ANOMALIES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMSPREPARED BY : MUHAMMAD ANAS (2013-AG-2625)

(Note: All Anomalies are congenital except Intestinal Anomalies,which areIntussusception,Torsion,Intestinal Hernia and Enteritis)

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMEPITHELIOGENESIS IMPERFECTA LIGUA BOVIS (SMOOTH TONGUE): Small filiform papillae (onsurface of the tongue) Reduced in size abnormally smooth surface mostly present in Friesiancows.

LETHAL GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL: The tongue of the canine rounded anteriorly (normal). But in this casethe round tongue is change to small pointed tongue in puppies.Due to the shape of the tongue, puppiescannot suckle and death soon after birth

AGNATHIA: No mandible present (BVD virus)

MANDIBULAR BRACHYGNATHIA:Mandible present but short.

PROGNATHIA: (undershot, or monkey or sow mouth in horses) - mandible longer than the maxilla.

ANODONTIA: No teeth development

POLYDONTIA: Excess/extra teeth

SUPERNUMERARY TEETH: Rudimentary in size, seen in horse as wolf teeth

DELAYED GROWTH OF TEETH: Seen in rickets (1-4 yrs) due to decreased Vit. D, Ca & P.

ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA Canine Distemper virus affects ameloblasts (produce enamel) and cause enamelhypoplasia.

CLEFT PALATE:Most frequent congenital anomaly,it is due to autosomal recessive genes; Trisomy 13 orPatau’s syndrome. In this case failure of growth and fusion of the palatine shelves from the maxillaryprocesses and communication develop between oral and nasal cavities in the hard palate area.Animalsoften die of aspiration pneumonia.This defect may extend cranially to involve lips leaving a cleft lip orhare lip.

ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULUM: Crop is normaly present in case of poultry. But if crop like pouch isdeveloped in case of animals then it is fetal for the animals.It is a congenital defect and esophageal re-constriction is its treatment.

CHOKING (HAIR BALLS): Choke is a condition in which the esophagus is blocked, usually by foodmaterial.It may develop due to continuously growing tumor which may cause the blockage.Although theanimal is still able to breathe, but unable to swallow, and may become severely dehydrated. Asecondary condition, aspiration pneumonia, may also develop if food material and saliva accumulate inthe pharynx, spilling into thetrachea and into the lungs.In case of dogs bones can lead to choking.

INTUSSUSCEPTION (ACQUIRED ANOMALY): In this case, excessive peristaltic movements compel asegment of intestine inside the segment just below it. It is almost always the proximal portion thattelescopes into the distal part.It may cause peritonitis.Re-constriction of that part of intestine is itstreatment.

TORSION (ACQUIRED ANOMALY): Torsion is the twisting of the intestine itself. It may due toexcessive peristaltic movements.It can lead to peritonitis. Re-constriction of that part of intestine is itstreatment.

INTESTINAL HERNIA (MAY BE CONGENITAL OR ACQUIRED): A hernia is the exit of intestine, throughthe wall of the abdominal cavity in which it normally resides.Hernias due to trauma.In case of Cow -whose abdominal musculature ruptured,resulting in a massive hernia and a very pendulous abdomen.

ENTERITIS (ACQUIRED ANOMALY): It is the inflammation of intestine. It can beCatarrhal,Hemorrhagic,Purulent,Fibrinous, or Chronic proliferative enteritis.It may lead to peritonitis.

ATRASEA ANI: Atresia ani is a congenital defect of the anorectum, resulting in anal canal closure orabnormal routing of feces. Among large animals congenital atresia ani most often occurs in pigs andcalves.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMCLEFT PALATE:Most frequent congenital anomaly,it is due to autosomal recessive genes; Trisomy 13.Inthis case failure of growth and fusion of the palatine shelves from the maxillary processes andcommunication develop between oral and nasal cavities in the hard palate area.Animals often die ofaspiration pneumonia.This defect may extend cranially to involve lips leaving a cleft lip or hare lip.

NASAL AGENESIS OR AN-INMA: It is the anomaly of upper respiratory tract, in this case no externalnasal opening is present. It is very rare and surgery is performed in this case.

PROBOSCIS OR SNOUT: It is also called as elongated nose, it is normally present in Elephant and in pigsbut if it is present in Cattle or Horses then it is anomaly.

FUSED NOSTRILS: In this case nasal septum is absent and single external opening is present for bothnostrils.

CHOANAL ATRESIA: Blockage of nasal passage in this case the back of the nasal passage (choana) isblocked, usually by abnormal bony or soft tissue.

PULMONARY AGENESIS:Agenesis of the lung is an extremely rare congenital anomalyrepresenting failure of development of the primitive lung bud.

PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA: Pulmonary hypoplasia is part of the spectrum of malformationscharacterized by incomplete development of lung tissue. It is a condition characterized by a reduction inthe number of lung cells, airways, and alveoli that results in a lower organ size and weight. Pulmonaryhypoplasia can be either unilateral or bilateral.

DUPLICATION OF LUNGS: In this case both the lungs are present in one side of the body.

GUTTERAL POUCH: Swelling of the gutter pouch or large fluid filled cavity.It produced respiratory noiseand may lead to the dyspnea,cough,dysphagia and ultimately lead to aspiration pneumonia.

NERVOUS SYSTEMANENCEPHALY: Total absence of the entire brain (this probably does not occur).

AMYELIA: Total absence of the spinal cord. Usually occurs in association with anencephaly.

ENCEPHALOCELE: Protrusion of the brain (along with the meninges) through a defect in the cranium.The skin forms the hernial sac.

MENINGOCELE: Protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the cranium.

HYDRANENCEPHALY: Complete or almost complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres in a normalcranium. The leptomeninges form sacs enclosing cerebrospinal fluid.

SYRINGOMYELIA: Tubular cavitation of the spinal cord .This is a rather rare anomaly, except in a breedof dog.

HYDROMYELIA: Water in place of Spinal cord.

SYRINGOHYDROMYLIA: Water in tubular cavitation of spinal cord.

DICEPHALUS: Presence of double brain.

HYDROCEPHALUS(MAY BE CONGENITAL OR ACQUIRED): Abnormal accumulation of CSF in thecranial cavity. Fluid is present either in ventricular system or in sub-arachnoid space.Congenitalhydrocephalus is most commonly observed in pups, foals, calves and piglets.

SPINA BIFIDA (SPLIT SPINE): Spina bifida (Latin: "split spine") is a birth defect where there isincomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord.Commonly due tosacrocaudal dysgenesis.

CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM(CVS)PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA): is a congenital disorder in the heart where ina neonate's ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth .A "continuous'' or ''machine-like" murmur soundcan be heard by Stethoscope.

PERSISTENT RIGHT AORTIC ARCH (VASCULAR RING ANOMALY): Common in dogs.In this case theright aortic arch persists, resulting in displacement of the esophagus and trachea to the left. Both thetrachea and esophagus become locked up in a vascular ring formed by the arch of the aorta, thepulmonary artery, the base of the heart, and the ligamentum arteriosum (or ductus arteriosus).

PATENT FORAMEN OVALE: is a congenital disorder in the heart where in a neonate's foramen ovalefails to close after birth.

AORTIC STENOSIS: Stenosis obstructs the flow of blood into the aorta. The involvement may bevalvular or subvalvular.It leads to an accumulation of blood in the left ventricle with left ventriculardilatation and hypertrophy.

PULMONARY STENOSIS: also known as pulmonic stenosis,it is a dynamic or fixed obstruction of flowfrom the right ventricle of the heart to the pulmonary artery.

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT: A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum,the wall dividing the left and right ventriclesof the heart.Usually a communication developed betweenright and left ventricular.

TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS (TGV): TGV is a group of congenital heart defects involvingan abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels: superior and inferior venaecavae, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta.

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT: Several individual anomalies occurring together.

ECTOPIA CORDIS: Heart is outside of the thoracic cavity. Most frequently seen in cattle.

DEXTROCARDIA: Heart is on the right side rather than the left. Often associated with total or partialsitus inversus (mirror image of normal left to right symmetry).

TRICUSPID VALVE STENOSIS: is a valvular heart disease which results in the narrowing of the orifice ofthe tricuspid valve of theheart. It increased resistance to blood flow through the valve.

MITRAL STENOSIS: It is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the orifice ofthe mitral valve of the heart.It cause incomplete filling of the left ventricle and then edema andcongestion of lungs

AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS or aortic stenosis — occurs when the heart's aortic valve narrows. Thisnarrowing prevents the valve from opening fully, which obstructs blood flow from your heart into youraorta and onward to the rest of your body.