that big book of poems with the blue cover not ...
This [one]
The small [one]
the small [one] with the red cover
*[one].
*the small [one] of essays with the blue cover
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Flat Structure in VPs
VP (AP+) V (NP) (AP+) (PP+)
VP
AP V NP AP PPsings
A N A P NPoften opera loudly at
Nchurch
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John often sings opera loudly at church and Mary [does so too].
VP
AP V NP AP PPsings
A N A P NPoften opera loudly at
Nchurch
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John often sings opera loudly at church and Mary frequently [does so too].
A N A P NP
VP
AP V NP AP PPsings
often opera loudly at
Nchurch
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John often sings opera loudly at church but Mary rarely [does so] in the library.
VP
AP V NP AP PPsings
A N A P NPoften opera loudly at
Nchurch
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John often sings opera loudly at church but Mary rarely [does so] quietly in the library.
VP
AP V NP AP PPsings
A N A P NPoften opera loudly at
Nchurch
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V’ StructureVP
V’
AP V’
V’ PP
V’ AP
V NP
often
sings
opera
loudly
in church
this may seem mysterious, but I’ve done it for a reason -- we’ll see in
chapter 8
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V’ rules
VP V’ (a vacuous rule) V’ (AP) V’ or V’ ({AP/PP}) V’ V (NP)
An iterative (self-recursive) rule: can apply as many times as needed
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Do so replacement
replace a V’ node with [did so (too)]
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VP
V’
AP V’
V’ PP
V’ AP
V NP
often
sings
opera
loudly
in church
John often sings opera loudly in church and/but Mary ...
*seldom does so folksongs quietly in the library
seldom [does so] quietly in the library
seldom [does so] in the library
seldom [does so]
[does so too]
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Further Evidence for V’
VP
V’
V’ PP
V’ Conj V’ P NPand with
V NP V NPeats tosses
beans salads
a fork
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Flat Structure in APs
AP (AP) A– Tara is proud of Colleen– Susan is angry about the president’s politics
AP (AP) A (PP)
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Flat Structure in APs
AP (AP) A (PP)
AP
AP A PPangry
A P NPvery about
school violence
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Bob is very angry about school violence
but less [so] than he used to be.
AP
AP A PPangry
A P NPvery about
school violence
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Bob is very angry about school violence
but less [so] about gun control.
AP
AP A PPangry
A P NPvery about
school violence
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A’ rules
AP A’ (a vacuous rule) A’ (AP) A’ A’ A (PP)
An iterative (self-recursive) rule: can apply as many times as needed
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A’ StructureAP
A’
AP A’
A PP very afraid
of tiger
this may seem mysterious, but I’ve done it for a reason -- we’ll see in
chapter 8
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Flat Structure in PPs
P P (NP)– Tara is very in love with her boss
PP (AP) P (NP) (PP)
ok, this only shows up with the idiom “in love” and fixed expressions like it… So I’m giving you
a hokey story here.
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Flat Structure in PPs
PP (AP) P (NP) (PP)
PP
AP P NP PPin
A N P NPvery love with
her boss
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Mary was very in love with her boss, Susanna was less [so]
PP (AP) P (NP) (PP)
PP
AP P NP PPin
A N P NPvery love with
her boss
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Mary was very in love with her boss, Susanna was less [so] with her husband.
PP (AP) P (NP) (PP)
PP
AP P NP PPin
A N P NPvery love with
her boss
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P’ rules
PP P’ (a vacuous rule) P’ (AP) P’ or P’ (PP) P’ P (NP)
An iterative (self-recursive) rule: can apply as many times as needed
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P’ StructurePP
P’
AP V’
V’ PP
P NP
Very
love
with her boss
this may seem mysterious, but I’ve done it for a reason -- we’ll see in
chapter 8
in
Ok, I’ll admit it, there is less evidence for this one!!!
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The New Rules (don’t memorize these, we have a ways to go yet)
NP (D) N’ N’ (AP) N’ or N’ (PP) N’ N (PP) VP V’ V’ (AP) V’ or V’ ({AP/PP}) V’ V (NP) AP A’ A’ (AP) A’ A’ A (PP) PP P’ P’ (AP) P’ or P’ (PP) P’ P (NP)
YIKES! Is there a simpler way?
Are we missing any generalizations??
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Generalization 1: 3 types of rules
For each major category there are 3 types of rules:
• A rule that generates the phrase NP (D) N’
• A rule that iterates: N’ (AP) N’
• A rule that introduces the “head” N’ N (PP)
specifier rule adjunct rule complement rule
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Generalization 2: Headedness
In each rule the only item that is obligatory is the item that gives its category to the node that dominates it:
• NP (D) N’
• N’ (AP) N’
• N’ N (PP)
There are no rules of the form NP V AP. (this is called endocentricity)
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Generalization 3: Optionality
With the exception of determiners (more on that in chapter 6), all non-head material is both phrasal and optional
• NP (D) N’
• N’ (AP) N’
• N’ N (PP)
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Goals of X-bar theory
Simplify the system of rules Capture intermediate structure Capture the cross-categorial
generalizations. We will use VARIABLES to do this. A
variable is a category that can stand for any other category.
• X, Y, W, Z are variables that can stand for ANY of N,V,A,P
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The X-bar Rules
Specifier Rule: XP (YP) X’ Adjunct Rule: X’ (ZP) X’ or X’ X’
(ZP) Complement Rule: X’ X (WP)
where X can stand for any category (N,V,A,P). X must be consistent through the 3 rules.
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X-bar Structures
XP
X’
X’ ZP1
X’ ZP2
YP
X WP
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X-bar Structures
NP
N’
N’ ZP1
N’ ZP2
YP
N WP
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X-bar Structures
VP
V’
V’ ZP1
V’ ZP2
YP
V WP
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X-bar Structures
AP
A’
A’ ZP1
A’ ZP2
YP
A WP
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X-bar Structures
PP
P’
P’ ZP1
P’ ZP2
YP
P WP
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Summary
Constituency tests show us there is intermediate structure in phrases. (evidence varies in strength)
There are Cross-Categorial generalizations to be made:
• 3 rules: Specifier, adjunct, complement
• Headedness & Endocentricity
• Optionality of modifiers
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Summary
X-bar rules:– Specifier Rule: XP (YP) X’
– Adjunct Rule: X’ (ZP) X’ or X’ X’ (ZP)
– Complement Rule: X’ X (WP)
To do:– discuss the differences between the specifier/complement/adjunct
rules
– Account for crosslinguistic variation
– tidy up some ugly loose ends (like the lack of motivation for the specifier rule, The fact that determiners aren’t phrases etc.)