annual report on trafficking in human beings...

Ministry of Internal Affairs | Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings MAI OTSH

MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS Directorate General of Internal Affairs

Monitoring Centre on Trafficking in Human Beings

Annual Report on Trafficking

in Human Beings 2010

Monitoring Centre on Trafficking in

Human Beings (OTSH)

2011

2 | Annual Report on Trafficking in Human Beings 2010

Ministry of Internal Affairs | Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings

MAI OTSH

Elaboration: Monitoring Centre on Trafficking in Human Beings Ministry of Internal Affairs Monitoring Centre With the technical and scientific cooperation of: Spatial Data Infrastructure for Internal Affairs Directorate General of Internal Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs Monitoring Centre on Trafficking in Human Beings (OTSH) Directorate General of Internal Affairs (DGAI) Av. D. Carlos I, nº134, 6º 1249-104 Lisbon, Portugal www.otsh.mai.gov.pt Cover: Fernando Faria Copyright protected

ISBN: 978-989-8477-01-9



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Acronyms and Abbreviations

APAV Portuguese Association for Victim Support

CAP Shelter and Protection Centre for Victims of Trafficking and Their Children

CIG Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality

DGAI Directorate General of Internal Affairs

DGPJ Directorate General for Justice Policy

GNR Republican National Guard

IOM International Organisation for Migration

JRS Jesuit Refugee Service

MAI Ministry of Internal Affairs

MJ Ministry of Justice

OTSH Monitoring Centre on Trafficking in Human Beings

PJ Judiciary Police

PCM Presidency of the Council of Ministers

PSP Public Safety Police

ARIS Annual Report of Internal Security

RP Residence Permits

SDIIA Spatial Data Infrastructure for Internal Affairs

SEF Immigration and Borders Service

SQE Electronic Complaint System

ISS Internal Security System

THB Trafficking in Human Beings



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Index Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6

1. Methodological Note ........................................................................................................................... 8

1.1. Model of Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 8

2. Analysis 2010 ..................................................................................................................................... 10

2.1. Socio-demographic characterisation and process of victimisation ................................................. 10

2.1.1 Under-age victims: socio-demographic characteristics ............................................................ 21

2.2. Characterization of the migratory process and territorial dynamics .............................................. 22

2.3 Victim Assistance by the Centre for Support and Protection for Female Victims of Trafficking and

Their Children ......................................................................................................................................... 34

2.3.1. “Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme - International Organization for

Migration ........................................................................................................................................... 35

2.3.2. Residence permits ................................................................................................................... 35

2.4 Brief characterisation of the unconfirmed cases.............................................................................. 36

3. Final conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 39

3.1. Principal conclusions ................................................................................................................. 39

3.2. Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 41

4. References ......................................................................................................................................... 43

Annex 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 44

Index of Tables Table 1- Dimensions, variables and methods of analysis ............................................................................. 9

Table 2- Gender and age of flagged and confirmed victims ....................................................................... 11

Table 3 – Type of exploitation, nationality and gender, by flagged and confirmed victims ...................... 19

Table 4- Combined forms of control, by flagged and confirmed victims ................................................... 20

Table 5- Regions with registers, by district and municipality of residence ................................................ 28

Table 6- Correspondence between numbers of municipalities with references, and numbers of

municipalities with registers of flagged, confirmed or unconfirmed victims ............................................. 33

Table 7- Motive for not confirming a case of trafficking, by type of exploitation ...................................... 37



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Index of Graphics Graphic 1 – Nationality by flagged victims ................................................................................................. 12

Graphic 2 – Nationality by confirmed victims ............................................................................................ 12

Graphic 3 – Nationalities of flagged and confirmed victims ....................................................................... 13

Graphic 4 – Crossing gender and nationality, by flagged and confirmed victims ...................................... 14

Graphic 5 – Type of exploitation, by flagged and confirmed victims ......................................................... 17

Graphic 6 – Means of transportation, by flagged and confirmed victims .................................................. 26

Graphic 7 – Motives for not confirming a case of trafficking ..................................................................... 36

Index of Maps Map 1 – African route, by country of origin and transit ............................................................................ 22

Map 2 - Brazilian route, by country of origin and transit ........................................................................... 23

Map 3 - European route, by country of origin and transit ......................................................................... 24

Map 4 - Portuguese, by country of origin and transit ................................................................................ 25

Map 5 – Total of registers, by municipality of residence ........................................................................... 29

Map 6 – The total of flagged, confirmed and unconfirmed victims, by municipality of residence ............ 32



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Introduction

The Monitoring Centre on Trafficking in Human Beings (OTSH) was created by the Decree-law

nº229/2008, of November 271. Its mission is to “produce, collect, analyse, and disseminate

information about the trafficking in human beings” (Article 2, “Mission and Attributions”).

The main sources of data and information used in the current report were:

The Unified Registration Guide

o This registration guide is used by the Criminal Police Agencies:

National Republican Guard (GNR),

Public Safety Police (PSP),

Immigration and Borders Service (SEF),

Judiciary Police (PJ).

The Flagging Guide

o The Flagging Guide is used by NGOs. 17 NGOs and public-private entities were

requested to provide data (see Annex 1); 4 entities responded to the request.

The criminal statistics provided by the Directorate General for Justice Policy (Ministry

of Justice)

The residence permits granted by the Immigration and Borders Service (SEF).

In addition, some segments of the Annual Report 2009/2010 of the Shelter and Protection

Centre for Victims of Trafficking and Their Children (CAP)2, and of the Annual Report of Internal

Security 2010 (RASI – Internal Security System) are included.

During 2010 the OTSH received a total of 86 registers3, from the Criminal Police Agencies4, and

from the public-private, non-governmental and international organisations5. Based on the data

collected in April 2011, during 2010:

22 victims were confirmed as victims trafficking in human beings, based on the

criminal investigation;

35 victims were flagged (cases still under investigation) through the Unified

Registration Guide and the Flagging Guide and

29 victims were not confirmed, either because the case was considered to be related

to other type of criminality than trafficking, or because the case was filed due to lack

1 Diário da República, 1ª Série, nº231, November 27, 2008

2 The report has not been published.

3 75 registers were filed through the Unified registration Guide, and 11 through the Flagging Guide.

4 The police authorities are: GNR, PSP, SEF, and PJ.

5 The entities that contributed to this report: Shelter and Protection Centre for Victims of Trafficking and

Their Children (CAP), The Portuguese Association for Victim Support (APAV), Jesuit Refugee Service/Santo António Housing Unit (responsibility of SEF), and the International Organisation for Migration (IOM).



MAI OTSH

of proof. Among the victims who were not confirmed, two cases ought to be

highlighted:

A case, which was filed as unconfirmed due to lack of proof, was reopened in

2011; the case assumed again the status of flagged (under active

investigation: a potential situation of trafficking), and involves a Portuguese

national who was trafficked to labour exploitation (agriculture) in Spain; and

A case, flagged in 2009, was investigated during 2010, resulted in a

unconfirmed case of trafficking.

There was one case registered through the Electronic Complaint System of the Ministry of

Internal Affairs (MAI). As it was not confirmed by the person who filed the complaint, the

information on this case could not be accessed.

The data on traffickers is not sufficient in order to allow any conclusion on the socio-

demographic characteristics of the exploiters. The available data allows solely the following

observations regarding the nationality of the traffickers:

On flagged victims (total of 18 registries with data) –the potential aggressors are of the

following nationalities: Portuguese (n=1), Angolan (n=1), Brazilian (n=1), Brazilian and

Spanish (n=1), Spanish (n=1), Portuguese and Spanish (n=2), Romanian (n=4), and

Brazilian and Portuguese (n=7).

On confirmed victims (total of 6 registries with data) –aggressors are of the following

nationalities: Portuguese (n=2), Romanian (n=1), Brazilian (n=1), Portuguese and

Spanish (n=1), and Nigerian and Senegalese (n=1).

During 2010, 3.048 police actions were carried out to fight illegal immigration and trafficking in

persons. A total of 28 crimes of trafficking in persons were registered by the police6:

GNR - 6 registered crimes

PSP - 5 registered crimes

SEF - 8 registered crimes

PJ -9 registered crimes

Even though this data demonstrates that THB represents a marginal proportion of the total

number of crimes against person registered by the police authorities in 2010 (approx. 22.8% of

the total of 96 729 crimes)7, that does not reduce the gravity of this crime. Instead, it

demonstrates the necessity to monitor the phenomenon and to further develop strategic

partnerships, both on national level (highlighted in the II National Plan against Trafficking in

6 Source: DGPJ – updated on: 26/02/11

7 Report “Crimes Registados pelas Autoridades Policiais - 2010”, Directorate General for Justice Policy /

Ministry of Justice, March 31, 2011, p.50



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Human Beings8) European, as well as with third countries (as recommended by the Stockholm

Program).

1. Methodological Note

There are three concepts which are used in the collection, analysis, and classification of data of

victims. The three concepts relate to three different possibilities on victims status:

o Flagged victim: when there are sufficient grounds to believe that a person might be a

THB victim;

o Confirmed victim: a person who has been confirmed as a victim by the criminal police

agencies, competent to investigate trafficking crimes;

o Unconfirmed victim: a victim of other type of crime (often crime connected to

trafficking), or whose case has been filed due to lack of sufficient proof to confirm a

situation of trafficking.

Methodological and statistical significance: because of the complexity of this crime, it is

important to pay attention to all situations which may constitute a possible crime of trafficking

– the flagging of potential victims. These situations may later be confirmed as cases of

trafficking, or not confirmed.

The connection between such varieties of information will allow a better understanding of the

phenomenon, and a characterisation of the elements which may, or may not, indicate THB,

and the elements which are relevant in crimes connected to trafficking.

A complete description of the methodology and sources is available in the Annual Report 2009,

which is open for consultation online.

1.1. Analysis Model

The data, variables, and information were organised in three analytical dimensions. The report

follows quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as geo-reference9 (See Table 1).

8 Council of Ministers Resolution nº94/2010, November 29. The National Plan is coordinated by the

Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (CIG), which is integrated in the Presidency of the Council of Ministers (PCM), and currently under the tutelage of the Office of the Secretary of State for Equality.



MAI OTSH

Table 1- Dimensions, variables and methods of analysis

In order to facilitate the reading and understanding of this report, the analysis of flagged and

confirmed cases is represented in parallel10. At the end there is a brief analysis on the

unconfirmed cases to demonstrate the importance to the entire process of (potential)

trafficking cases.

Lastly, the report includes a special sub-chapter on trafficking of children. The data on minors

is mainstreamed in the general analysis as well, but Chapter 2.1.1 aims at giving particular

emphasis on the national and international recommendations and measures on the special

need of wider knowledge on trafficking of children. Of particular importance are the 5th

European Forum on the Rights of Children (following the Lisbon Treaty), and Articles 79 and 83

of the Treaty of the European Union (adoption of measures in the area of fighting trafficking in

human beings, especially in women and children).

9 The georeferencing was made in cooperation with SDIIA (Spatial Data Infrastructure for Internal Affairs), by using

the georeferencing platform developed for OTSH, called GEOTSH.

10 Due to the difference of the samples, however, the analysis is not entirely and equally comparable.

Dimension Variables Methods Observations

Socio-demographic and victimisation

Sex

Age

Civil status

Nationality

Motive for migration

Type of contact / recruitment

Type of exploitation

Type of control

Quantitative

Descriptive analysis

Crossing statistics: Age/Sex

Sex/Nationality Type of exploitation, nationality and sex

Migratory and territorial

Country of origin / transit / nationality

Quantitative

Descriptive and georeferenced analysis

Transportation

Location on national territory

Support/protection Reception and protection

Quantitative

and qualitative

Descriptive analysis



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2. 2010 Analysis

2.1. Socio-demographic characterisation and process of victimisation

This section relates the data which characterize the victims (flagged and confirmed): socio-

demographic and victimization analysis,

For varied reasons, some variables lack complete data. Motives may be that the source of

information is not necessarily the victim (e.g. in cases of anonym denouncement), or that the

registration entity has not been able to establish a relationship of trust with the victim (e.g. in

situations where the victim does not want to collaborate with the police, or does not want to

receive assistance).

Sex and age

Flagged Confirmed

The majority of the 35 victims, whose cases

are still under investigation (flagged), are

female (n=30); only 4 are male. The sex of 1

victim is unknown.

The average age of the flagged victims,

(n=28) is 21 years (standard deviation 6, 7).

Other observations are:

Maximum age (35 years): potential

Iranian male victim. No data on the

type of exploitation.

Minimum age (5 years): potential

female victim. No data on nationality

or on the type of exploitation.

Of the 22 confirmed trafficking situations, 8

are female and 14 are male.

The average age (n=13) is 28 years (standard

deviation 10,5). Other observations are:

Maximum age (54 years): male

Portuguese victim, single, trafficked

into Spain, victim of labour

exploitation.

Minimum age (14 years): female

Romanian victim, , single, victim of

sexual exploitation.



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As to the average age of the flagged and confirmed victims, we observe the following:

Flagged:

o Male victims: average of 28 years (standard deviation: 5,4);

o Female victims: average of 20 years (standard deviation: 6) - bearing in mind

that the age of 8 female victims is unknown;

Confirmed:

o Male victims: average of 32 years (standard deviation: 13,6) - bearing in mind

that the age of 8 victims is unknown, which affects the average;

o Female victims: average of 25 years (standard deviation: 6, 6) - bearing in mind

that the age of 1 victim is unknown.

Crossing of the variables sex and age (see Table 2), it can be seen that flagged and confirmed

female victims are generally younger than the male victims.

Table 2- Sex and age of flagged and confirmed victims

Marital Status

In the vast majority of flagged and confirmed cases, the victims are single. Since 2008 there is

no change in this aspect.

Flagged Confirmed

26 potential single victims;

4 potential married victims;

5 victims with unknown marital status;

12 single victims;

2 married victims;

8 victims with unknown marital status;

Status Flagged Confirmed

Sex Male Female Male Female

Maximum age 35 29 54 34

Minimum age 22 5 15 14

Average 28 20 32 25

Standard deviation 5,4 6 13,6 6,6

Unknown 0 8 8 1



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Nationality

The majority of victims are foreign, both among flagged (foreigners n=23; Portuguese citizens

n=9) and confirmed victims (foreigners n=13; Portuguese citizens n=7). However, it is

important to underline the fact that there are confirmed trafficking situation of Portuguese

nationals in Portugal (see Graphics 1 and 2).

Graphic 1 – Nationality by flagged victims Graphic 2 – Nationality by confirmed victims

A comparison of specific nationalities which were registered during the year (see Graphic 3),

reveals the following:

Flagged Confirmed

1. Brazilians (n=13);

2. Portuguese (n=9);

3. Romanians (n=7);

4. Angolan (n=1);

5. Panamanian (n=1);

6. Iranian (=1)

Data is unavailable in 3 cases.

1. Portuguese (n=7);

2. Romanian (n=7);

3. Brazilian (n=5);

4. Nigerian (n=1).

Data is unavailable in 2 cases.

23

9

3

Foreigner Nationals Unknown

13

7

2

Foreigner Nationals Unknown



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Graphic 3 – Nationalities of flagged and confirmed victims

Sex and Nationality

Flagged Confirmed

The majority of flagged Brazilian and

Portuguese victims are female. Among the

potential Romanian victims the difference

between female (n=7) and male victims (n=6)

is nearly inexistent.

As to the rest of the nationalities, the

numbers are not very significant, but all

flagged victims are female, with the only

exception of the Iranian victim, who is male.

The majority of the confirmed victims are

male, mainly Portuguese (n=7) and

Romanians (n=6).

All Brazilian victims are female (n=5). Also the

Romanian (n=1) and Nigerian (n=1) victims

are female.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14 13

7

0

1 1 1

9

3

5

7

1

0 0 0

7

2

Flagged

Confirmed



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0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Brazilian

Romenian

Nigerian

Angolan

Panamanian

Iranian

Portuguese

Unknown

12

7

1

1

6

3

5

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

2

0

0

6

0

0

0

0

7

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Unknown

Confirmed - male

Flagged - male

Confirmed - female

Flagged - female

Graphic 4 – Crossing sex and nationality, by flagged and confirmed victims



MAI OTSH

A comparison with 2009 data on the two most represented nationalities confirms the relatively

high number of flagged and confirmed Brazilian victims (mainly female). On the contrary, the

Portuguese flagged in 2009 were mainly female, potentially victims of trafficking for sexual

exploitation, while in 2010 the majority of the flagged Portuguese citizens are male and

potential victims of labour exploitation.



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Motive for migration and type of contact (recruitment)

Flagged Confirmed

Even though the high number of cases in

which the reason for migration is unknown

(n=11) affects the results, the promise/offer

of employment was the main reason to

migrate (n=11). Also motives of relationship

(n=4), and other unspecified motives (n=2)

were mentioned.

As to the type of contact, the lack of data

(n=13) influences the analysis.

The majority of flagged victims were

contacted by a friend or by an acquaintance

(n=14). Less common, but yet recorded, are

contacts by a family member (n=4), through

the internet (n=1), and through a job

announcement (n=1).

For the confirmed victims the promise/offer

of employment was also the principal motive

to migrate (n=18). In 4 cases the information

is unavailable.

Due to the high number of unavailable data

on the type of contact (n=20), it is not

possible to make any generalisations. In only

two cases the data is available: by a

friend/acquaintance (n=1), and through the

internet (n=1).

Type of exploitation, nationality, and sex

Flagged Confirmed

Of the flagged situations, 16 were potential

victims of sexual exploitation, and 6 of labour

exploitation (agriculture). However, one must

bear in mind that a third of flagged cases

lacks this information.

Of the 22 confirmed victims, 6 were trafficked

to sexual exploitation; the majority (n=13)

were trafficked for labour exploitation. In 2

situations we have more detailed information

on the type of work: one person was

exploited in agriculture, and one person in

agriculture and in construction. In three cases

the data is not available.



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The following observations may be made on

the type of exploitation by nationality and sex

of the flagged victims:

- Sexual exploitation: associated with 7

potential Romanian, 6 Brazilian, and 2

Portuguese victims. With the exception of 1

male Brazilian victim, all cases concern

female victims.

- Labour exploitation: associated with 4

potential Portuguese, 1 Brazilian, and 1

Angolan victim. With the exception of 1 male

Portuguese victim, the rest of the cases

involve female victims. The type of labour

exploitation is available in only one case:

agricultural work in France.

- Sexual and labour exploitation: associated

with 1 potential Portuguese victim, who is

female.

- Unavailable data:

The type of exploitation is not known

The following observations may be made of

the type of exploitation by nationality and sex

of the confirmed victims:

- Sexual exploitation: All victims confirmed

are female: 4 Brazilians, 1 Romanian, and 1

Nigerian.

- Labour exploitation: All victims confirmed

are male: 6 Portuguese, and 6 Romanians.

- Unavailable data:

Type of exploitation of 2 victims, 1

Portuguese and 1 Romanian, is

unknown.

The nationality of 1 victim of

trafficking for labour exploitation is

not known.

Unknown type of trafficking and

nationality (n=1).

Graphic 5 – Type of exploitation, by flagged and confirmed victims

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Sexual Exploitation

Labour Exploitation

Sexual & Labour

Exploitation

Unknown

16

6

2

11

6

13

0

3

Flagged

Confirmed



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in the cases of potential Brazilian

(n=6), Portuguese (n=2), Panamanian

(n=1), and Iranian (n=1) victims.

The nationality is not known for 1

case of sexual, and 1 of sexual and

labour exploitation.

Type of trafficking and nationality

and unknown (n=1).

1 potential Portuguese victim of

labour exploitation, of unknown

gender.

(See Table 3)


Table 3 – Type of exploitation, nationality, and sex, by flagged and confirmed victims

FLAGGED

Sexual exploitation

F M Labour

exploitation F M

Labour and sexual exploitation

F M Unknown F M

Portuguese 2 2 0 4 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1

Brazilian 6 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 6 0

Romanian 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Angolan 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Panamanian 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Iranian 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Unknown 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

CONFIRMED

Sexual exploitation

F M Labour

exploitation F M

Labour and sexual exploitation

F M Unknown F M

Portuguese 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 1

Brazilian 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Romanian 1 1 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nigerian 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Unknown 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0



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Type of Control

Flagged Confirmed

In the majority of potential trafficking cases

the information on the type of control is not

available (n=10). Of the registered types of

control, no singular form of control is

highlighted. Control of movements (n=3) is

the only one mentioned in more than one

register; direct threats, physical punishment,

and debt were each mentioned once.

For the confirmed cases the only means of

control reported was confiscation of identity

documents (n=7). However, the type of

control remains unknown in nearly half of the

cases (n=6).

To conclude, independently of the status (flagged or confirmed), direct threats and control

of movements are the most common types of control (see Table 4).

Table 4- Combined forms of control, by flagged and confirmed victims

Flagged Direct

Threats Control of

Movements

Physical offences

Isolation

Withdrawal of identity documents

Withdrawal of income

Indirect threats

Debt

Retention of plane ticket

Forced intake of drugs or alcohol

Kidnapping

Confirmed Direct

Threats Control of

Movements

Physical offences

Indirect threats

Withdrawal of identity documents



2.1.1 Under-age victims: socio-demographic characteristics

In 2010, a total of 7 potential minor victims were flagged. Their socio-demographic

characterisation is:

Sex – all flagged victims were female;

Age – the maximum age of the minor victims is 17 years, and the minimum is 5 years

(nationality unknown – the potential 17-year-old victim may have been trafficked for

sexual and labour exploitation. The type of exploitation of the potential 5-year-old

victim is unknown.) The average age of the minor victims is 13 years (standard

deviation 4,2).

Nationality – 3 potential foreign victims (1 Angolan and 2 Romanian) and 2 potential

Portuguese victims. Nationality of 2 potential victims is unknown.

Type of exploitation – potential trafficking for sexual exploitation (n=3), for labour

exploitation (n=1)11, and for sexual and labour exploitation (n=2). In 1 case the data is

not available.

As to confirmed victims, in 2010 there were 2 two confirmed trafficking cases involving minor

victims, one Romanian, and one Portuguese.

The first case involved a Romanian girl, who came to Portugal because of a job-offer made by a

friend. Instead, she became a victim of trafficking for sexual exploitation. The victim was

sheltered in an institution of victims support.

The second case involved a 15-year-old Portuguese victim. He was confirmed to have been

trafficked into Spain, after having been contacted through the internet. It is not known what

type of exploitation he would have been subjected, because he managed to escape from the

situation, and was found in an early phase of the process. He rapidly returned to his family,

and this is why he did not need assistance or a shelter of protection. The aggressors, of Spanish

and Portuguese nationality, were caught in Spain, where the judicial process will also take

place.

In addition, there were minor victims among the unconfirmed situations: 2 female victims (of

ages 16 and 17), 1 Brazilian, and 1 Romanian. The Romanian victim was suspected to have

been trafficked for labour exploitation (robberies in commercial establishments and residences

[gold] in various Member States).

11

Potential victim of Angolan nationality.



2.2. Characterization of the migratory process and territorial dynamics

The characterisation of the migration process, and the illustrations through a georeferenced

analysis were possible only when the information on the country of origin (world maps), and

municipality of residence (maps of Portugal) 12 were registered.

Countries of origin, countries of transit, and nationalities

Observing the correlation between the country of origin, transit, and nationality of the

individuals (flagged, confirmed and unconfirmed), we may observe the following:

African route (n=2) (see Map 1)

There are 2 registered cases: 1 flagged victim from Angola and 1 confirmed victim from

Nigeria.

Map 1 – African route, by country of origin and transit

The Angolan victim’s journey began in her country of origin, with one stop of transit (the city of

Southern Kuanza), after which she continued directly to Portugal. The Nigerian victim’s route

was more complex: she passed through 2 African countries (Benin and Senegal), and through 2

European countries (France and Spain) before arriving into Portugal.

12

There is more data on the municipality of residence, than on the municipality of exploitation, which is why the former is used for georeferencing in this report.



Brazilian route (n=27)13 (see Map 2)

Of the 27 cases, 9 refer to flagged victims, 5 to confirmed victims, and 13 to unconfirmed

victims.

In 20 cases there is no information on a possible country of transit, which leads to the

conclusion that the victims travelled directly from Brazil to Portugal14, the final destination and

local of (potential) exploitation.

Map 2 - Brazilian route, by country of origin and transit

Countries of transit are identified in 7 cases:

Brazil/Spain/Portugal (n=4)15

Brazil/France/Spain/Portugal (n=1)16

Brazil/Italy/Spain/Portugal (n=1)17

Brazil/Portugal/France/Spain (n=1)18

13

There are 3 cases of potential Brazilian victims, which are analysed in the context of European route – non-nationals (Map 3), due to the fact that the country of origin of their travel was not Brazil. 14

Corresponds to 5 confirmed victims, 11 unconfirmed victims, and 4 flagged victims 15

Corresponds to 1 unconfirmed victim and 3 flagged victims 16

Corresponds to 1 flagged victim 17

Corresponds to 1 flagged victim 18

Corresponds to 1 unconfirmed victim who currently resides in Spain



European route (n=22) (see Map 3)

Of the 22 cases, 9 refer to flagged victims, 8 to confirmed victims, and 5 to unconfirmed

victims.

The data on various cases revealed that the country of origin does not necessarily correlate

with the victim’s nationality.

In 19 cases there are no data on transit countries. However, this does not necessarily mean

that the victims travelled straight to their destination from the country of origin, or that the

country of origin is the same as that of nationality.

Map 3 - European route, by country of origin and transit

Explanations:

In 17 situations the country of origin corresponds to the nationality, and there are no

indications of countries of transit before arrival into Portugal:

o 16 cases include: 5 flagged victims, 8 confirmed victims, and 3 unconfirmed

victims, all of Romanian nationality

o 1 unconfirmed case refers to a Bulgarian national;

2 cases refer to Romanians19, whose countries of origin were Italy and Spain;

3 cases refer to Brazilians,20 whose country of origin is Spain; the countries of transit

were France (n=2) and Italy (n=1).

19

Corresponds to 1 unconfirmed and 1 flagged victim



The routes of the 22 Portuguese nationals (5 flagged victims, 8 confirmed victims, and 9

unconfirmed victims) are (see Map 4):

o To Spain (n=15)21, a destination for (potential) labour exploitation;

o To France (n=1)22, named as a local of exploitation;

o To the United Kingdom (n=1)23 , a destination for labour exploitation;

o In Portugal (n=5)24, a local of exploitation primarily for labour purposes.

Map 4 - Portuguese, by country of origin and transit

20

Corresponds to 3 flagged victims 21

Corresponds to 6 unconfirmed, 8 confirmed, and 1 flagged victim 22

Corresponds to 1 unconfirmed victim 23

Corresponds to 1 unconfirmed victim 24

Corresponds to 4 flagged, and 1 unconfirmed victim



Means of Transportation

Flagged Confirmed

No single form of transportation stands out

among the data on flagged victims, due to a

considerable lack of data.

Of the available data, the most common

means of transportation were:

By air (n=8);

By land (n=5);

By a combination of the two

(n=3);

Among the confirmed cases, the most

commons means of transportation were by

land (n=10), and by air (n=6).

Graphic 6 – Means of transportation, by flagged and confirmed victims

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

By air By land By sea By land & air

By land & sea

Unknown

8

5

1

32

16

6

10

01

0

5

Flagged

Confirmed



Occurrence on national territory

This chapter focuses on the occurrence distribution in Portugal. The total number of cases

registered is 72. Taking the distribution of districts of residence as the starting point for

analysis, we find a strong presence of cases in the Northern and Central districts, and to a

minor degree also in the districts of Lisbon, Alentejo, and Algarve region.

The numbers of municipalities of residence by districts with registers are represented in Table 5

below.

Table 5- Regions with registers, by district and municipality of residence

Regions (NUT II) DISTRICTS MUNICIPALITIES

Northern Region

5 Districts/24 Municipalities

Braga 3 Municipalities

Bragança 2 Municipalities

Vila Real 1 Municipality

Porto 3 Municipalities

Aveiro 1 Municipality

Central Region

4 Districts /36 Municipalities

Viseu 2 Municipalities

Guarda 6 Municipalities

Coimbra 1 Municipality

Castelo Branco 5 Municipalities

Regions of Lisbon and Tejo Valley

2 Districts /7 Municipalities

Lisbon 5 Municipalities

Setúbal 2 Municipalities

Region of Alentejo

1 District / 1 Municipality

Beja 1 Municipality

Region of Algarve

1 District /3 Municipalities

Faro 3 Municipalities

5 REGIONS 13 DISTRICTS 35 MUNICIPALITIES

Within the 13 districts considered, 35 municipalities have reported (potential) cases of

trafficking. The highest numbers of municipalities with records of (potential) trafficking cases

are found in the following three districts:

District of Guarda – 6 municipalities;

Districts of Castelo Branco and Lisbon – 5 municipalities;

Districts of Braga, Porto and Faro – 3 municipalities;

At this level of analysis, the Central Region stands out with the highest number of

municipalities that have registered persons who are (potential) victims of trafficking (districts



of Guarda and Castelo Branco). Also the region of Lisbon and Tejo Valley is highlighted; there

are 5 municipalities with registers in the Greater Lisbon area.

When we take a closer look at the geographical distribution of the registered cases, we may

notice a geographical closeness of certain municipalities and districts, while other

municipalities and districts appear more isolated:

Proximity between municipalities within a district:

o Braga, Bragança, Vila Real, Porto, Guarda, Castelo Branco, Lisbon, Tejo Valley,

and Faro;

Proximity between districts:

o Castelo Branco and Guarda;

Isolated districts:

o Aveiro, Coimbra and, with a particular highlight, Beja.

(See Map 5)

Map 5 – Total of registers, by municipality of residence



Below we illustrate how the flagged, confirmed and unconfirmed victims are distributed within

the total number of the variable “municipality of residence” (see also Map 6).

Northern Region:

o Bragança – 2 flagged and 1 confirmed victims;

o Braga – 1 flagged, 1 confirmed and 2 unconfirmed victims;

o Vila Real – 2 flagged victims;

o Porto – 6 flagged, 1 confirmed and 1 unconfirmed victims;

Central Region:

o Aveiro – 1 flagged victim;

o Viseu – 2 flagged and 1 confirmed victims;

o Guarda – 3 flagged, 1 confirmed and 11 unconfirmed victims;

o Coimbra – flagged victim;

o Castelo Branco – 2 flagged, 6 confirmed and 7 unconfirmed victims;

Region of Lisbon and Tejo Valley:

o Grande Lisboa

4 flagged, 1 confirmed and 1 unconfirmed victims;

o Vale do Tejo

2 unconfirmed victims.;

Region of Alentejo:

o 7 confirmed victims;

Region of Algarve:

o 4 flagged, 1 confirmed and 2 unconfirmed victims.

Particular observations:

The higher presence of municipalities with registered (potential) victims in the Central Region of

Portugal only applies to Castelo Branco and Guarda. There are two reasons for this:

o The two districts are neighbours, and both have a high number of municipalities with

registered cases;

o The cases are primarily confirmed (Castelo Branco n=6), and unconfirmed (Castelo Branco

n=7, and Guarda n=11);

Porto (Northern Region), Lisbon (Lisbon and Tejo Valley) and Faro (Algarve Region) have the

highest numbers of flagged cases, i.e. still under investigation (6, 4, and 4, respectively;

Beja has the highest number of confirmed victims (n=7) for one single municipality.

It is important to be aware of the fact that some numbers represented (source: Unified

Registration Guide) – especially in the case of Beja – do not refer to separate cases of trafficking,

but to the common characteristic of how trafficking occurs, i.e. involvement of several victims in

one case.



MAI OTSH

Map 6 – The total of flagged, confirmed and unconfirmed victims, by municipality of residence

Flagged Confirmed Unconfirmed



Table 6- Correspondence between numbers of municipalities with references, and numbers of municipalities with registers of flagged, confirmed or unconfirmed victims

REGIONS (NUT II) DISTRICTS N° OF MUNICIPALITIES

WITH REFERENCES

N° OF MUNICIPALITIES /N°

OF FLAGGED VICTIMS

N° OF MUNICIPALITIES /N° OF

CONFIRMED VICTIMS

N° OF MUNICIPALITIES /° OF

UNCONFIRMED VICTIMS

Northern Region

5 Districts/24

Municipalities

Braga 3 Municipalities 1 Municipality (n=1) 1 Municipality (n=1) 2 Municipalities (n=2)

Bragança 2 Municipalities 1 Municipality (n=2) 1 Municipality (n=1) 0 Municipalities

Vila Real 2 Municipalities 2 Municipalities (n=2) 0 Municipalities 0 Municipalities

Porto 3 Municipalities 3 Municipalities (n=6) 1 Municipality (n=1) 1 Municipality (n=1)

Aveiro 1 Municipality 1 Municipality (n=1) 0 Municipalities 0 Municipalities

Central Region

4 Districts /36

Municipalities

Viseu 2 Municipalities 2 Municipalities (n=2) 1 Municipality (n=1) 0 Municipalities

Guarda 6 Municipalities 3 Municipalities (n=3) 1 Municipality (n=1) 5 Municipalities (n=11)

Coimbra 1 Municipality 1 Municipality (n=1) 0 Municipalities 0 Municipalities

Castelo Branco 5 Municipalities 2 Municipalities (n=2) 3 Municipalities (n=6) 4 Municipalities (n=7)

Region of Lisbon and

Tejo Valley

2 Districts /7

Municipalities

Lisbon 5 Municipalities 3 Municipalities (n=4) 1 Municipality (n=1) 1 Municipality (n=1)

Setúbal 2 Municipalities 0 Municipalities 0 Municipalities 2 Municipalities (n=2)

Region of Alentejo

1 District /1 Municipality Beja 1 Municipality 0 Municipalities 1 Municipality (n=7) 0 Municipalities

Region of Algarve

1 District /3 Municipalities

Faro 3 Municipalities 3 Municipalities (n=4) 1 Municipality (n=1) 2 Municipalities (n=2)

5 REGIONS 13 DISTRICTS 35 MUNICIPALITIES 22 Municipalities (n=28) 11 Municipalities (n=20) 17 Municipalities (n=26)



MAI OTSH

2.3 Victim Assistance by the Centre for Support and Protection for Female

Victims of Trafficking and Their Children

During 2010, 4 women who were victims of trafficking were assisted in the Shelter and

Protection Centre for Victims of Trafficking and Their Children (CAP/Family Planning

Association). Of these women 2 still remain within the victims shelter, plus 1 that has been

sheltered since 2009. The shelter also received two minors in 2010, but for reasons of personal

security they are under SEF protection.

The support given at two phases of the intervention – reflection and social and professional

integration – is clarified below.

- Phase I: Reflection

All victims receive psychological support, with the objective of emotional stabilisation, from

the CAP team. Two victims also received medical support. Only one victim received juridical

assistance (clarifications by CAP lawyer in situations where the victim has any doubts or

questions). In three situations the level of protection was high. The level of protection is

defined by the criminal police agency responsible for the case, based on the evaluation of the

possibility that the victim might (or not) flee from the shelter and contact other persons. Two

victims collaborated in the investigation. There was no need for interpreters/translators.

- Phase II: Integration

During the social and professional integration phase, 2 victims received support in different

areas: 1) requesting documents, 2) developing internal and external activities, and 3) training,

employment and free-time activities.

Client nº 1:

o Concession of residence permit, fiscal code, social security number, and a

certificate of achievements; definition and structuring of the ‘Life Project’;

inscription in the health center; support in looking for employment,

accompanied in inscription in temporary employment companies

(employment in school cafeterias and as a kitchen assistant in a restaurant);

opening of a bank account and support in domestic and financial

management. During her free-time the victim participated for instance in

workshops and various social and community activities.

Client nº2:

o Change of residence in the document; definition and structuring of the ‘Life

Project’; inscription in the health center; cognitive stimulation and reading

lessons (victim with special educational needs); support in domestic and



financial management. In order to better direct the support, CAP cooperated

with earlier shelters: the training took place in rehabilitation centers, which

are meant for persons with this type of special needs. During her free-time the

victim participated for instance in workshops and various social and

community activities.

The collaboration with the criminal police agencies was efficient in various situations, such as

in offering answers when the (potential) victims had doubts and fears about their rights under

the Portuguese legislation.

The CAP technical team has worked towards securing available, sufficient, and effective

response to all solicitations in various fields, such as prevention, training, flagging,

identification and integration/supporting victims of trafficking. To this end it has developed

and consolidated both formal and informal partnerships, in harmony with the

recommendations of developing a network of THB professionals. This has facilitated timely and

coordinated responses to each situation.25

2.3.1. Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme -

International Organization for Migration

A national of Ghana, allegedly a victim of trafficking for labour exploitation in the United

Kingdom, fled exploitation and arrived later in Portugal. He is registered in the Assisted

Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme of the IOM. He has received assistance from

the Jesuit Refugee Service, and since 2011 from APAV.

2.3.2. Residence permits

During 2010, 20 applications for residence permit were filed under Article 109 of the Law

23/2007, July 4. Until April 2011, 14 permits were granted and 6 applications were still

pending.

Of these 20 applications, 10 applications were made by victims of trafficking whose cases were

under criminal investigation: 9 are Brazilians and 1 is Nigerian; all applicants are female.

25

CAP Report 10, The Shelter and Protection Centre for Victims of Trafficking and Their Children, Family

Planning Association - Northern Regional Office



2.4 Brief characterisation of the unconfirmed cases

Of the cases registered within the monitoring system during 2010, 29 victims were not

confirmed as victims of trafficking. The reason for not confirming a case was either the lack of

proof, or because the person was considered to be victim of other type of crime (connected

crimes).

As was mentioned above, one of the cases, which was rejected in 2010 and reopened in 2011

and thus becoming a “flagged case”, i.e. the investigation was reopened. The potential victim -

Portuguese national - was exploited into agricultural sector in Spain . Even though the case was

reopened in 2011, it is included in this analysis for 2010.

Graphic 7 below illustrates the distribution of unconfirmed cases:

Graphic 7 – Motives for not confirming a case of trafficking

The data reveals that in the early phase of investigation many types of crimes have

similar characteristics with trafficking situations.

The crime of trafficking rarely occurs in isolation from other types of crime: it is often

associated with other crimes, which may constitute a part of the criminal process, or

be invoked in situation when a situation of trafficking cannot be proved.

To obtain this kind of understanding of trafficking in persons as a phenomenon, and its

linkages to other type of criminality, it is essential to review the potential cases flagged

by the police agencies and ONG’s also afterwards, as new information on the case

3

1

3

5

11

2

4

Smuggling

Pimping & Domestic violence

Illegal residence

Pimping

Lack of proof

Kidnapping

Unkonown



arises, and/or until the cases are rejected. Evidently not all rejections are based on lack of

proof, but because the case simply does not constitute trafficking.

Based on the data collected on the 29 unconfirmed victims, we may conclude the following:

o Pimping (n=5) – proximate to trafficking in persons;

o Smuggling (n=3);

o Illegal residence (n=3);

o Pimping and domestic violence (n=1) – studies and experience of various entities alert

that sometimes cases of trafficking are discovered as a consequence of a

denouncement of domestic violence;

o Kidnapping (n=2) – associated to trafficking when used as a form of control;

o Case filed due to lack of proof (n=11);

A final point to be made is that the motive for rejecting a person as a victim of trafficking is

unknown in 4 cases.

Table 7 below illustrates the rejected cases by type of trafficking and by motive for rejection.

Table 7- Motive for not confirming a case of trafficking, by type of exploitation

Type of exploitation

Motive for non-confirmation Trafficking for sexual purposes

Trafficking for labour purposes

Robberies Unknown

Smuggling26

3 0 0 0

Illegal residence27

0 0 0 3

Pimping28

4 0 0 1

Pimping and domestic violence29

1 0 0 0

Kidnapping30

2 0 0

Lack of proof 2 4 3 2

Data not available 2 1 0 1

o Smuggling arises in association with denouncements of potential trafficking for sexual

exploitation (n=3);

o There is no data on the type of exploitation, to which illegal residence (n=3) is

connected;

26

Article 183º, Cap. IX, Disposições Penais – Lei 23/2007, July 4. 27

Article 192º, Cap. X, Contra ordenações – Lei 23/2007, 4 July 2007. 28

Article 169º, Livro II, Parte Especial, Título I, Dos crimes contra as pessoas, Cap. V, Dos crimes contra a Liberdade e autodeterminação sexual, Secção 1, Crimes contra a liberdade pessoal) – Lei 59/2007, 4 July 2007.

29 Article 152º, Livro II, Parte Especial, Título I, Dos crimes contra as pessoas, Cap. III, Dos crimes contra a integridade física) – Lei 59/2007, 4 September 2007.

30 Article 158º - Livro II, Parte Especial, Título I, Dos crimes contra as pessoas, Cap. IV, Dos crimes contra a liberdade pessoal) – Lei 59/2007, 4 September 2007.

Directly related to situation of non-

nationals;



o Pimping arises in association with trafficking for sexual exploitation (n=4), yet, the type

of exploitation is unknown in 1 case;

o Pimping and domestic violence arise in association with trafficking for sexual

exploitation (n=1);

o Kidnapping arises in association with trafficking for labour exploitation (n=2);

o The cases filed due to lack of proof are connected to trafficking for labour exploitation

(n=4), theft31 (n=3) and to trafficking for sexual exploitation (n=2). In 2 cases the type

of exploitation is unknown;

o There is no data on the motive for rejection in 2 flagged cases of trafficking for sexual

exploitation, and in 1 flagged case of labour exploitation. The type of exploitation is

unknown in 1 case.

31

In 2 cases the thefts occurred in commercial establishments. The other case also involved thefts in residences (gold) in various Member States.



3. Final conclusions

3.1. Principal conclusions

It is important to bear in mind that the numbers represented and analysed in this report refer

only to the data collected by our two main instruments (Unified Registration Guide and

Flagging Guide). During 2010 a total of 86 victims were registered – 58 female, and 27 male32.

Of these 86 cases, 22 victims were confirmed by the police authorities as victims of trafficking,

35 cases are still under investigation, and 29 cases were not confirmed. Even though the

majority of the flagged victims are female, potentially trafficked for sexual exploitation, most

confirmed cases refer to men trafficked for labour exploitation.

To review some data on the confirmed, flagged, and not confirmed victims, we may conclude

the following:

Confirmed victims:

During 2010 a total of 22 victims of trafficking were confirmed in Portugal: 8 female victims of

sexual exploitation, and 14 male victims (inversion from the past two years, when the majority

of confirmed victims were female). The average age of the victims is 28 years, but male victims

tend to be slightly older (average age 32 years - the female victims average age 25 years). The

vast majority of the victims are single (n=12); only 2 are married.

As to nationality, sex, and type of trafficking:

7 Portuguese victims (all male, 6 of labour exploitation, and 1 of unknown type of

exploitation);

13 foreign victims:

o 7 Romanian victims (6 male victims of labour exploitation, and 1 female victim

of sexual exploitation);

o 5 Brazilian victims (4 female victims of sexual exploitation, and 1 female

victim unknown type of exploitation );

o 1 female Nigerian victim of trafficking for sexual exploitation.

Since 2008 the majority of confirmed victims have been foreigners; in particular the presence

of Brazilian and Romanian victims has been observed.

As in 2008, labour exploitation was again the most reported type of trafficking (n=13), and the

majority of victims were recruited through a promise/offer of employment (n=18).

In geographical terms, the two districts with the most confirmed victims were Beja (n=7) and

Castelo Branco (n=6).

32

The gender of one victim is unknown.



There were two minor victims among the confirmed cases; one was a 15-year-old Portuguese

boy, and the other a 14-year-old Romanian girl who was trafficked for sexual exploitation.

There is only scarce information on traffickers, which is why we cannot draw any general

conclusions based on this data. The 6 cases in which the nationality of the trafficker is known

may offer some descriptive value: Portuguese (n=2), Romanian (n=1), Brazilian (n=1),

Portuguese and Spanish (n=1), and Nigerian and Senegalese (n=1).

Flagged victims (cases still under investigation):

There are 35 flagged victims: 30 female, and 4 male33. Their average age is 21 years, being the

men slightly older (average of 28 years) than the women (average 20 years). Single victims

represent the majority (n=26); only 4 are married.

As to nationality, sex, and type of trafficking, we may conclude the following:

9 flagged victims of Portuguese nationality (6 female, and 2 male. Based on the data

available, 2 of the potential female victims were exploited for sexual purposes, 3 for

labour purposes, and 1 for both sexual and labour purposes; 1 potential male victim

was exploited for labour purposes);

23 flagged foreign victims:

o 13 Brazilian victims (12 female, and 1 male. Based on the data available, 5 of

the female victims were potentially exploited for sexual purposes, and 1 for

labour purposes; the potential male victim was allegedly trafficked for sexual

exploitation);

o 7 Romanian victims (all female, potentially trafficked for sexual exploitation);

o 1 Angolan victim (female, potentially trafficked for labour exploitation);

o 1 Panamanian victim (female, type of exploitation unknown);

o 1 Iranian victim (male, type of exploitation unknown).

The most commonly flagged type of exploitation was, as in the past two years, trafficking for

sexual exploitation (n=16).

In georaphical terms, the three districts with the most registers of flagged cases were Porto

(n=6), Lisbon (n=4), and Faro (n=4).

There were 7 minor victims among the flagged cases. All were female, and their average age is

13 years. 2 had Portuguese nationality, and 3 were foreigners (1 Angolan, and 2 Romanians).

As to the type of exploitation, 3 were potentially trafficked for sexual exploitation, 1 for labour

exploitation, and 2 for both labour and sexual exploitation.

Among the registers of flagged cases there is more information available on the traffickers

(n=18). The nationalities of the potential aggressors are: Portuguese (n=1), Angolan (n=1),

33

Gender of 1 victim is unknown.



Brazilian (n=1), Brazilian and Spanish (n=1), Spanish (n=1), Portuguese and Spanish (n=2),

Romanian (n=4), and Brazilian and Portuguese (n=7).

Not confirmed victims

A total of 29 cases were not confirmed, based either on a finding of other type of crime

(procuring, facilitating illegal immigration, procuring and domestic violence, kidnapping), or

due to lack of proof (case filed). This variety of reasons demonstrates the criminality related to

trafficking on one hand, and the difficulty to find sufficient proof on the other.

Shelter and protection

In 2010, 4 women who were victims of trafficking were sheltered in CAP. The two under-aged

girls, who were also sheltered last year, are at the moment in the care of SEF due to safety

reasons.

The multidisciplinary team of CAP concentrated on two key phases of intervention when

provided psychological help (emotional stabilization), medical services, and help in requesting

legal documents – the phase of reflections, and the phase of social and professional

integration. The support involved developing a series of internal and external activities, in

particular the support and structuring of the ‘Life Project’.

In the ambit of accommodation/protection 10 residence permits were granted for victims of

trafficking (under Article 109 of the Law 23/2007, July 4): all victims were female; 9 of them

Brazilian, and 1 Nigerian.

3.2. Recommendations

Based on the analysis and conclusions we may offer some recommendations, which relate

mainly to a more integrated data collection.

Due to the nature of the trafficking phenomenon, the contextualisation of the data with more

structural information becomes fundamental in order for us to understand this crime against

basic human rights. The information that ought to be taken into consideration includes in

particular:

The countries of origin (the exact location of where the victims come from, not only

the country in general);

Previous experiences of trafficking;

The aggressors (except for their role in the trafficking chain/process); and

The judicial process.



In order to enable such wider understanding it is essential to collect information in close

cooperation between various data providers, not only on national but also on international

level.

The formalisation of the Support and Protection Network for Victims of Trafficking (RAPVT) as

well as the implementation of the Dynamic Application for Analysis and Knowledge on

Trafficking in Human Beings (and its potential incorporation in other countries) will be the key

developments during 2011.

In other words, on one hand establishing a network of various actors of different areas

(RAPVT) will cooperate in flagging, identification and guiding the trafficking victims for assisting

institutions, and on the other hand the national monitoring system (Dynamic Application) will

extend the data-collection, which until today has been based on victims, to traffickers and

criminal investigation/judicial process.

Not only on national level, but internationally as well, the sharing of information is equally

relevant. It is urged to monitor and exchange information with the countries of origin and

transit in the routes leading to Portugal.

Dissemination of information through legal migration processes and employment

opportunities is equally important, bearing in mind that the main reason for the trafficking

victims to emigrate in the first place was an offer of employment.

Questions related with child trafficking (for sexual exploitation, begging, amongst others –

framed by the Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April

2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and

replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA), must be addressed – namely in

research – as well as trafficking for servitude that in Portugal does not have the same attention

as in other countries and international forums.



4. References

SISTEMA DE SEGURANÇA INTERNA (2011), Relatório Anual de Segurança Interna 2010, Sistema

de Segurança Interna, Gabinete do Secretário-Geral



Annex 1



CONTACTED ENTITIES

Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (CIG)

Shelter and Protection Centre for Victims of Trafficking and Their Children (CAP)

Authority for Working Conditions (ACT)

Authority for Food and Economic Security (ASAE)

APDES – Porto G

Doctors of the World

O Ninho (The Nest)

Portuguese Association for Victim Support (APAV)

União das Misericórdias Portuguesas

Community Centre S. Cirilo

Obra Social das Irmãs Oblatas

Centro das Irmãs Adoradoras

SOS Immigrant (ACIDI)

Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS)

Portuguese Refugee Council (CPR)

Institute for Child Support (IAC)

Union Women Alternative and Response (UMAR)

annual report on trafficking in human beings...

Documents