INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMME (IGCP)

Annual Report* of IGCP Project No. 502 *The information in this report will also be used for publication in 'Geological Correlation' (please feel free to attach any additional information you may consider relevant to the assessment of your project). IGCP project short title: Global Comparison Of Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulphide Districts Duration: 2004 - 2008 Project leader(s): 1. Name: Rodney Allen

Address: Lulea University of Technology, Division of Ore Geology and Applied Geophysics, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden. Tel.: +46 910 774339 Fax: +46 910 774285 e-mail: rodallen@algonet.se

2. Name: Namik Çagatay

Address: Istanbul Technical University, Maden Fakültesi, Department of Geological Engineering, Ayazaga 80626 Istanbul, Turkey. Tel.: (90-212) 2856211 Fax: (90-212) 2856080 e-mail: cagatay@itu.edu.tr

3. Name: Jan Peter Address: Geological Survey of Canada, Central Canada Division, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E8. Tel.: +1 613 9922376 Fax: +1 613 9963726 e-mail: jpeter@nrcan.gc.ca

4. Name: Fernando Tornos

Address: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. C/Azafranal 48 37002 Salamanca, Spain. Tel.: +34-923-265009 Fax: +34-923-265066 e-mail: f.tornos@igme.es

Project Secretary: Name: Rodney Allen

Address: Lulea University of Technology, Division of Ore Geology and Applied Geophysics, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden. Tel.: +46 910 774339 Fax: +46 910 774285 e-mail: rodallen@algonet.se

Date of submission of report: December 15, 2005 Signature of project leader: Jan Peter (for Rodney Allen)

1. Website address(es) related to the project During 2005 a website has been built for IGCP-502 using Lulea University of Technology (LTU), Sweden, as host institution. Access is gained to the website via the home pages of the Institution of Applied Chemistry and Earth Sciences and the Division of Ore Geology and Applied Geophysics (www.ltu.se/web/tkg/). The website address for the first page of the IGCP-502 site is: www.ltu.se/web/pub/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=4349 For a textual representation of the current web site, refer to Appendix 1. This website is currently being expanded to include information from all nations that are participating in IGCP-502. A request soliciting information for the website has been sent to the 138 members of IGCP-502. It is anticipated that the website will be complete by the end of February 2006. 2. Summary of major past achievements of the project •project has attracted participation of 138 of the world’s leading scientists in VMS research. This network of scientists represents 25 nations. •increased level of cooperation amongst several institutions (e.g., Lulea University, New Brunswick Geological Surveys Branch, Geological Survey of Canada, Geological Survey of Spain, Geological Survey of Turkey-MTA, University of Tasmania, South Ural University). •discovery of fossil hydrothermal chimneys in a VMS deposit in Turkey during an IGCP-502 field workshop in 2004 (manuscript for submission to peer-reviewed scientific journal in preparation). 3. Achievements of the project this year 3.1. List of countries involved in the project ( *countries active this year)

1) Argentina 14) Japan* 2 Australia* 15) Mexico* 3) Canada* 16) Morocco* 4) China* 17) Namibia* 5) Cuba 18) Peru* 6) Czech Republic* 19) Portugal* 7) Denmark 20) Russia* 8) Equador 21) Saudi Arabia* 9) Finland* 22) Spain* 10) Germany* 23) Sweden* 11) Great Britain* 24) Turkey* 12) Greenland 25) Venezuela*

13) India* 3.2. General scientific achievements (including societal benefits)

(Meetings are not considered as scientific achievements, they should be listed under heading 3.3.)

•increased cohesiveness and interaction amongst VMS researchers around the world, particularly with developing countries.

•project members with less worldwide VMS experience now have seen some of the very biggest, highest-grade examples of VMS deposits in the World (e.g., Brunswick Number 12, Brunswick Number 6, and Caribou, Canada, Aggeneys-Gamsberg, South Africa).

•increased understanding and awareness of outstanding key questions and issues which hinder our understanding of the genesis of, and exploration for, VMS deposits, and a determination to address these in the coming years of the project. •general awareness and recognition that current classification schemes for VMS deposits don’t allow for hybrid-types, and that this has a deleterious effect on current exploration philosophies worldwide.

•recognition and awareness of the powerful and beneficial (and deleterious) effects that metamorpism and deformation can have on the economic potential of a VMS deposit (e.g., Brunswick deposits, Bathurst Mining Camp). •recognition and awareness of the powerful and beneficial effects that weathering and upgrading of base-metal deposits can have to make them highly desireable exploration and mining targets (e.g., Skorpion), particularly amongst researchers in the northern hemisphere, where weathering and regolith development are minimal. •increased level of coorperation amongst several institutions (e.g., Geological Survey of Canada, Geological Survey of Spain, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, and University of Namibia, University of Tasmania, South Urals University) in an effort to tackle some of the key outstanding issues in our understanding of VMS deposits and their economc exploitation.

3.3. List of meetings with approximate attendance and number of countries 3.3.1 Halifax Conference Session and Bathurst Field Workshop Date: 15-23 May 2005; Place: Halifax (Novia Scotia) and Bathurst (New Brunswick), Canada; Itinerary: Geological Association of Canada & Mineralogical Association of Canada (GAC-MAC) Annual Meeting (Conference), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 15-18 May, 2005; field workshop in Bathurst Mining District, northern New Brunswick, Canada, 18-23 May, 2005. Scope of Meeting (program or outline of geological study) IGCP-502 co-convened two sessions at the GAC-MAC conference in Halifax: an Economic Geology session on Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulphide (VMS) deposits on 17 May, and a special session titled ”From Magmas to Massive Sulphides – the Global View” on 18 May. Following the conference, IGCP-502 together with the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the Mineral Deposits Division of the Geological Association of Canada, held a field workshop in the Bathurst Mining District. The workshop was conducted at representative outcrops and mine exposures of the ores and their volcanic host rocks in order to promote discussion and comparisons between Bathurst and other VMS mining districts around the world. The meeting was also an opportunity for local students and young scientists to present their work and discuss the geology of VMS deposits.

Achievements of Meeting • The two conference sessions co-sponsored by IGCP-502 were very well attended.

The special session ”From Magmas to Massive Sulphides” attracted excellent presentations from leading VMS researchers, invited researchers from developing countries and young scientists, and was a highlight of the Halifax conference.

• The ”Magmas to Massive Sulphides” session provided ”the state of the art ” on the understanding of how, and to what extent, magmas and magmatic hydrothermal solutions are involved in the formation of massive sulphide deposits. The conclusion from this session was that magmatic hydrothermal solutions most likely contribute to the formation of some felsic-hosted VMS deposits, but that the size or relative importance of this contribution varies from region to region, depending on the nature of the host basin.

• The field workshop attracted 30 scientists from 13 countries. • Participants were treated to a comprehensive underground tour of the world’s

largest VMS deposit, the Brunswick 12 mine, and the chance to study the famous Brunswick iron formation, which overlies the VMS deposits of the Brunswick group and is an important exploration guide to the location of these ores.

• The meeting provided a good introduction to the Bathurst VMS deposits and how they compare with those that the participants are familiar with in our own countries. The Brunswick group of deposits appear to be similar to some VMS deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt in that they overlie a relatively thin volcanic succession, are large and laterally extensive, and include large volumes of uneconomic massive pyrite.

• The Bathurst VMS deposits are strongly deformed and this is one reason for the complicated, irregular and elongate (attenuated) shape of the ore bodies. Despite the strong deformation, panels of rock between the deformation zones contain well preserved primary volcanic textures that could allow more detailed interpretation.

• Future meetings and scientific publications of IGCP-502, and collaboration between IGCP-502 and the New Brunswick provincial government were discussed.

Outcome of Meeting • Participants of IGCP-502 gained an excellent appreciation of the very complex

geology of the Bathurst Mining District and the comprehensive, excellent investigations of stratigraphy, structure, geophysics and tectonic setting that have been carried out in this district. These studies can serve as a template for similar studies in other VMS districts.

• Detailed studies of individual VMS deposits, studies of volcanic facies architecture, and studies of the depositional setting of the VMS ores are needed in the Bathurst District in order to help identify potential for new ore bodies.

• This meeting led to a proposal by the New Brunswick provincial government for collaboration between IGCP-502 and local scientists working in the Bathurst District, including a proposal to provide financial support for IGCP-502 members who are interested to carry out future research in the Bathurst District.

3.3.2 Joint Field Workshop (IGCP 450 and IGCP 502), South Africa and

Namibia (see Appendix 2) Date: September 27 to October 6, 2005; Place: Cape Town (South Africa)-Windhoek (Namibia); Itinerary: Cape Town-Aggeneys-Rosh Pinah-Gorob-Windhoek (Matchless-Othijase).

Scope of Meeting (program or outline of geological study) Joint meeting of projects IGCP 450 and 502 for studying sedimentary-exhalative, volcanogenic and Broken Hill-type ore deposits of SW Africa in order to establish relationships between them, similarities and differences, as well as to discuss different interpretations for the related volcanic rocks. The meeting was also an opportunity for local students and young scientists to discuss the geology of these styles of mineralization. Achievements of Meeting • Discussion of the meaning of the clasifications of sedimentary-exhalative

(SEDEX), volcanogenic (VMS) and Broken-Hill type (BHT) ore deposits and the relevance for mineral exploration.

• Study of the geologic setting of the Aggeneys BHT deposits. The white and black quartzites hosting the deposit are likely chemical deposits that are products of a large exhalative event. The iron formation, which caps the orebody is perhaps the best indicator that these BHT are exhalative in origin and not the product of metamorphic metasomatism.

• In the Rosh Pinah-Skorpion area, volcanic rocks are very abundant. However, felsic and mafic rocks and the so called arkoses in the footwall of the orebody could be volcaniclastic sediments. Some of the ore seems to be truly exhalative, while most of it seems to be related to subseafloor replacements. Thus, despite some features typical of SEDEX deposits, the immediate environment of formation suggests that the ore forming process was directly related to the onset of bimodal volcanism.

• The Gorob, Matchless and Othijase ore deposits are highly metamorphosed and deformed Besshi-type deposits probably formed by replacement of the host sediments. Their complex structural setting precludes any further interpretation and, definitely, a lot more research is needed at these ore deposits.

Outcome of Meeting

The major outcome has been the understanding that the complex geological evolution of some mineral belts can result in formation of very different styles of mineralization within restricted areas and that both volcanogenic and sedimentary exhalative deposits, with all the transitional types between them, can form in very similar settings. Also, we conclude that the immediate geology of these ore deposits needs to be reinterpreted. Thus, the meeting has also served as a basis for future collaborations between the Geological Surveys of Canada and Spain and the Universities of Namibia and Halle for the study of the Rosh Pinah-Skorpion and Matchless ore deposits. 3.3.3 Special Session for IGCP Project 502 Results at 8th Biennial SGA (Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits) Meeting/Conference, Beijing, China, August 18-21, 2005

A special session for presentation of IGCP 502 project results was held at the International SGA meeting in Beijing China, this past August. This session was very well attended, and brought together project members and other audience members from around the world to share the results of our research. 3.4. Educational, training or capacity building activities

The joint IGCP 450/502 Field Workshop, 27 September - 06 October 2005 in South Africa and Namibia (see Section 3.3.2, above, and Appendix 2), in particular, afforded an opportunity for young undergraduate and graduate university students from developing countries to interact with VMS specialists from within and outside

of Africa (e.g., Germany, Spain, Canada) and learn from their background and experiences, thus providing a unique learning experience in a field setting. In the Bathurst-Halifax conference and field workshop, graduate students from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia—Canada, Sweden, Peru, and India) actively participated, giving talks and field presentations. Students also participated actively in the Special Session of the SGA Conference (see 3.3.3, above). Additionally, one undergraduate and four graduate students completed their theses under the auspices of IGCP Project 502 (see Section 3.6.3 below). The two field workshops afforded the opportunity for training of, and upgrading the skills of scientists from developed and developing countries (e.g., Turkey, Northern Ireland, Morocco, Finland, Russia, India, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, and others). 3.5. Participation of scientists from developing countries

The two field workshops/conferences were very well attended by scientific partners from developing countries. (indeed, the South Africa-Namibia trip was organized, to a large extent, by scientific partners from developing countries). Overall, the list of participating scientists from developing countries in our project for this year is: two workers from Democratic Replic of Congo (Bombile Bosongo, Loise Ngoyi), nine workers from Namibia (Adeltraaud Mughonghora, Ben Mapani, Frans Hendjala, Fred Kamona, Freeman Senzani, Sam Ajagbe, Sidney Garöeb, Werner Shaanika, Willem Abraham), one worker from Turkey (Ramazan Dogan), one worker from Morocco (Mohamed Hibti), one worker from India (Ritesh Purohit), and one worker from Peru (Marcello Imana). 3.6. List of most important publications (including maps)

Distinguish between peer review literature and other (no abstracts). Bibliography (listed by author in alphabetical order with the most recent work listed first)

3.6.1 Refereed publications Årebäck, H. Barrett, T.J., Abrahamsson, S. and Fagerström, P., (in press). The

Palaeoproterozoic Kristineberg VMS deposit, Skellefte district, northern Sweden. Part I: geology. Mineralium Deposita.

Barrett, T.J., MacLean, W.H. and Årebäck, H. (in press). The Palaeoproterozoic

Kristineberg VMS deposit, Skellefte district, northern Sweden. Part II: chemostratigraphy and alteration. Mineralium Deposita.

Barrett, T.J., MacLean, W.H. and Dawson, G. (submitted). Volcanic stratigraphy and

alteration of the Paleozoic Fetais massive sulfide deposit, Aljustrel, Portugal. For special issue of Economic Geology on "“Continent Margin Massive Sulphide Deposits (VMS-SEDEX) and Their Geodymamic Environments".

Barrie, C. T., Taylor, C. F., and Ames, D. E., (2005), Geology and metal contents of

the Ruttan volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Northern Manitoba, Canada: Mineralium Deposita, v. 39, p. 795-812.

Blundell, D., Arndt, N., Cobbold, P.R. and Heinrich, C., (2005). Processes of

tectonism, magmatism and mineralization: lessons from Europe. In: Blundell, D., Arndt, N., Cobbold, P.R. and Heinrich, C. (Eds.), Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in Europe. Ore Geology Reviews v. 27, p. 333–349.

Bradshaw, G.D., Rowins, S.R., Peter, J.M., and Taylor, B.E., (submitted), Genesis of the Wolverine deposit, Finlayson Lake region, Yukon: transitional volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) and sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX) mineralization in an ancient continental margin setting; Economic Geology Special Issue.

Çiftçi,E. and Hagni, R.D. (2005) Mineralogy of the Lahanos Deposit a Kuroko-Type

Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit from the Eastern Pontides (Giresun-NE Turkey. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, v. 48, no. 1, p. 55-64.

Downey, W. and Lentz, D.R., (in press). A Review of Deep Submarine Silicic

Pyroclastic Volcanism. Geoscience Canada, v. 32, No. 4. Downey, W., McCutcheon, S.R., and Lentz, D.R., (in press). A Physical

Volcanological, Chemostratigraphic and Petrogenetic Analysis of the Little Falls Member, Tetagouche Group, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

Furnes, H., Banerjee, N. R., Muehlenbachs, K., & Kontinen, A. (2005). Preservation

of biosignatures in metaglassy volcanic rocks from the jormua ophiolite complex, finland. Precambrian Research, v. 136, p. 125-137.

Giorgetti, G., Monecke, T., Kleeberg, R., Hannington, M.D. (in press). Low-

temperature hydrothermal alteration of silicic glass at the PACMANUS hydrothermal vent field, Manus Basin: A high-resolution transmission electron microscope study. Clays and Clay Minerals.

Grenne, T. and Slack, J.F. (in press). Geochemistry of Jasper Beds from the

Ordovician Løkken Ophiolite, Norway: Origin of Proximal and Distal Siliceous Exhalites. Economic Geology.

Herrington, R., Maslennikov, V., Zaykov, V., Seravkin, I., Kosarev, A., Buschmann,

B., Orgeval, J-J., Holland, N., Tesalina, S., Nimis, P. and Armstrong, R., (2005). Classification of VMS deposits: Lessons from the Uralides. . In: Blundell, D., Arndt, N., Cobbold, P.R. and Heinrich, C. (Eds.), Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in Europe. Ore Geology Reviews, v. 27, p. 203–237.

Herrington, R., Maslennikov, V., Zaykov, V., Seravkin, I., (2005). VMS Deposits of

the South Urals, Russia. In: Blundell, D., Arndt, N., Cobbold, P.R. and Heinrich, C. (Eds.), Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in Europe. Ore Geology Reviews v. 27, p. 238–239.

Herrington, R.J., Puchkov, V.N., Yakubchuk, A.S., (2005). A reassessment of the

tectonic zonation of the Uralides: implications for metallogeny. In: McDonald I, Boyce A J, Butler I B, HERRINGTON R J & Polya D A (eds) 2005. Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution. Geological Society, London, Special Publications v. 248, p.153-166 (Deposits used to evaluate tectonic evolution of Urals).

Herrington R.J. , Zaykov, V.V., Maslennikov, V.V., Brown, D. and Puchkov, V.N.,

(2005), Mineral Deposits of the Urals and Links to Geodynamic Evolution, in:

Hedenquist et al. (eds.), Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, p. 1069-1095 (Covers tectonic settting of Urals VMS).

Honarvar, P., Barrie, C.T., and Harris, J.R., (in press), Applying Weights of

Evidence Modelling to Assess the Mineral Potential of the Lucas-Crawford Area, Timmins, Ontario: In GIS Applications in the Earth Sciences, Harris, J., Ed., Geological Association of Canada.

Honda, H. and Yoshida, T. (2005). Application of the model of small-scale

convection under the island arc to the NE Honshu subduction zone. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 6, p. 1-22.

Honda, S. and Yoshida, T. (2005). Effects of oblique subduction on the 3-D pattern

of small-scale convection within the mantle wedge. Geophysical Research Letters, v. 32, p. 1-4.

Kimura, J., Stern, R.J. and Yoshida, T. (2005). Reinitation of subduction and

magmatic responses in SW Japan during Neogene time. Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 117, p. 959-986.

Korja, A., & Heikkinen, P. (2005). The accretionary svecofennian orogen; insight

from the BABEL profiles. Precambrian Research, v. 136, p. 241-268. Layton-Matthews, D., Leybourne, M. I., Peter, J.M., and Scott, S.D. (in press)

Determination of selenium isotopic ratios by continuous-hydride-generation dynamic-reaction-cell inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry.

Layton-Matthews, D., Peter, Jan M., Scott, Steven D., Leybourne, Matthew I.,

(submitted), Distribution, mineralogy, and geochemistry of selenium in felsic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits of the Finlayson Lake area, Yukon Territory, Canada: implications for source, transport and depositional controls; Economic Geology Special Issue.

Layton-Matthews, D., Scott, S.D., Peter, J.M. and Leybourne, M.I. (2005)

Transport and deposition of selenium in felsic volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits of the Finlayson Lake District, Yukon Territory, Canada: Mineral Deposits Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Springer Verlag, v. 1, p. 643-646.

Lentz, D.R. and McCutcheon, S.R., (in press). The Brunswick No. 6 Massive Sulfide

Deposit,Bathurst Mining Camp, Northern New Brunswick, Canada: A Synopsis of the Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration System, and Geochemical Vectors for Exploration. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

Leybourne, Matthew I., Peter, Jan M., Layton-Matthews, D., Volesky, J., and Boyle,

D., (in press), Mobility and fractionation of rare earth elements during supergene weathering and gosssan formation and chemical modification of massive sulfide gossan; Geochimica et Cosmochimca Acta.

MacLellan, K.L., Lentz, D.R., and McClenaghan, S.R., (in press). The Brunswick

No. 6 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Cu zone, Bathurst Mining Camp, New

Brunswick, Canada: Petrology, Geochemistry, and Genesis. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

Maslennikov V. V., Zaykov V. V. Herrington R. J. and Maslennikova S. P.

(submitted). Ore facies and styles of the Bimodal Volcanic-Associated Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Urals, Russia, Mineralium Deposita.

Mason T.F.D., Weiss D.J., Chapman J.B., Wilkinson J.J., Tessalina S.G., Spiro B.,

Horstwood M.S.A., Spratt J. and Coles B.J., (2005). Zn and Cu isotopic variability in the Alexandrinka volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) ore deposit, Urals, Russia, Chemical Geology, v. 221, p. 170-187.

McClenaghan, S.R., Lentz, D.R., and Beaumont-Smith, C., (in press). The

Louvicourt Au-rich massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, NB: an example of a classic Kuroko-style deposit. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

McClenaghan, S. H., Lentz, D. R. and Fyffe, L. R., (in press). Chemostratigraphy of

volcanic rocks hosting massive sulphide clasts within the Meductic Group, southwestern New Brunswick. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

McDonald, I., Boyce, A.J., Butler, I.B., Herrington, R.J. and Polya, D.A., (2005).

Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution, Geological Society of London Special Publication SP248, 280 p. (Book).

McPhie, J. and Allen, R.L. (2005). Submarine syn-eruptive pyroclastic units in the

Mount Read Volcanics, western Tasmania: Influence of vent setting on facies characteristics. American Geophysical Union, Special Publication.

Monecke, T., Monecke, J., Herzig, P.M., Gemmell, J.B. (2005) Truncated fractal

frequency distribution of element abundance data: A dynamic model for the metasomatic enrichment of base and precious metals. Earth and Planetary Science Letters v. 232, p. 363-378.

Montelius, C., Allen, R.L., Svenson, S-Å. and Weihed, P. (in press). Stratigraphy

and structure of the Palaeoproterozoic VHMS-bearing succession, Maurliden domain, Skellefte district, Sweden. Geological Society of Sweden (GFF).

Murphy, D.C., Mortensen, J.K., Piercey, S.J., Orchard, M.J., and Gehrels, G.E., (in

press). Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic evolution of Yukon-Tanana and Slide Mountain terranes and affiliated overlap assemblages, Finlayson Lake massive sulphide district, southeastern Yukon. In: Paleozoic Evolution of Pericratonic Terranes at the Ancient Pacific Margin of North America, Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera. Edited by M. Colpron, J.L. Nelson, and R.I. Thompson. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper.

Mutti, D. et al. (2005). Evolución metalogenética de las Sierras Pampeanas de

Córdoba y sur de santiago del Estero: Ciclos prepampeano y pampeano. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, v. 60, p. 104-121.

Mutti, D. et al. (2005). Evolución metalogenética de las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba y sur de santiago del Estero: Ciclos famatiniano, gondwánico, ándico. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, v. 60, p. 467-485.

Nelson, J.L., Colpron, M., Piercey, S.J., Dusel-Bacon, C., Murphy, D.C., and Roots,

C.F., (in press). Paleozoic tectonic and metallogenetic evolution of pericratonic terranes in Yukon, northern British Columbia and eastern Alaska. In: Paleozoic Evolution of Pericratonic Terranes at the Ancient Pacific Margin of North America, Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera. Edited by M. Colpron, J.L. Nelson, and R.I. Thompson. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper.

Nishimoto, S., Ishikawa, M., Arima, M. and Yoshida, T. (2005). Laboratory

measurement of P-wave velocity in crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from Ichino-megata,NE Japan: ultrabasic hydrous lower crust beneath the NE Honshu arc. Tectonophysics, v. 396, p. 245-259.

Paradis, S., Bailey, S.L., Hughes, N.D., Creaser, R.A., Piercey, S.J., and Schiarizza,

P., (in press). Geochemistry and paleotectonic setting of the Eagle Bay Assemblage and its polymetallic massive sulphide deposits, British Columbia, Canada. In: Paleozoic Evolution of Pericratonic Terranes at the Ancient Pacific Margin of North America, Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera. Edited by M. Colpron, J.L. Nelson, and R.I. Thompson. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper.

Petersen, S., Herzig, P.M., Kuhn, T., Franz, L., Hannington, M.D., Monecke, T.,

Gemmell, J.B. (2005) Shallow drilling of seafloor hydrothermal systems using the BGS Rockdrill: Conical Seamount (New Ireland Fore-Arc) and Pacmanus (Eastern Manus Basin), Papua New Guinea. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology v. 23, p. 175-193.

Piercey, S.J., and Murphy, D.C., (accepted pending revisions). The importance of

high temperature magmatism and extensional geodynamics in the formation of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide mineralization: Examples from the Finlayson Lake District, Yukon, Canada. Economic Geology Special Issue.

Piercey, S.J., Nelson, J.L., Colpron, M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Simard, R.-L., and Roots,

C.F., (in press). Paleozoic magmatism and crustal recycling along the ancient Pacific margin of North America, northern Cordillera. In: Paleozoic Evolution of Pericratonic Terranes at the Ancient Pacific Margin of North America, Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera. Edited by M. Colpron, J.L. Nelson, and R.I. Thompson. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper.

Piercey, S.J., Peter, J.M., Mortensen, J.K., Paradis, S., Murphy, D.C., Tucker, T.L.,

(submitted, and in revision), Geological, geochemical and U-Pb age constraints on the origin of footwall porphyritic rhyolites from the Wolverine volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposit, Finlayson Lake District, Yukon, Canada, Economic Geology.

Pinto, A.M.M., Relvas, J.M.R.S., F., Barriga, .J.A.S., Munhá, J., Pacheco, N., and

Scott, S.D. (2005). Gold mineralization in recent and ancient volcanic-hosted massive sulphides: the PACMANUS field and Neves Corvo deposit: Mineral Deposits Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Springer Verlag, v. 1, p. 683-686.

Scotney, P.M., Roberts, S., Herrington, R.J., Boyce, A.J. & Burgess, R., (2005), The development of volcanogenic massive sulfide and barite-gold orebodies on Wetar Island, Indonesia, Mineralium Deposita, v. 40, p.76-99.

Sprague, K., de Kemp, E.A., Wong, W., McGaughey, J., Perron, P., and Barrie, C.

T., (in press), Spatial targeting using queries in a 3-D GIS environment with application to mineral exploration, Computers and Geosciences.

Tessalina, S., Bourdon, B., Orgeval, J.-J., Birck, J.-L., Gannoun, A., Capmas, F.,

Allègre, C.-J., (in press). Os isotope distribution within Paleozoic seafloor hydrothermal system in Southern Urals, Russia. Ore Geology Reviews.

Tessalina, S., Orgeval, Taylor R., Herrington R., Sundblad K., Boushman, B., Buley,

C., Zaykov V., Bourdon B. (submitted). Lead isotopic systematics of Urals massive sulphide deposits, Mineralium Deposita.

Tessalina, S.G., Orgeval J.-J., Gannoun, A., Birck J.-L.(submitted). PGE distribution

and Re-Os isotope systematics in Urals VHMS deposits, Mineralium Deposita.

Tornos, F., (in press), Environment of formation and styles of volcanogenic massive

sulfides: The Iberian Pyrite Belt: Ore Geology Reviews. Tornos, F., Casquet, C. and Relvas. J., (2005). Transpressional tectonics, lower crust

decoupling and intrusion of deep mafic sills: a model for the unusual metallogenesis of SW Iberia. In: Blundell, D., Arndt, N., Cobbold, P.R. and Heinrich, C. (Eds.), Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in Europe. Ore Geology Reviews v. 27, p. 133–163.

Wagner, T., Monecke, T. (2005) Germanium-bearing colusite from the Waterloo

volcanic-rock-hosted massive sulfide deposit, Australia: Crystal chemistry and formation of colusite group minerals. Canadian Mineralogist v. 43, p. 655-669.

Walker, J.A. and Carroll, J.I., (in press). The Camelback Zn-Pb-Cu deposit: A recent

discovery in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada. Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 15.

Walker, J.A. and Graves, G., (in press). The Mount Fronsac North VMS deposit: a

recent discovery in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 15.

Walker, J.A. and Lentz, D.R., (in press). The Flat Landing Brook Zn-Pb-Ag massive

sulfide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

Walker, J.A., Lentz, D.R., and McClenaghan, S.R., (in press). The Orvan Brook Zn-

Pb massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, NB: anatomy of an intensively ductily deformed massive sulfide system. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

Weihed, P., Arndt, N., Billström, K., Duchesne, J-C., Eilu, P., Martinsson, O.,

Papunen, H. and Lahtinen, R., (2005). Precambrian geodynamics and ore formation: the Fennoscandian Shield. In: Blundell, D., Arndt, N., Cobbold,

P.R. and Heinrich, C. (Eds.), Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in Europe. Ore Geology Reviews v. 27, p. 273–322.

Wills, A.O., Lentz, D.R., and Roy, G., (in press). Felsic Volcanic Chemostratigraphy

and Multiple Iron Formation Intersections: Resolving Geometry at the Brunswick No. 6 VMS Deposit, New Brunswick. Exploration and Mining Geology Journal (Bathurst Camp Special Issue), v. 15.

Xu, Q. and Scott, S.D. (2005) Spherulitic pyrite in seafloor hydrothermal deposits:

products of rapid crystallization from mixing fluids: Mineral Deposits Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Springer Verlag, v. 1, p. 711-714.

Yang, K., and Scott, S.D. (2005) Magmatic sources of volatiles and base metals for

volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits on modern and ancient seafloors: evidence from melt inclusions: Mineral Deposits Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Springer Verlag, v. 1, p. 715-718.

3.6.2 Other publications Ayer, J.A., Thurston, P.C., Bateman, R., Gibson, H.L., Hamilton, M.A., Hathway,

B., Hocker, S.M., Hudak, G., Lafrance, B., Isopolatov, V., MacDonald, P., Péloquin, A.S., Piercey, S.J., Reed, L.H., Thompson, P., and Izumi, H., (2005). Digital Compilation of Maps and Data from the Greenstone Architecture Project in the TimminsˆKirkland Lake Region: Discover Abitibi Initiative. Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Data Release #155.

Ayer, J.A., Thurston, P.C., Bateman, R., Dubé, B., Gibson, H.L., Hamilton, M.A.,

Hathway, B., Hocker, S.M., Houlé, M., Hudak, G., Lafrance, B., Lesher, C.M., Isopolatov, V., MacDonald, P., Péloquin, A.S., Piercey, S.J., Reed, L.H., and Thompson, P., (2005). Overview of Results from the Greenstone Architecture Project: Discover Abitibi Initiative. Ontario Geological Survey Open File 6154, 146 p.

Barrie, C.T., (2005), Geochemistry of Exhalites and Graphitic Argillites near VMS

and Gold Deposits, Ontario Mineral Exploration Technologies (OMET) project, Final Report: Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release Data 173.

de Kemp, E., Sprague, K., Wong, W., and Barrie, C. T., (in press). Chapter 7: Data

Exploration by query: In 3D data integration methodology and tools for in-mine and near-mine exploration, Mira Geosciences, Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report, 57 p.

Di Marco, A. y D. Mutti, (2005). Depósito de hierro Cerritos Blancos, Pampa de

Pocho, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. In: La Minería Madre de Industrias, es una actividad sostenible (Eds. Méndez,V., Herrmann, C. y D. Mutti). VIII Congreso Argentino de Geología Económica. ISBN 987-98990-3-2. Buenos Aires, p. 117-122.

Iovine Palafox, G., Mutti, D. y D. Acevedo, (2005). La deformación sobreimpuesta

al depósito polimetálico Arroyo Rojo, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. In: La Minería Madre de Industrias, es una actividad sostenible (Eds. Méndez,V., Herrmann, C. y D. Mutti). VIII Congreso Argentino de Geología Económica. Buenos Aires (ISBN 987-98990-3-2). p. 233-238.

Lentz, D.R., (2005). Mercury as a Lithogeochemical Exploration Vectoring

Technique: a Review of Methodologies and Applications, with selected VMS Case Histories. The Gangue (newsletter of the Mineral Deposits Division of the Geological Association of Canada), v. 85, p. 1-8.

MacDonald, P.J., Piercey, S.J., and Hamilton, M.A., (2005). Discover Abitibi

Intrusion Subproject: An Integrated Study of Intrusive Rocks Spatially Associated with Gold and Base Metal Mineralization in Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Timmins Area and Clifford Township. Ontario Geological Survey Open File 6160, 210 pages.

McCutcheon, S.R., Walker, J., Bernard, P., Lentz, D., Downey, W. and

McClenaghan, S., (2005). Stratigraphic setting of base-metal deposits in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Field trip B4 Guidebook. GAC/MAC annual meeting Halifax, Nova Scotia, 105 p.

Péloquin, A.S., and Piercey, S.J., (2005). Discover Abitibi Project, Base Metal

Subproject 3: Geology and base metal mineralization in Ben Nevis, Katrine and Clifford townships. Ontario Geological Survey Open File 6161, 86 pages.

Scott, S.D. Mo, X. and Yang, K. (2005). Metallogeny: current theory and

exploration models: Society of Geology Applied to Ore (sic Mineral) Deposits, Short Course SHC-3, Beijing, China, 488 pp.

Scott, S.D. (2005). Proposed exploration and mining technologies for polymetallic

sulfides: International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica. Scott, S.D. (2005). Nautilus at the PDAC: Soundings, Newsletter of the

International Marine Minerals Society. Tessalina, S.G., Capmas, F., Birck, J.-L., Allègre, C.J., Yudovskaya, M.A., Distler,

V.V., and Chaplygin I.V., (2005). Sources of rhenium and osmium enrichment in fumaroles, sulphide sublimates and volcanic rocks from the Kudriavy volcano, SGA special publications, China 2005, 3 p.

Walker, J.A. and McCutcheon, S.R., 2003. The Gilmour Brook South base-metal

occurrence, Bathurst Mining Camp, northern New Brunswick. In Geological Investigations in New Brunswick for 2004. Edited by G.L. Martin, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Mineral Resources Report 2005-1, p. 127-166.

3.6.3 Undergraduate and Graduate Student Theses Downey, Warna (2005). Facies Analysis And Depositional Environment Of The

Nepisiguit Falls Formation, Tetagouche Group, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.

MacDonnell, David (2005). Middle River Smith Option Cu-Zn deposit, Fournier

ophiolite sequence, Bathurst Camp, NB. unpublished B.Sc. thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.

Montelius, Cecilia (2005). The Genetic Relationship between Rhyolitic Volcanism and Zn-Cu-Au Deposits in the Maurliden Volcanic Centre, Skellefte district, Sweden: Volcanic facies, Lithogeochemistry and Geochronology. Ph.D. thesis, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden.

Schlatter, Denis Martin (2005): Volcanic stratigraphy, chemical stratigraphy, and

hydrothermal alteration of the Petiknäs South Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit, Sweden. Licentiate thesis (including maps), Lulea University of Technology, Sweden. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2005/44/index.html

Layton-Matthews, D., (2005). Origin of Selenium in the Wolverine, Kudz Ze Kayah

and GP4F Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide deposits, Finlayson Lake Area, Yukon Territory, Canada., Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Dept. Of Geology.

3.7. Activities involving other IGCP projects or the IUGS

Joint field workshop between IGCP-502 and IGCP-450 in Namibia (described in section 3.3.2, above, and Appendix 2, below). 4. Activities planned 4.1. General goals

Two major goals are set for the project for the coming year: 1) preparation and completion of a detailed, lengthy scientific questionnaire about the VMS districts selected for, and involved with, this project (see Appendix 3). This document will be filled out by the major VMS belt/area teams, and assembled by the project. This information will serve to focus our research, and will provide the necessary synthesis information for inclusion on our web site (see Appendix 1), and the major issues will be addressed, at least in part, in our 2) planned special issue of the journal “Mineralium Deposita”. This special issue is at the invitation of the editors of the journal, and has a working title of "Key issues and controversies in the study of VMS deposits" dealing with the topics of the IGCP-502 project. These papers will discuss key issues, and will not be general papers on specific VMS districts or

detailed descriptions of specific VMS deposits. Here are the topics, as currently defined: 1) synthesis of the key issues in VMS studies and the relevance to mineral

exploration; 2) review and synthesis of the key styles of VMS deposits; 3) tectonic setting of VMS deposits; 4) basin evolution, facies architecture and the controls on timing of VMS formation; 5) volcanic setting of VMS deposits; 6) role of mafic magmatism control in VMS formation; 7) The influence of water depth and the sedimentary environment on VMS formation; 8) the role of global and/or basinal oxic/anoxic events on VMS formation; 9) The role of replacement versus exhalation in VMS deposits; 10) The morphology of VMS deposits: competing effects of exhalation, mounds, brine pools; 11) the importance of magmatic hydrothermal solutions as sources of fluids and metals in VMS deposits; 12) primary versus secondary (e.g., diagenetic, metamorphic) mineralogical and chemical features in VMS deposits; 13) evidence for syn- to post-depositional modification of VMS

deposits; 14) is there a continuum between VMS and SEDEX deposits, and between VMS and epithermal deposits? Submissions will provide a summary of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis or interpretation, a comprehensive account of the critical features and how these critical features are recognised, and their interpretation. We have invited potential authors to submit to us possible topics and an abstract. The deadline for submission of papers will be August 2007, so that the volume can appear by the end of the project, December 2008.

4.2. Specific meetings and field trips (please indicate participation from developing countries)

•IGCP-502 is sponsor of special VMS session at IAGOD in Moscow, Russia, August 2006, and is organizing a field trip to VMS deposits in the Ural Mountains associated with this meeting. IGCP-502 will support scientists from developing countries to attend this meeting. •IGCP-502 is convenor of a session on "Sea-floor hydrothermal systems: Present and past examples" at the 19th General Assembly of the International Mineralogical Association in Kobe, Japan, July 23-28, 2006 (IMA 2006). •a field meeting in Morocco is being planned. However, the dates are not yet finalized. This meeting will enable scientists from Morocco to become even more strongly involved with the project, and perhaps facilitate involvement of project participants from other countries offering advice, and research expertise to Moroccan VMS deposits. 5. Project funding requested during 2005 Project 502 requests the full annual funding of US$ 6,000 from IGCP. Other funding applications related to this project include: 5.1. Rodney Allen: Research Proposal to the national scientific funding

organization in Sweden (Vetenskapsradet). Title: Global comparisons of Volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VMS) districts: the controls on distribution and timing of VMS deposits. Funding requested: Skr 292,000 (2006), Skr 332,000 (2007), Skr 292,000 (2008); Decision pending.

5.2. Steven Scott: Research Proposal to the Natural Sciences and Engineering

Research Council (Canada) Discovery grants program (2006-11): "Seafloor hydrothermal processes and deposits"; Decision pending.

5.3 Thomas Monecke: Multiple Research Proposals: 1) Shallow drilling of

hydrothermal systems in the Tyrrhenian Sea using R/V Meteor and BGS Rockdrill (in cooperation with S. Petersen). Proposal for the use of R/V Meteor. Oceanographic Commission of the German Research Foundation. Funding granted. 2) Fluid sampling of active hydrothermal systems in the Tyrrhenian Sea using R/V Poseidon and ROV Cherokee (in cooperation with S. Petersen). Proposal for the use of R/V Poseidon. German Research Foundation. Funding granted. 3) Submarine hydrothermal systems in the Tyrrhenian Sea: Shallow marine massive sulfides, magmatic volatiles and the influx of metals into the hydrosphere. Research grant (in cooperation with S. Petersen and D. Garbe-Schönberg). German Research Foundation. Decision pending. 4) Shallow marine gold deposits: the role of magmatic fluids. Research grant. German Research Foundation. Decision pending.

5.4 Stephen Piercey (together with Harold Gibson and Jan Peter): Research Proposal: Shale geochemistry as an exploration tool in the Finlayson Lake district and the volcanic reconstruction of the Wolverine deposit. To Yukon Zinc Corp.; Funding granted.

6. Request for extension, on-extended-term-status, or intention to propose

successor project

This project is currently in it’s second year. We wish the project to continue the full term of five years. Further on in the project we will be better able to predict the theme and nature of any extension or successor project. 7. Financial statement The IGCP Scientific Board would like to be informed how the IGCP funds were used and if additional funding could be obtained from different sources.

IGCP-502 received US $ 5,000 dollars from IGCP during 2005. This funding was totally used (100%) to support travel of project members to project meetings. The funds were given to scientists from developing countries and to Graduate (Ph.D.) students.

Ramazan Dogan Turkey US$ 1000 Ritesh Purohit India US$ 700 Mohamed Hibti Morocco US$ 400 Pedro F. Zárate Mexico US$ 350 Carmen Conde Spain US$ 350 Manuel Gonzalez Roldan Spain US$ 350 Marcello Imana Peru US$ 350 Dan Layton-Matthews Canada US$ 750 Emilio Gonzalez Clavijo Spain US$ 750 Total US$ 5,000

In addition to the IGCP funds, this project obtained Canadian $ 3,500 from the

Canadian government for the meeting in Halifax and Bathurst, Canada. These extra funds were also used to support attendance of scientists from developing countries and PhD students.

Additional minor support was obtained from Ashanti Gold, in the form of the loan of a Kombi-style vehicle and trailer for use during the field workshop; this allowed seating for 3 to 4 persons. Other funding received Steven Scott NSERC Discovery, Year 5 of 5: $C80,000. David Lentz 1) NB DNR-Minerals (M.Sc. thesis of Warna Downey) - Nepisiguit Falls Facies Analysis (BMC)- Can$ 20,000 support 2) NB DNR-Minerals (Ph.D. thesis of Sean McClenaghan) - Trace-element studies of massive deposits (BMC) - Can$ 20,000 support 3) NB DNR-Minerals (B.Sc. thesis of Dave MacDonnell) - Cu mineralization at the Smith option, Fournier Group - Can$ 5,000 support 4) Falconbridge (B.Sc. thesis of Jillian Martin) - Gold in the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit - Can$ 7,500 support, with an NSERC-CRD application of matching funds = Can$ 15,000 total support

Fernando Tornos 1) Title: Magmatism, hydrothermal activity and ore deposits in transpressive orogens: the SW Iberian Peninsula. Funded by: Dirección General de Investigación, project BTE 2003-0290. Organizations involved: IGME, University of Bilbao, University of Madrid. Duration: 2004-2006. Amount: 152.000 €. Coordinator: F.Tornos. Number of researchers: 10 2) Title: Support to the spanish participation in the coordination of the IGCP 502 project. Funded by: Ministerio Ciencia y Tecnologia. Organizations involved: IGME. Duration 2005-2006. Amount: 6000 €. Coordinator: F.Tornos. Number of researchers: 4. Thomas Monecke 1) Shallow drilling of hydrothermal systems in the Tyrrhenian Sea using R/V Meteor and BGS Rockdrill (in cooperation with S. Petersen). Proposal for the use of R/V Meteor. Oceanographic Commission of the German Research Foundation. Granted. 2) Fluid sampling of active hydrothermal systems in the Tyrrhenian Sea using R/V Poseidon and ROV Cherokee (in cooperation with S. Petersen). Proposal for the use of R/V Poseidon. German Research Foundation. Granted. Canadian $ 5,000 support. Jan Peter Geological Survey of Canada Project “Minerals and Geoscience Synthesis of the Slave Geological Province, Northern Canada. Includes work on VMS belts/districts (e.g., Hackett River Greenstone Belt, High Lake Greenstone Belt). Can$100,000 per year (2003-2007); Granted. 8. Attach any information you may consider relevant

Czech participants (Jan Pašava and Anna Vymazalová from the Czech Geological Survey) took an active part in a field workshop in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, which was organized by F. Tornos (project co-leader). A total of 24 samples out of which 18 samples represent VMS deposits, 4 samples IOCG deposits and 2 samples Ni-(Cu) magmatic deposit were studied for their PGE content. A manuscript on fractionation of PGE in selected mineral deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt is under preparation, for submission to the journal Mineralium Deposita.

Appendix 1: Textual Content of IGCP 502 Web Site (As of December 15, 2005) Text for first menu (Aims): The aim of this project is to study and compare a number of the world’s important VMS districts in order to define the key geological events that control the distribution and timing of high-value VMS deposits. Specific aims include: 1. Document the connection between VMS ore formation, magmatism and

extensional tectonics, from the local to the regional scale. This is the key global issue for understanding the distribution and timing of VMS ore formation, and provides a link between the various sub-disciplines involved in the study of VMS deposits.

2. Develop criteria to recognise this connection in the field, i.e. How do we identify

the volcanic intervals and structures that are likely to host major ore deposits in any given district?

3. Compare and contrast the pertinent data from each district and thereby determine

which features are essential to formation of major deposits (i.e. those features that are common to all districts), versus features that are not essential but are locally important (i.e. occur only in specific districts).

4. Synthesize existing data, and carry out specific new geological and geochemical

studies, in order to characterise the contrasting types of VMS deposits. 5. Increase international collaboration and exchange among researchers involved in

VMS studies in both developed and less developed nations. 6. Produce better genetic and exploration models that can be applied globally. 7. Educate young scientists (MSc, PhD and post-doctorate projects). 8. Publish results in leading international scientific journals. Text for second menu (Contacts): If you want to join this project, add your name to the mailing list, add a paper or other information to this web page, have ideas to discuss, for example about possible meetings, collaboration....., please contact one of the project leaders Privacy policy The use of published postal addresses, telephone or fax numbers, and email addresses for marketing purposes is prohibited. Project leaders Rodney Allen: Luleå University of Technology, Division of Ore Geology and

Applied Geophysics, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden; email: Rodney.Allen@ltu.se Fernando Tornos: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. C/Azafranal 48 37002

Salamanca, Spain; email: ftornos.igme@telefonica.net Jan Peter: Geological Survey of Canada, Mineral Resources Division, 601 Booth

Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E8; email: jpeter@nrcan.gc.ca

Namik Çagatay: Istanbul Technical University, Maden Fakültesi, Department of Geological Engineering, Ayazaga 80626 Istanbul, Turkey; e-mail: cagatay@itu.edu.tr

Advisors Error! Contact not defined. Ross Large: Ross.Large@utas.edu.au Regional co-ordinators Andes districts (Peru, Equador)

Lluis Fontboté: Lluis.Fontbote@terre.unige.ch

Dick Tosdal: rtosdal@eos.ubc.ca

Argentina

Diana Mutti (Argentina): muttix@gl.fcen.uba.ar

Ricardo Acevedo

Australia: Mount Read Volcanics, Tasmania

Bruce Gemmell: bruce.gemmell@utas.edu.au

Canada: Abitibi, Ontario-Quebec

Harold Gibson: hgibson@NICKEL.LAURENTIAN.CA

Canada: Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick

Steve McCutcheon: steve.mccutcheon@gnb.ca

Canada: North Slave Province (Nunavut)

Jan Peter: jpeter@nrcan.gc.ca

China: North Qilian, Sanjiang

Jun Li: junli741001@hotmail.com

Cuba, Carribean Belt

Xiomara Cañazas: xiomara@igp.minbas.cu

Czech Rebublic

Jan Pasava: pasava@cgu.cz

Finland: Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi

Krister Sundblad: krister.sundblad@utu.fi

Greenland: Nuuk region, Central West Greenland

Peter Appel: pa@geus.dk

India

Ritesh Purohit: ritesh_purohit@rediffmail.com

Japan: Green Tuff Belt, Modern sea floor

Tetsuro Urabe: urabe@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Mexico: Central and Western Mexico

Carlos Canet: ccanet@tonatiuh.igeofcu.unam.mx

Pedro Zarate: zavp.pvaz@gmail.com

Morocco: Variscan Belt

Abdelhay Belkabir abelkabir@fstg-marrakech.ac.ma

Abderrahim Essaifi: essaifi@ucam.ac.ma

Namibia: Damara Orogen

Fred Kamona: afkamona@unam.na

Gregor Borg: gregor.borg@geo.uni-halle.de

Pacific Ocean: Lau and Manus Basins

Sven Petersen: petersen@mineral.tu-freiberg.de

Russia: Southern Urals

Valeriy Maslennikov: mas@ilmeny.ac.ru

Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Sahl: Dr_Sahl@hotmail.com

Spain and Portugal: Iberian Pyrite Belt

Fernando Tornos: f.tornos@igme.es

Jorge Relvas: jrelvas@fc.ul.pt

Sweden: Skellefte and Bergslagen Districts

Rodney Allen: rodallen@algonet.se

Turkey: Eastern Pontide Belt

Namik Çagatay: cagatay@itu.edu.tr

Venezuela

Simon Rodriguez: rodsimon@hotmail.com

Project Participants Email addresses available on request to the project leaders. This restriction is made in order to avoid unwanted (spam) email to project members.

Australia: Mount Read Volcanics, Tasmania Ross Large (Centre for Ore Deposit Research (CODES), University of Tasmania) Bruce Gemmell (CODES, University of Tasmania, Australia) Tony Crawford (CODES, University of Tasmania, Australia) Wally Hermann (CODES, University of Tasmania, Australia) Gary Davidson (CODES, University of Tasmania, Australia) Jocelyn McPhie (CODES, University of Tasmania, Australia)

Canada: Abitibi, Ontario-Quebec Harold Gibson (Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University) Alan Galley (Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa) Mark Hannington (University of Ottawa, Ottawa) Nick Arndt (University of Grenoble, France)

Canada: Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick Steve McCutcheon (New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy) David Lentz (University of New Brunswick, Canada) Jim Walker (New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Canada) Jan Peter (Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa) Garry Woods (Noranda Exploration, Canada) Canada: North Slave Province (Nunavut) Jan Peter (Mineral Resources Division, Geological Survey of Canada) Alan Galley (Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa) Mark Hannington (Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa) Wayne Goodfellow (Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa)

China: North Qilian, Sanjiang Jun Li ( Cuba, Carribean Belt Xiomara Cañazas (Instituto de Geología y Paleontologia, Havana, Cuba) Joan Carles Melgarejo (University of Barcelona, Spain) Joaquin Proenza, (University of Barcelona, Spain) Finland Raimo Lahtinen (Geological Survey of Finland, Greenland: Nuuk region, Central West Greenland Peter Appel (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark)

Japan: Green Tuff Belt, Modern sea floor Tetsuro Urabe (Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan) Hiroshi Sato (Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Japan) Takeyoshi Yoshida (Tohoku University, Japan) Toshio Mizuta (Akita University, Japan) Daizo Ishiyama (Akita University, Japan) Rodney Allen (Luleå University of Technology, Sweden; Volcanic Resources Limited) Hiroshi Kubota (Senior Geologist, VMS Exploration, Metal Mining Agency of Japan) Nobuaki Ishikawa (Metal Mining Agency of Japan) Mexico: Central Mexico Carlos Canet (Universidad Autonoma de Mexico) Antoni Camprubi Jordi Tritlla Morocco: Variscan Belt Kamal Targuisti (Department Geology, University Tetuan, Morocco) Abdelhay Belkabir (Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et

Techniques de Marrakech, Marrakech, Morocco) Namibia: Damara Orogen Fred Kamona: (University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia)

Pacific Ocean: Lau and Manus Basins Sven Petersen (Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany) Peter Herzig (Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany) Thomas Monecke (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Germany)

Russia: Southern Urals Valeriy Maslennikov (Institute of Mineralogy, South Ural University, Russia) Richard Herrington (Natural History Museum, London, U.K.)

Prof.Vzaykov (Miass Institute of Mineralogy, Russia) Prof. Anfilogov (Miass Institute of Mineralogy, Russia) Dr. Tesalina (Miass Institute of Mineralogy, Russia) Dr.Belogub (Miass Institute of Mineralogy, Russia) Prof. Prokin (Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Russia) Bernt Buschman (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Germany) Saudi Arabia Mohammed Sahl (Geological Survey of Saudi Arabia) Steven Hunns (Geological Survey of Saudi Arabia) Spain and Portugal: Iberian Pyrite Belt Fernando Tornos (Instituto Geologico y Minero de España, Salamanca, Spain) Fernando Barriga (University of Lisbon, Portugal) Jorge Relvas (University of Lisbon, Portugal) Emilio Pascual (University of Huelva, Spain) Gabriel Ruiz de Almodovar (University of Huelva, Spain) Francisco Velasco (University of Bilbao, Spain) Eric Marcoux (University of Orleans, France) South America, Andes districts: Peru, Bolivia, Equador, Argentina Lluis Fontboté (Institute of Mineralogy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland)) Marc Polliand (Institute of Mineralogy, University of Geneva, Switzerland) Diana Mutti (Argentina)

Sweden: Skellefte District Rodney Allen (Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, and Volcanic Resources Limited, see address above) Tim Barrett (Ore Systems Consulting, Canada) Kjell Billström (National Museum of Sweden) Emilio Pascual (Huelva University, Spain) Pär Weihed (Luleå University of Technology) Rolf Jonsson (Boliden Mineral AB, Sweden) Sven-Åke Svenson (Boliden Mineral AB, Sweden) Benny Mattssson (Boliden Mineral AB, Sweden)

Sweden: Bergslagen District Rodney Allen (Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, and Volcanic Resources Limited, see address above) Magnus Ripa (Geological Survey of Sweden) Rolf Jonsson (Boliden Mineral AB, Sweden) Turkey: Eastern Pontide Belt Namik Çagatay (Istanbul Technical University, Maden Fakültesi, Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey) Aral Okay (Istanbul Technical University) Iskender Kurt (Geological Survey of Turkey) Ramazan Dogan (Geological Survey of Turkey) Yavuz Hakyemez (Geological Survey of Turkey)

Huseyin Yilmaz (Geological Survey of Turkey) Bulent Bayburtoglu (Geological Survey of Turkey) Sponsor organisations 1. Institutions that are co-operating with the project Georange (Sweden national and provincial governments, European Union) Luleå University of Technology (Sweden) Boliden Mineral company (Sweden) Volcanic Resources Limited (Sweden) Geological Survey of Canada (Canada) New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy (Canada) University of New Brunswick (Canada) Laurentian University (Canada) Ore Systems Consulting (Canada) Istanbul Technical University (Turkey) Maden Tetkik ve Arama (MTA), Geological Survey of Turkey (Turkey) Akita University (Japan) University of Tokyo (Japan) Miass Institute of Mineralogy (Russia) Institute of Geology and Geochemistry (Russia) Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Salamanca (Spain) University of Bilbao (Spain) Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (Germany) University of Geneva (Switzerland) University of Grenoble (France) University of Lisbon (Portugal) Natural History Museum London (UK) University of Tasmania (Australia) 2. Institutions that have shown interest in the project Monash University (Australia) Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ) Tohoku University (Japan) Business New Brunswick (Canada) Atlantic Innovation Fund (Canada) National Museum of Sweden Geological Survey of Sweden University of Orleans (France) Geological Survey of Saudi Arabia University of Huelva (Spain) University of Barcelona (Spain) Eurozinc mining company (Portugal) Russian Ministry of Science and Education Goverment of Chelybinsk district (Russia) Geological Survey of Namibia (Namibia) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (Mexico) Instituto de Geologia y Paleontologia (Cuba) University of Tetuan (Morocco) To join this project If you want to join this project, add your name to the mailing list, add a paper or other information to this web page, have ideas to discuss, for example about possible meetings, collaboration....., please contact one of the project leaders.

Text for third menu (Project description): Summary Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulphide (VMS) deposits are one of the world’s most important sources of zinc, copper, lead, silver and gold. They sustain many medium-sized mining and mineral processing companies, and many communities in both developed and less developed nations. However, traditional exploration methods are not replacing the declining ore reserves in many VMS districts, and despite extensive research on individual deposits and districts, the features that control the location of VMS deposits are not well understood.

This project aims to compare a number of the world’s important VMS districts in order to define the key geological events that control the distribution and timing of high-value VMS deposits; and thereby develop new criteria for locating these ore deposits. Present knowledge suggests that VMS deposits form at specific times (in specific stratigraphic intervals) in marine, volcanically active, extensional basins. We propose that the key global issue to be addressed is to document the connection between VMS ore formation, magmatism and extensional tectonics. We plan to develop criteria to recognise this connection in the field. i.e. How do we identify the volcanic intervals and structures that are likely to host major ore deposits in any given district? This important problem can not be solved by studying one VMS district in one country, but requires comparison of several districts so that fundamental features essential to formation of major ore deposits (i.e. features that occur in all districts) can be distinguished from features that are not essential but are locally important (i.e. occur only in specific districts). In this IGCP project we will focus on the following critical steps: (1) define the main different styles of VMS ore deposit, (2) define the character and stratigraphic position of the ore horizons that host these VMS deposits in about 10 VMS districts, (3) assess how far these horizons can be followed and in what way they change with distance from ore, (4) where possible, define the volcanic, tectonic or volcano-tectonic structure(s) that appear to localise VMS deposits, (5) assess whether the VMS horizons in each district are part of one or two specific basin-wide favourable stratigraphic intervals, (6) interpret the significance of these favourable stratigraphic intervals in terms of basin evolution, and (7) test the results and hypotheses on the other less well known VMS districts.

We aim that this project be an integrated multi-disciplinary project with field and laboratory components. The work will include syntheses and new studies of volcanic architecture, regional tectonic evolution, regional magmatic evolution, radiometric dating of ore horizons, and studies of the various different styles of VMS deposits. A network of over 140 of the world’s leading scientists (from 25 nations) in disciplines relevant to understanding VMS deposits has been set up. The IGCP affiliation will enable expansion of this network and provide a platform for research funding applications. Via collaboration we will cross-fertilise the skills from one district/research group to the others and lift the knowledge and expertise in as many VMS districts as possible to a level where detailed comparisons can be made across several disciplines and using the same criteria in each district.

Objectives are to produce both high-quality, innovative scientific results, as well as practical results that are of use to the mineral exploration, mining and minerals processing industries, and to government agencies that assess the potential for natural resources. The scientific objectives will be achieved by promoting major scientific collaboration on a global scale, and by publishing a series of papers in leading international scientific journals. Publications will include the results of detailed studies in individual districts, as well as syntheses from comparisons of all

the districts. This project will involve a number of Ph.D and MSc students and thus several theses will also be produced.

This project will serve society by promoting scientific exchange among developed and less developed nations, and by providing new knowledge that will promote mineral exploration, investment and employment in both developed and especially less developed nations. Aims The aim of the project ”Global Comparison of Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulphide (VMS) Districts” is to study and compare a number of the world’s important VMS districts in order to define the key geological events that control the distribution and timing of high-value VMS deposits; and thereby develop new criteria for locating these ore deposits. Specific aims are: 1. Document the connection between VMS ore formation, magmatism and

extensional tectonics, from the local to the regional scale. This is the key global issue for understanding the distribution and timing of VMS ore formation, and provides a link between the various sub-disciplines involved in the study of VMS deposits.

2. Develop criteria to recognise this connection in the field, i.e. How do we identify

the volcanic intervals and structures that are likely to host major ore deposits in any given district?

3. Compare and contrast the pertinent data from each district and thereby determine

which features are essential to formation of major deposits (i.e. those features that are common to all districts), versus features that are not essential but are locally important (i.e. occur only in specific districts).

4. Synthesize existing data, and carry out specific new geological and geochemical

studies, in order to characterise the contrasting types of VMS deposits. 5. Increase international collaboration and exchange among researchers involved in

VMS studies in both developed and less developed nations. 6. Produce better genetic and exploration models that can be applied globally. 7. Educate young scientists (MSc, PhD and post-doctorate projects). 8. Publish results in leading international scientific journals.

Strategy and Methods

Our strategy is to have multi-disciplinary scientific teams working concurrently under a common theme in a number of the world’s major VMS districts. Via close collaboration among the scientific teams, we will cross-fertilise the skills from one district/research group to the others, so that detailed comparisons can be made across several disciplines in as many districts as possible, and using the same criteria in each district. Comparing and contrasting the data from each region will enable us to determine which are the universal features that indicate where ores occur versus those features that are only locally important. We will synthesize this information to produce innovative scientific papers and improved ore deposit models that can be used world-wide for mineral resource assessment and mineral exploration.

The number of VMS districts in which major field activities will be carried out will depend on the research funding that can be attracted. The funding that has

already been achieved and the strong interest in the project from scientists and government agencies worldwide suggests that major field activities will be carried out in at least 10 of the VMS districts. We anticipate that some nations will participate in the project, but may not conduct major field work.

Due to the different strengths and weaknesses of existing knowledge in the various project study areas, each scientific team will tailor their studies to tackle the specific important problems relevant to the project theme in that particular district. Together, the scientists in this project provide an international network with comprehensive expertise in volcanic stratigraphy, structure, tectonics, igneous petrology and geochemistry, age dating, hydrothermal alteration, ore genesis and mineral exploration. Via annual to bi-annual field workshops held on a rotating basis in different VMS districts, and by exchange of project members among the teams, individual teams will be able to draw on this pool of experience and complement the expertise of their own team. Collaboration and exchange of scientists among the teams has already commenced, with joint projects underway between the Swedish and Spanish teams (the Georange project in the Skellefte district), and the Australian, French, Portuguese and Spanish teams (IPB district). Furthermore, several of the individual district-based teams have been established expressly to bring together expertise from different countries and research groups. For example the Skellefte district team comprises scientists from Sweden, Australia, Canada and Spain, the IPB team includes scientists from Spain, Portugal and France, and the Urals team has researchers from Russia, England, France and Germany.

Distinguishing, characterising and interpreting the stratigraphic horizons on which the VMS ores occur, is a critical part of this project. In order to develop criteria to distinguish these VMS ore horizons, regional multi-disciplinary mapping traverses (and bore hole cross sections) will be made across known VMS ore horizons, both proximal and distal to ore deposits. These transects will be analysed in terms of stratigraphy, geochronological age, structure, volcanic facies, igneous petrology, alteration mineralogy, lithogeochemical composition and interpreted basin evolution. Such work has recently commenced in the Skellefte district, Sweden, and can serve as a template for similar studies in the other VMS districts. All of the expertise and most of the research facilities that are required to carry out these studies are available from the network of scientists and the institutions that support this project. However, in some countries the lithogeochemical analyses will be carried out at commercial laboratories.

There is a strong desire to establish informal discipline-based teams in addition to the district-based teams. Thus, one team could study and compare the tectonic settings of all the VMS districts, a second team might study the volcanic architecture of all districts, etc. All researchers in the overall project would have the opportunity to be a member of two teams (one district- and one discipline-based), thus further ensuing cross-fertilization of ideas and information between the districts and disciplines. The extent to which this region- plus discipline-based team approach can be organised will depend on the level of funding achieved and the amount of time that scientists can commit to the project.

A related area of research that is currently active is the exploration of metal sulphide deposits on the modern seafloor via deep sea drilling, deep sea submersible vessels and surface ships. Some of these seafloor sulphide deposits are analogous to the VMS deposits being studied in this proposed project. The main nations supporting the seafloor studies are Germany, France, Japan and USA. Several researchers from Germany, Canada, Japan and Australia who are participating in this IGCP project are leading scientists in the modern seafloor studies (e.g. Peter Herzig, Sven Petersen, Tetsuro Urabe, Mark Hannington). We aim to integrate the results of these modern seafloor studies into this IGCP project and increase the collaboration

between scientists working in the ancient geological terrains with those working on the seafloor. Significance of the Project: Scientific and Socio-economic 1. Volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits are one of the world’s most important

sources of zinc, copper, lead, silver and gold. They are also one of the most important ore deposit types that sustain medium-sized mining and mineral processing companies, and many communities in both developed and less developed nations.

2. Previous studies have shown that there are distinct similarities between VMS

deposits and VMS districts world-wide (e.g. Franklin et al., 1981). Consequently, major scientific advances should result from comparing and contrasting VMS districts. Detailed comparisons of the world’s major VMS districts using similar expertise and common criteria have not been carried out previously.

3. Answers to the fundamental question, “what controls where world-class VMS

ore deposits occur?” cannot be answered by considering only one ore deposit, or even one district. Rather, this requires comparisons between districts to determine what key geological events were common to districts with high-value deposits.

4. Traditional exploration methods (e.g. electrical geophysics, glacial boulder

tracing) are not replacing the declining ore reserves in many of the major VMS districts (e.g. Skellefte, Bathurst, Abitibi, Mount Read). Empirical geological evidence indicates that there are many undiscovered VMS ore deposits in these districts. Very few blind orebodies (ore bodies that do not extend up to the bedrock surface) have been discovered even though many must exist at economic depths. Discovery of these new ores depends on better knowledge of the ore deposits and improved exploration methods, including geological methods such as this project aims to provide.

5. VMS ore deposits do not occur randomly. Present knowledge suggests the

deposits form at specific times (in specific stratigraphic intervals or ”ore horizons”) in marine, volcanically active, extensional basins. In most cases these ore horizons are geological boundaries across which there are major changes in rock type, original magma composition, alteration type, and original depositional environment. Due to complex stratigraphy and structure, these ore horizons are commonly difficult to recognise and to follow laterally. Despite the importance of VMS ore horizons, they are poorly understood and there are currently no comprehensive criteria for distinguishing them. This project will target this deficiency by aiming to interpret the regional geological significance of VMS ore horizons, and by developing geological and geochemical criteria that can be used to detect ore horizons at both the local (proximal) and regional scales.

6. The link between the siting of VMS ores at the local and regional scales is a

critical problem that has not been adequately addressed. 7. Using a network of the world’s leading scientists who together have extensive

experience in many of the major VMS districts, will create a truly multi-disciplinary and global project, and will make more practical and scientific advances than can be achieved by any one research group alone.

8. The mining industry is now global in nature and wants research that can be applied globally.

Background to this project

In August 1999, Professors Ross Large (Centre for Ore Deposit Studies, “CODES”, University of Tasmania) and Derek Blundell (GEODE project manager, Royal Holloway, University of London) chaired a meeting to discuss the possibility of organising a project to compare and contrast the major VMS provinces on a global basis. Following this meeting, preliminary research teams were selected for eight of the worlds major VMS mineral districts. In order to assemble known data on these VMS districts into a common format, and to assess the direction for future research, a questionaire covering major aspects of VMS geology was completed by each of the research teams in mid-2000. A workshop based on the VMS compilation was held at CODES in November 2000 and was attended by representatives of the research teams, and by 48 other geoscientists, including many from the mining industry. It was decided that a collaborative international project to study and compare major VMS districts would be scientifically rewarding and would help stimulate the economies of these regions. The theme, framework and project manager for the new project were selected at the end of the workshop.

In December 2000, Ross Large and Rodney Allen (project manager) wrote a proposal for the new “Global VMS Project”. They proposed a two-stage development; a preliminary stage 1 in which the structure, work plan and initial research funding for the project would be developed, and stage 2, the main research stage. In April 2001, Rodney Allen applied to GEORANGE (EU and Swedish funds) for 6 months funding over the period May 2001 – December 2002 in order to carry out stage 1, that is, to set up the Global VMS Project. Georange granted this “seed” funding (555,000 Skr) in May 2001. The strategy that was followed was to first set up a project in northern Sweden (Skellefte district), and then use this as a template and momentum to set up projects in the other VMS districts. The projects in individual nations would become components or sub-projects under the umbrella of the Global VMS Project.

Plans for the Skellefte district project were made jointly amongst researchers and the mining industry, and in 2002 funding was secured from GEORANGE (6.15 million Skr over 2.5 years) and Boliden Mineral AB (560,000 SEK per year) and the project commenced. During 2001-2002, other projects affiliated with Global VMS were planned for the Iberian Pyrite Belt (Spain), Greenland, the Green Tuff Belt (Japan), India, the southern Urals (Russia), and the Bathurst and northern Slave provinces (Canada). Funding was located for research in the first two of these regions. Funding applications in Canada, Japan, Portugal, Australia and Russia received less funding than anticipated. The Global VMS group are continuing to seek funding from various sources. The project has the support of most of the major research groups involved in VMS and modern ocean floor massive sulphide studies. This project will be the major vehicle for international VMS research over the next 5 years.

At a field meeting of the Global VMS Project in Spain and Portugal in April 2003 it was decided that the best way to advance the project would be as an IGCP project. All participants believe strongly that it is important to maintain the scientific network that has been set up so far, and to expand the network by including scientists from other nations. This will be achieved under the IGCP banner. IGCP affiliation also provides a respected, high-profile, international platform that we can use to apply for research funding in all the nations that participate in the project. The project was accepted as IGCP project 502 in March 2004.

Work plan

This is a large, ambitious project. The work plan includes the following main steps: (1) define the various main (end-member) styles of VMS ore deposit, (2) define the character and volcano-stratigraphic position of ore horizons at the main VMS deposits in about 10 of the VMS districts, (3) assess how far these horizons can be followed and in what way they change with distance from ore, (4) where possible, define the volcanic, tectonic or volcano-tectonic structure(s) that appear to localise VMS deposits, (5) assess whether the VMS horizons in each district are part of one or two specific basin-wide favourable stratigraphic intervals, (6) interpret the significance of these favourable stratigraphic intervals in terms of basin evolution, and (7) test the results and hypotheses on the other less well known VMS districts.

The detailed work schedule for each district will vary according to the present state of knowledge of each district, and the level of funding that is obtained. Work will include syntheses and new studies of the volcanic architecture, regional tectonic evolution, regional magmatic evolution, radiometric dating of ore horizons, and of the various different styles of VMS ore deposits. For example, in the Skellefte district (Sweden), the volcanic architecture of several of the VMS deposits has recently been studied, but the character of the ore deposits and the regional stratigraphic position of ore horizons has not been studied in detail. In contrast, in the Hokuroku district (Green Tuff Belt, Japan), knowledge of the ore deposits and the physical character and stratigraphic position of the ore horizons is much more advanced, but the lithogeochemical signatures of the ore host rocks and ore horizons have not been studied in detail. Such differences in knowledge exist between most of the VMS districts in this project. Text for fourth menu (Study areas):

Andes: Coastal Peru, Equador Along the coastal margin of central Peru, the Mesozoic Western Peruvian

Trough, represented by the Lancones, Huarmey and Cañete volcanosedimentary basins, contains a number of VMS deposits including the important Perubar and Tambo Grande deposits. Perubar, in the Cañete basin has been the focus of a recent PhD study (Polliand, 2002) on which this summary is based. Perubar produced 6 MT at 11.8% Zn and 1.4% Pb from 1978 to 2000.

The volcanosedimentary successions of the Western Peruvian Trough were previously thought to be comprised of the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) Casma Group. However, two dated felsic volcanic rocks (69.71 ±0.18 Ma and 68.92 ±0.18 Ma) located in the footwall and direct hangingwall of the Perubar deposit indicate an uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age, at least for the Perubar area (Polliand, 2002; Polliand and Fontboté, 2000). Intrusive rocks of the Peruvian Coastal Batholith were emplaced before, and shortly (<1 Ma) after, the mineralizing event and resulted in contact metamorphism of the Perubar deposit. The most likely tectonic setting was a volcano-tectonic pull-apart basin, developed during dextral wrenching movements attributed to the northerly motion (oblique to the volcanic arc) of the paleo-Pacific plate during Late Cretaceous times. The pull-apart basins developed in the same region as, and during emplacement of, the Peruvian Coastal Batholith. This suggests that during the uppermost Cretaceous, the Andean magmatic arc experienced intermittent stages of pluton emplacement and pull-apart basin formation with associated VMS mineralization.

The volcanosedimentary succession that hosts the Perubar deposit consists of basaltic-andesitic to rhyolitic submarine volcanic rocks and pyroclastic deposits, that

are intercalated with volcaniclastic sandstones, tuffaceous mudstones, and impure limestones. The massive sulphide mineralization is associated with an andesitic to dacitic dome-like complex (Polliand, 2002; Polliand and Fontboté, 2000).

This project aims to integrate recent work on the Perubar area with the other VMS-bearing areas of Peru, such as Tambo Grande, and test the regional tectono-stratigraphic interpretations. We hope to organise similar projects in other countries in South America that host Andean massive sulphide deposits.

Argentina

Australia: Mount Read Volcanics, Tasmania This region comprises a 200 x 20 km area of moderately to strongly deformed,

mainly felsic volcanic rocks and volcano-sedimentary successions of Cambrian age, that are lying on and between a series of Precambrian basement blocks near a margin of the Gondwanan continent (Corbett 1992). The metamorphic grade is mainly lower greenschist facies. The district contains high-value VMS deposits that span a wide range in deposit styles (Large, 1992). Three VMS deposits are currently in operation.

In the central, best known part of the district, the lowest exposed stratigraphic unit is a >1 km thick, marine tholeiitic basalt-andesite volcanic complex. This is overlain by the 3 km thick Central Volcanic Complex (CVC), which is a mass of interfingering calc-alkaline dacite-rhyolite lavas, pyroclastic facies, shallow intrusions and local medium- to high-K calc-alkaline andesite, all emplaced in a shallow to deep marine environment (Corbett 1992). The CVC is on-lapped to the west and north by a >3 km thick, deep marine, mixed volcanic-sedimentary succession (Mt Charter Group) with calc-alkaline andesites, dacites and rhyolites, and medium-K to shoshonitic basalt-andesite. The CVC is overlain to the east by a 1 km thick, shallow marine to subaerial, rhyolitic succession with lesser basalt (Tyndall Group). The Mount Read Volcanics are attributed to a period of extension on the Gondwanan continental margin, but the details are still debated. Crawford et al. (1992) argued that extension was related to crustal collapse after an intra-oceanic arc and fore-arc complex collided with, and was overthrust onto, the Gondwanan passive margin.

The VMS deposits are thought to occur in two main stratigraphic settings: (1) at the top of the CVC in vent areas of major rhyolite-dacite volcanoes (Rosebery, Hercules, Mt Lyell deposits), and (2) in proximal (near-vent) facies associations at the top of andesite-dacite volcanoes in the mixed volcanic-sedimentary succession (Hellyer, Que River deposits) (McPhie & Allen 1992; Corbett 1992).

This project aims to support PhD student studies of the regional geology and ore deposits, and to use the existing established stratigraphic and structural framework, to develop and test criteria for the recognition of VMS ore horizons at the near-mine and regional scales.

Canada: Abitibi, Ontario-Quebec The Archaean Abitibi greenstone belt is approximately 500 x 200 km in size

and originally contained over 675 Mt of massive sulphides. The mineralized successions can be divided into three types: (1) bimodal, tholeiitic basalt-andesite and high silica rhyolite successions that host more than 50% of the VMS deposits by tonnage, but comprise only 10% of the areal distribution of volcanic rocks, (2) bimodal, transitional tholeiitic to calc-alkaline andesite and rhyolite successions that

host about 30% of the VMS deposits by tonnage but again comprise only 10% of the volcanic rocks, and (3) a minor calc-alkaline andesite-rhyolite assemblage that is host to only the Selbaie deposit (Barrie et al. 1993; Prior et al. 1999a; Barrett & MacLean 1999). The first group is interpreted to have formed in thickened oceanic rift volcanic rocks, similar to the Galapagos spreading centre or the Iceland rift zones. The second group is similar to rifted island arcs, and the third group may be comparable to continental arc suites.

The mafic volcanic rocks are mainly lava flows and the felsic rocks include subaqueous mass flow units of pyroclastic debris, and lava flows and domes (de Rosen-Spence et al. 1980; Dimroth et al, 1982). The VMS deposits are interpreted to have formed in proximal volcanic settings in mainly deep water environments. They are commonly associated with rhyolite domes, even though domes form a minor part of the successions. The deposits include both seafloor and sub-seafloor types (Kerr & Gibson 1993; Galley et al. 1996) and many have at least a spatial association with mafic and/or felsic subvolcanic intrusions. The Rouyn-Noranda VMS camp, one of the best studied areas, is interpreted to be a large shield volcano with a large central cauldron (Gibson & Watkinson 1990).

This project will study specific VMS deposit areas in the Abitibi province, and develop criteria for the recognition of VMS ore horizons. One proposal for work in the Timmins and Kirkland Lake areas as part of the national ”Discover Abitibi” program is currently in review. Another project is being discussed for the Chibougamou district in the eastern Abitibi where the ores are poorly understood and there has been no recent work.

Canada: Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick The Bathurst mining camp in southeastern Canada comprises a 100 x 75 km area with about 35 VMS deposits of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag type (McCutcheon 1992). The district includes Brunswick Number 12, the world’s largest VMS deposit in terms of contained Zn, Pb and Cu metal. Brunswick Number 12 is the only VMS deposit currently operating in the district. The Bathurst region comprises complexly deformed Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary units intruded by syn-volcanic plutons. The region is interpreted to be the relic of an ensialic back-arc basin that was strongly deformed, and metamorphosed to upper greenschist facies, during closure of the basin in the Late Ordovician to Late Silurian (van Staal 1987). The VMS deposits occur within a bimodal, rhyolite-dominated, marine volcano-sedimentary sequence. Felsic rocks are attributed to partial melting of the continental basement, whereas the mafic rocks are tholeiitic to alkaline basalts (Lentz 1999). In the Brunswick belt, the most productive part of the district, the VMS deposits formed directly after a major episode of felsic pyroclastic volcanism and before the deposition of overlying rhyolitic lavas, hyaloclastites, tuffs and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. The large volume of juvenile pyroclastic rocks in the footwall to the ore deposits suggests that the ores may have formed in calderas following climactic eruption and caldera subsidence. The VMS deposits are mainly stratiform in nature, are hosted by fine grained volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks, and are in part associated with iron formation exhalites that extend up to 5 km along strike (Saif 1983; Peter & Goodfellow 1996). Several major structural and geochemical studies have been conducted in the Bathurst district, and a new project is planned to start in 2003. The ”Global Comparison Project” will assist in the construction of an integrated tectonic,

stratigraphic, volcanic and geochemical model for the location of VMS ores in the Bathurst district. Canada: North Slave Province (Nunavut)

The Canadian government and Nunavut Province have recently announced the proposed development of a port facility and road in the far north of Canada, that will stimulate mining development in this otherwise almost inaccessible region. The Geological Survey of Canada has recently embarked on a new “issues-driven science program”. As part of this program, the GSC will lead a project to study the mineral potential and mineral deposits that encompass the area along theproposed road (termed the Bathurst Road). This road, when constructed, will extend from a new port on Bathurst Inlet to the $3 billion Izok Lake VMS deposit. The road will pass a number of VMS, iron formation-hosted gold, and diamond deposits, thus making them potentially economic. Furthermore, the road will undoubtedly stimulate much exploration activity in the area in the coming years.

The new Bathurst road will cross two Archean greenstone belts that both contain known VMS deposits (50 MT known to date). These greenstone belts are also likely to contain significant undiscovered resources. The GSC project will provide the framework for additional discoveries. This Global Comparison of VMS Project and the GSC propose to collaborate on the study of VMS deposits in the Nunavut project area. China: North Qilian, Sanjiang Cuba, Carribean Belt

In Cuba, the VMS deposits are located in both Cretaceous and Paleogene volcanic arcs. The Cretaceous volcanic arc crops out in various parts of Cuba and is well represented by volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of Aptian to Middle Campanian age that are intruded by granitoids. Within this arc, the VMS deposits are mainly located in the central part of the country; the most significant VMS deposits are Antonio, San Fernando and Independencia. In the western part of Cuba there are thick Paleogene volcanic and volcaniclastic units that are crosscut by subvolcanic rocks of equivalent composition or by granitoids, ranging in age from Late Danian to Early Eocene. The most extensive exposures are those of the El Grobre Group, which is up to some thousands of meters thick, and which hosts the large El Cobre deposit. Other nearby VMS deposits are La Cristina, Limoncito and El Infierno. In general, the Cuban VMS deposits are rich in Zn, Cu and Pb with lesser amounts of Au and Ag. Finland Greenland: Nuuk region, Central West Greenland

Central west Greenland hosts the oldest rocks on Earth, in the Isua Greenstone belt, which is situated 150 km northeast of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland. The region between Nuuk and Isua consists of three Archaean terranes, the Akia terrane in the North, the Tasiusarsuaq terrane in the south, and the Akulleq terrane in between (Friend et al., 1988). The Akia and the Tasiusarsuaq terranes have been metamorphosed up to granulite facies, whereas the Akulleq terrane has been metamorphosed up to amphibolite facies.

The most extensive greenstone belts are around 3 Ga in age. They comprise extensive tholeiitic and ultramafic pillow lava flows, intrusive tholeiitic and komatiitic rocks, and felsic volcanic rocks. Sedimentary rocks comprise quartz-sillimanite schists and rare iron formation. Many small Fe, Fe-Cu, and Zn-rich VMS

deposits are intercalated in the pillow lava flows (Appel et al., 2000). The largest VMS deposits discovered so far are up to 100 m wide and can be traced for several kilometres along strike. The region has not been intensely explored, and consequently the potential for the discovery of additional ore deposits is high. Furthermore, stratabound scheelite is found in komatiitic rocks, in banded amphibolites and in beds of tourmalinites (Appel, 1994), and on the island of Storø there is a very promising gold prospect where gold is hosted in banded iron formation, semi-massive sulphides, calc-silicates and quartz veins in a regional shear zone.

Field work is planned for the summers 2004 to 2007, and we propose to arrange a field workshop for the participants of the Global Comparison of VMS Project. We will seek funding to support one or two Ph.D students to study the VMS deposits.

Japan: Green Tuff Belt The Japan volcanic arc was part of a continental margin arc along the eastern

margin of the Eurasian continent from at least the Cretaceous to the Early Miocene (about 70–24 Ma) (Taira et al. 1989). Japan separated from the Eurasian continent during back-arc extension in the Late Oligocene–Middle Miocene (28–14 Ma) (Otofuji et al. 1985; Tamaki et al. 1992). The Green Tuff belt represents the marine volcanic and sedimentary succession that formed along the eastern, arc-side of the back-arc basin in response to rifting (Ohguchi et al. 1989). The belt is 1500 km long and contains a complex, 1–5 km thick, Lower Miocene to Lower Pliocene (24–4 Ma) volcanic stratigraphy. The belt contains many massive sulphide (kuroko) districts. However, the most important is the Hokuroku district in northern Honshu, which contained eight main clusters of massive sulphide lenses (Ishihara et al. 1974; Ohmoto & Skinner 1983).

The kuroko deposits occur in a narrow time-stratigraphic interval (15–12 Ma) within deep marine, bimodal (rhyolite-basalt) volcanic intervals. The basalts are tholeiitic to transitional in composition, whereas the rhyolites are calc-alkaline (Konda 1974; Dudás et al. 1983). The felsic volcanic rocks form overlapping volcanic centres dominated by lava domes, intrusive domes and related autoclastic and pyroclastic rocks (Horikoshi 1969; Ishihara et al. 1974). The kuroko deposits are Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag-Au type VMS deposits that formed on and below the seafloor, mainly in the upper, proximal part of these volcanoes (Horikoshi 1969).

Due to the young age and extensive research of the Green Tuff Belt, there is a more detailed and reliable record of this belt’s evolution than for most other VMS districts. The region has also been the focus of a recent database compilation by the MMAJ. For these reasons, we regard the Green Tuff Belt as an important ”type example” to compare with the other VMS districts. However, there is a paucity of detailed modern igneous petrologic, petrochemical and chemostratigraphic studies of the volcanic sequences enclosing the kuroko deposits. This project will target these specific aspects, and integrate them with the previous studies and with recent work on the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of northern Japan, in order to produce an improved model for the relationships between plate tectonics, basin evolution, volcanic stratigraphy and VMS formation. Mexico: Central Mexico

VMS deposits occur in Mexico in several settings of various ages. These include the Fresnillo-Guanajuato Subterrane of Triassic age and the Guerrero Terrane of Early Cretaceous age (Sherlock and Michaud, 2000). The bulk of the more than 60 known VMS deposits in the Guerrero Terrane are of the kuroko-type

and were formed within Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks built on older basement (Ruiz and Centeno-Garcia, 2000). Some VMS deposits in the Fresnillo-Guanajuato subterrane are interpreted to be hosted in Triassic rocks. Most economic Mexican VMS deposits are small, but more recently discovered ones are larger (e.g. San Nicolas) and some are gold-rich (e.g. Campo Morado). Some deposits occur proximal to the volcanic centres/piles, whereas others are more closely associated with argillaceous sedimentary rocks in a more distal setting. Morocco: Variscan Belt Namibia: Damara Orogen

The Damaran orogenic belt (Neoproterozoic) in Namibia hosts two dramatically different styles of VMS mineralization. Deposits located in central Namibia are related to the Matchless Amphibolite member. Highly deformed stratabound pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite lenses are interbedded with amphibolites and magnetite-bearing quartzites in a dominantly shaly sequence. A second group of deposits is located in the southern part of the country. They consist of stratiform sphalerite-galena lenses hosted by shales and they occur above felsic domes and related volcaniclastic rocks (e.g. Rosh Pinah Mine).

Pacific Ocean: Lau and Manus Basins The Lau and Manus Basins are modern intra-oceanic back-arc basins in which

seafloor sulphide deposits have recently been discovered (Hawkins 1995; Binns & Scott 1993; Fouquet et al. 1993). These basins are included in this project to facilitate comparisons between ancient and modern VMS mineralization. The Lau and Manus Basins are particularly relevant to understanding the settings of major ancient VMS districts because these basins contain areas of bimodal volcanic rocks dominated by andesite, dacite and rhyolite (Vallier et al. 1991; Binns et al. 1996).

The VMS deposits are polymetallic mounds and chimney complexes that occur in proximal volcanic positions at the axis and flanks of spreading ridges at water depths of 1650–2500 m (Binns & Scott 1993; Herzig et al. 1993; Gemmell et al. 1999). Several of the deposits are associated with andesitic and dacitic volcanic centres at these spreading ridges. The upper part of the felsic-hosted Pacmanus deposit was recently drilled using a submersible 5m drill; surface samples show marked Au enrichment with an average 15 g/t Au, together with high Cu and Zn contents.

Active research is in progress to sample the volcanic host rocks, the sulphide bodies and the hydrothermal fluids that are forming them, and to investigate the petrology and structure of the surrounding island arc and back-arc system. The Lau Basin has been given the status of an Integrated Study Site (ISS) by the American RIDGE program. Canadian and German members of our project team participated in a research cruise in the Lau Basin in November and December 2002. Research in the Manus basin is also multinational with French, Japanese, German and Australian groups involved, including members of this proposed project.

Russia: Southern Urals The Urals orogenic belt extends for 2500 km and is up to 200 km wide. The

main VMS deposits are confined to the southern half of the belt. They fall into two main age groups, Ordovician–Silurian and Devonian. The former group occurs west of the Main Urals Fault, which marks the suture representing the closure of the

Palaeozoic Urals palaeo-ocean, and the latter group occurs to the east of the suture (Koroteev et al. 1997; Puchkov 1997). Altogether the various VMS deposits have a pre-mining tonnage of over 1000 Mt (Prokin & Buslaev 1999; Herrington 1999).

The southern Urals can be further divided from west to east into the Sakmara Zone (SZ), the Main Uralian Fault Zone (MUFZ) and the Magnitogorsk Island Arc System (MIAS), all sub-parallel to the Main Uralian Fault. These zones represent volcanic arc terranes that were accreted during collision between Baltica, Siberia and the East European continent. The VMS deposits span a range in types and compositions but are dominated by Cu-Zn, Cu and Pyrite types. The allochthonous oceanic fragments of the Sakmara Zone contain the Cu-Zn VMS deposits of the Mednogorsk district, that are associated with andesitic to felsic volcanic rocks. The MUFZ contains several small uneconomic serpentinite- and basalt-hosted massive sulphides of ambiguous origins. The VMS deposits of the MIAS are associated with intermediate to felsic successions in the western MIAS and with felsic-mafic successions in the eastern MIAS. Many of the VMS deposits are associated with rhyolitic-dacitic domes and show clear evidence of having formed on the seafloor. The largest deposits are thought to be concentrated on two or three stratigraphic levels within each terrane (Herrington 1999).

This project will document the different VMS deposit styles in the Southern Urals, and explore the connection between ore position (ore horizons), volcanic stratigraphy and tectonic evolution. Saudi Arabia Spain and Portugal: Iberian Pyrite Belt

The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is a 250 x 60 km belt of Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous sedimentary and volcanic rocks, which hosts about 90 massive sulphide deposits, including eight extremely large deposits that each contain more than 100 Mt of massive sulphide (Schermerhorn 1975; Carvalho et al. 1997; Leistel et al, 1998). Neves Corvo is the only VMS deposit currently in operation.

The IPB is part of the South Portuguese Zone (SPZ), the southernmost fold and thrust terrane of the Variscan orogen in Europe (Silva et al. 1990; Quesada 1998). Most authors attribute the IPB to crustal extension and related bimodal magmatism. These events were triggered by oblique collision of the continental SPZ with the active margin of the Iberian block to the north (Quesada 1991, 1998; Leistel et al. 1998; Tornos et al. 2002).

The IPB has a simple regional stratigraphy comprising three distinct intervals. From base to top: (1) >1000 m of Upper Devonian terrigenous siliciclastic rocks and minor limestone, deposited on a shallow marine continental platform. (2) A 20–1000 m thick volcanic-sedimentary interval, comprising grey-black deep-water mudstones with intercalated rhyolitic-dacitic, basaltic, and lesser andesitic rocks. Basalts are tholeiitic whereas the other volcanic rocks are mainly calc-alkaline and interpreted to be partial melts of continental crust (Thieblemont et al. 1998). The felsic volcanic rocks comprise shallow sills and associated autoclastic facies, lava domes and pyroclastic facies (Boulter 1993; Soriano & Marti 1999; Tornos et al. 2002). (3) >3 km of lower purple shales and overlying grey and black shales and turbidites.

The VMS deposits and Jasper and Mn-Fe formations occur in the upper part of the volcano-sedimentary interval. In the southern part of the belt, the VMS deposits are seafloor-type deposits and fossil control indicates that they formed contemporaneously in Upper Strunian time over an extensive area. In the northern part of the belt, the deposits are interpreted to have formed by replacement of mainly felsic volcanic rocks.

In this project we will document the different styles of VMS deposit and explore the relationships between ore position (ore horizons), volcanic stratigraphy and tectonic evolution.

Sweden: Bergslagen, central Sweden Bergslagen is the intensely mineralized part of a 280 x 300 km, Early

Proterozoic (1.90–1.87 Ga) felsic magmatic region of medium to high metamorphic grade. The volcanic succession is 1.5 km thick and overlies turbiditic metasedimentary rocks in the east, and is over 7 km thick with no exposed base in the west (Lundström l987; Allen, Lundström et al. 1996).

The volcanic succession is overwhelmingly (90%) calc-alkaline rhyolite with minor calc-alkaline dacite and andesite, and chemically unrelated, probably tholeiitic basalts. The stratigraphic succession commonly follows the pattern: (1) Lower 1–5 km thick, poorly stratified felsic complex, dominated by the proximal-medial facies of interfingering and overlapping large caldera volcanoes. (2) Middle 0.5–2.5 km thick, well stratified interval dominated by medial–distal juvenile volcaniclastic facies and limestone. (3) Upper >3 km thick post-volcanic argillite-turbidite sequence (Baker et al. 1988; Allen, Lundström et al. 1996). Depositional environments fluctuated mainly between shallow and moderately deep subaqueous throughout accumulation of the lower and middle stratigraphic intervals, and then became consistently deep subaqueous in the upper interval.

The supracrustal succession now occurs as scattered, tightly folded outliers, enveloped by granitoids. The region is interpreted to be an intra-continental, or continental margin back-arc, extensional region (Baker et al. 1988; Allen, Lundström et al. 1996).

Bergslagen has a diverse range of ore deposits, including banded iron formation, magnetite-skarn, manganiferous skarn- and limestone-hosted iron ore, apatite-magnetite iron ore, stratiform and stratabound Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) sulphide ores, and W skarn (Hedström et al. 1989; Sundblad 1994; Allen, Lundström et al. 1996). The VMS deposits occur in interbedded limestone and volcaniclastic rocks, particularly near the top of the volcanic succession.

Sweden: Skellefte district, northern Sweden The Skellefte district is a 120 x 30 km Early Proterozoic (1.90–1.88 Ga)

volcanic region that contains over 80 massive sulphide deposits. Currently five mines are in operation. The Skellefte district is one of the most important mining regions in Sweden and Europe.

The district contains a >7 km thick stratigraphy of calc-alkaline basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite, tholeiitic basalt-andesite-dacite, high Mg (komatiitic) basalt and sedimentary rocks, and is intruded by syn- and post-volcanic granitoids (Vivallo & Claesson 1987; Allen, Weihed and Svenson, 1996). About 50% of the volcanic rocks are rhyolites. The rocks are generally strongly deformed, steeply dipping and are metamorphosed from greenschist to amphibolite facies. Stratigraphy is complex and the only consistent regional stratigraphic pattern is a first order cycle comprising a lower >3 km thick marine volcanic complex, overlain diachronously by a >4 km thick, mixed sedimentary and volcanic sequence. The lower volcanic complex consists of interfingering rhyolite, dacite-andesite and basalt-andesite-dacite volcanoes (Allen, Weihed and Svenson, 1996). The stratigraphic architecture, range of volcanic compositions and abundance of rhyolites suggest that the district is a

remnant of a strongly extensional intra-arc region that developed on continental or mature arc crust.

Most VMS deposits in the Skellefte district occur in near-vent facies associations at the top of local volcanic cycles (volcanoes), especially rhyolitic dome-tuff cone volcanoes (Allen, Weihed and Svenson, 1996). Regionally, these VMS deposits appear to occur on at least two stratigraphic levels, but the highest concentration occurs near the upper contact of the main volcanic complex. The VMS deposits span a wide range in composition, geometry and alteration patterns, and several deposits are Au-rich.

A new research program was started in 2002 with the aims of (1) documenting and interpreting the hydrothermal alteration systems associated with the different VMS deposit types, and (2) determining criteria that can be used to locate VMS ore horizons at the local and regional scales. Turkey: Eastern Pontide Belt

The Eastern Pontide belt comprises a 350 km long belt of Jurassic to Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks along the Black Sea coast of northern Turkey. This belt contains a number of important VMS deposits and epithermal Au-Ag deposits, and continues northwest into Bulgaria and east into Georgia. The belt is interpreted to be the relic of a complex volcanic arc system (Akin, 1979, Akinci, 1980). Important VMS deposits include Çayeli, Murgul, Madenköy and Cerattepe (Çagatay and Boyle, 1980; Çagatay, 1993). Currently only the Çayeli mine is in production, but there is vast potential in the belt and in the future additional deposits could provide an important contribution to the Turkish economy and employment.

The Eastern Pontides contains a 2-3 km thick succession that can be divided into three major units: a lower unit of mainly Jurassic mafic tholeiitic rocks, a middle unit dominated by Upper Cretaceous felsic volcanic rocks capped by Upper Cretaceous limestone, and an upper unit comprising Paleocene-Eocene turbidites and andesitic to basaltic lavas. The VMS and epithermal deposits occur in the middle unit of Upper Cretaceous volcanic rocks. They are particularly associated with the proximal facies of rhyolitic to dacitic volcanoes. The spatial association of VMS and epithermal ore deposits, and the possible occurrence of hybrid VMS-epithermal ore deposits, suggest that depositional environments varied from shallow water conditions (in which epithermal deposits formed) to deeper water conditions (in which the VMS deposits formed). Such concepts are of particular relevance and importance to mineral explorationists.

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SHERLOCK, R.L., & MICHAUD, M. 2000. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of Latin America; an overview. In: Sherlock, R.L. & Logan, A.V. (Eds.) VMS Deposits of Latin America. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Special Publication 2, 19-46.

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VIVALLO, W. & CLAESSON, L-Å. 1987. Intra-arc rifting and massive sulphide mineralization in an early Proterozoic volcanic arc, Skellefte district, northern Sweden. In: PHARAOH, T. C., BECKINSALE, R. D: & RICKARD, D. (eds) Geochemistry and Mineralization of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33, 69–79.

Text for fifth menu (Meetings):

Future meetings Reports of past meetings Text for sixth menu (Data base): GEODE questionnaire, 2000-2001 New Global VMS questionnaire, 2005 Text for seventh menu (Publications): Special Issue of Mineralium Deposita, 2008 Journal and book articles Allen, R.L., Weihed, P. And The Global Vms Project Team. 2002. Global

comparisons of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide districts. In: Blundell, D.J., Neubauer, F. and von Quadt, A. (editors), The timing and location of major ore deposits in an evolving orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 204, 13-37.

Posters and conference abstracts Field guides Theses Other relevant papers Text for eigth menu (Links): Sponsors

Appendix 2. Itinerary and details for Joint IGCP 450 – IGCP 502 Field Workshop, South Africa and Namibia, September-October, 2005 (prepared by F. Kamona, University of Namibia) Field Workshop Programme The workshop programme involved visits to a number of different sediment-hosted massive sulphide (SHMS), volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) and hybrid SH-VH massive sulphide deposits in both South Africa (Aggeneys) and Namibia (Rosh Pinah, Skorpion, Gorob-Hope, Matchless, Otjihase). In addition, the regional geology and geological setting of these deposits was discussed at the outcrops and in the evenings around a camp fire. The detailed programme is indicated below:

Date Activity Monday 26.09.05 Depart Windhoek for Cape Town by road or fly to Cape Town (from

elsewhere) Overnight at Camel Lodge, Noordoewer, Namibia or hotel/lodge in South Africa

Tuesday 27.09.05 AM: Arrive Cape Town – link up with participants already in Cape Town PM: Visit Cape Granite and Table Mt.; Overnight hotel (Ashanti travel centre) or elsewhere

Wednesday 28.09.05

AM: Depart Cape Town for Aggeneys; visit Cape Fold belt, Saldania belt, Early Proterozoic basement; PM: Drive up to Gamsberg; Overnight at Aggeneys exploration camp

Thursday 29.09.05

AM: visit Gamsberg, Broken Hill, Black Mountain Mine; check core; PM; Depart for Rosh Pinah; examine Dwyka tillite, Karoo basalts, Proterozoic diamictites, alluvial diamond workings en-route; Overnight at Rosh Pinah

Friday 30.09.05 AM: Underground visit at Rosh Pinah mine; check drill core PM: examine regional geology – gossans, columnar jointed rhyolites, stromatolites, glaciogenic BIF and diamictites; Overnight at Rosh Pinah

Saturday 01.10.05 AM; visit Skorpion open pit mine; PM: check core and examine outcrops of VHMS protore, bimodal metavolcanics and metasediments; Overnight at Aus

Sunday 02.10.05 Drive from Aus to Gorob via Sossusvlei, Solitaire, Khusib canyon; Observe Great African Escarpment, Nama molasses, Pan-African granites, Namib sand desert, Namib dunes; Overnight camp at Solitaire Lodge

Monday 03.10.05 Examine Gorob and Hope VMS prospects in Matchless amphibolite belt, deformed pillow basalts; Overnight at Gorob mine site (abandoned)

Tuesday 04.10.05 AM; Drive to Gamsberg ; traverse Gamsberg, observe triple junction of coastal and inland branches of Damara orogen and pre-Damara granites PM: Visit the Geological Survey and UNAM in Windhoek; overnight in Windhoek

Wednesday 05.10.05

AM; visit the Matchless mine VMS deposit PM; Obtain sample clearance at the Survey; overnight in Windhoek

Thursday 06.10.05

AM: Underground VIST AT Otjihase mine VMS deposit; PM: Depart for various destinations

Field Workshop Participants A total of 18 people, including 1 postgraduate student from Canada (Daniel Layton-Matthews), 3 undegraduate students from Namibia (Adeltraaud, Frans, and Werner) and others (14) participated in the field trip from 5 different countries as shown below:

Country Participant Canada Dan Layton-Matthews Canada Jan Peter Canada Wayne Goodfellow Congo DR Bombile Bosongo

Congo DR Loise Ngoyi Germany Gregor Borg Namibia Adeltraaud Mughonghora Namibia Ben Mapani Namibia Frans Hendjala Namibia Fred Kamona Namibia Freeman Senzani Namibia Sam Ajagbe Namibia Sidney Garöeb Namibia Werner Shaanika Namibia Willem Abraham Spain Emilio Clavio Spain Fernando Tornos Spain Reinaldo Saez

Project Collaboration and Support

The major highlight for 2005 was the joint international field workshop organised by IGCP450 and IGCP502 to Proterozoic belts of South Africa and Namibia during September/October. The workshop made it possible for some participants of both IGCP450 and IGCP502 to work together and share ideas and knowledge with regard to the occurrence and genesis of sediment-hosted and volcanic-hosted deposits in southern Africa.

The hosting and organization of the workshop was greatly assisted by collaborating institutions, mining and exploration companies and geological surveys. The workshop was proudly supported by various mining companies and institutions, including: Anglogold (Navachab), De Beers, Namdeb, Teckcominco, Ongopolo Mining and Processing, Skoprion Zinc, Kumba Resources, Rosh Pinah Zinc Corporation, Gecamine, the Geological Survey of Namibia, and the University of Namibia.

The continued active participation of both graduate and post-graduate students is a major contribution towards the sustainability of research activities in developing countries in the field of mineral exploration in particular and the geotectonic setting of mineral deposits in general.

Appendix 3. List of questions to be addressed by the IGCP-502 Global VMS teams Please fill in the following questionnaire for the VMS district that you and your scientific team are working in. Fill in a new questionnaire for each VMS district if you want to include more than one district from the same country. VMS Districts in the IGCP-502 project VMS Districts for which the earlier GEODE questionnaire was not carried out. Regional co-ordinators for the IGCP-502 project are listed. Green Tuff Belt, Japan Tetsuro Urabe East Pontide Belt, Turkey Namik Cagatay, Ramazan Dogan Finland (Vihanti-Pyhasalmi) Krister Sundblad West Greenland Peter Appel Saudi Arabia Mohammed Sahl India Ritesh Purohit Namibia-Damara Orogen Fred Kamona Morocco (Variscan Belt) Abdelhay Belkabir, ? Kamal Targuisti Central Mexico Carlos Canet Western Mexico Pedro Zarate Nunavut (North Slave Province) Jan Peter Cuba-Carribean Belt Xiomara Cañazas Venezuela Simon Rodriguez Peru-Equador Lluis Fontbote, Dick Tosdal Argentina Diana Mutti China (1-3 main VMS districts) Jun Li VMS Districts for which the previous GEODE questionnaire was completed. (Please complete this new questionnaire so that it contains new and updated information). Bathurst Steve McCutcheon Abitibi Harold Gibson Mount Read Volcanics Bruce Gemmell Iberian Pyrite Belt Fernando Tornos Lau and Manus Basins Sven Petersen Skellefte Rodney Allen Bergslagen Rodney Allen Southern Urals Valeriy Maslennikov An completed example of this questionnaire will be sent to the regional co-ordinators for each VMS district in the IGCP-502 project. This will provide an idea of what sort of information we want in the questionnaire. __________________________________________________________ 1. Age and tectonic/structural setting

1.1 What is the age of your VMS district? • Extent, type and precision of geochronology? (belt scale and deposit

scale). Make a table indicating the more relevant data with type of sample (ore, host rock, alteration), method and precision.

• Palaeontological control

1.2 What are the current interpretations of the tectonic setting of your VMS district? (include a time-sequence diagram if available)

1.3 What is the tectonic interpretation based upon? Provide a summary of main results and/or references: •structural mapping and interpretation? Is there a comprehensive district-scale structural interpretation (quality of mapping?) •regional stratigraphic, facies and paleogeographic interpretation? (quality of mapping?) •gravity and/or magnetic data (has it been used?) •any seismic sections ? •chemistry of volcanic rocks? What geochemical-tectonic classification was used?

1.4 Is there a comprehensive and high quality database of volcanic geochemistry to assist with tectonic interpretation? •how many whole-rock (with trace element) analyses on least-altered rocks? •type and quality of trace element data? How many analyses include REE data? •what isotope data are available?

1.5 Have the district-scale and deposit-scale ore-fluid plumbing structures been identified? Size of structures? How were they defined (mapping? alteration? aeromagnetics? geochemistry? Isotopes?)

1.6 Have detailed structural studies of the deposits been undertaken? Which deposits?

1.7 What further research is needed to improve the tectonic interpretation

1.8 List key references 2. Volcanic architecture 2.1 What are the scales of geological maps available for the district and the

deposits? Has the whole district been mapped? 2.2 Has a comprehensive systematic stratigraphy been established for the

district? Provide a summary. 2.3 What is the metamorphic grade, and how strongly deformed are the

rocks? Is there a penetrative cleavage in most rocks? Can primary volcanic and sedimentary textures/structures be identified?

2.4 Has volcanic facies mapping been carried out on the regional scale, at individual VMS deposits, and/or in specific parts of the district? Summarise the main results.

2.5 How do the VMS deposits relate to volcanic facies? Provide some sketch diagrams if available. Do the VMS deposits occur in proximal or distal volcanic facies? Percentage of volcaniclastic rocks versus coherent flows or intrusions?

2.6 Do the VMS deposits occur at a single stratigraphic level/horizon? If not, how many different stratigraphic levels do VMS ores occur on? What is the evidence for a single or several ore horizons (stratigraphic

correlation? fossil control? radiometric dating)? How is the preferred ore-host stratigraphic unit or stratigraphic interval identified?

2.7 What is the composition (rhyolite?, basalt?) of the VMS host package? Is there a change in volcanic composition at, or close to, the ore position?

2.8 Have original volcanic compositions of the altered volcanic rocks around the ore deposits been verified/identified using immobile element chemistry (e.g. ratios of Ti/Zr, Al2O3/TiO2, Zr/Al2O3….)? How many high quality lithogeochemical analyses with immobile trace elements (Zr, Y, Nb…) exist? Do these include REE?

2.9 Is there a change in volcanic and/or sedimentary facies at, or close to, the ore position?

2.10 What is the interpreted range of water depth during deposition of the volcanic succession, and immediate host rocks? What criteria were used to estimate water depth (eg. volcanic facies, sedimentary structures, fossils, fluid inclusions)?

2.11 What further research is needed to define the relationship between ore formation and volcanic architecture?

2.12 List key references 3. Styles of ore deposits

3.1 Provide a table of tonnes and grade for major deposits (>1 million tonnes) (include economic and sub-economic or barren massive sulphides). How many additional deposits of less than 1 million tonnes are known in the district?

3.2 What is the degree of metamorphism, deformation and recrystallization in the ores. Does it vary from deposit to deposit in the district?

3.3 What VMS deposit types occur within the belt (eg polymetallic Zn-Pb-Cu-type, Cu-Zn-type, Cu-type, Au-only, barite-only, pyrite-only)? Give a cartoon model of each type present, showing simple geology, morphology of the deposit and metal zones. Do not use genetic classifications such as kuroko type or Cyprus type, but use metal content and ratios – Cu/(Cu+Zn) and Zn/(Zn+Pb). (eg. Large , 1992 : ECON. GEOL. V87, p 473 ).

3.4 Are stringer zones present? Are they economic? What is their mineralogy? Are there any deposits that comprise only stringer sulphides?

3.5 Are there deposits that contain large volumes of semi-massive to strong disseminated/impregnation ore types (25-75% sulphides and 10-25% sulphides respectively)? What is their mineralogy? Are these economic? Are these ore types localised in particular volcanic or sedimentary facies?

3.6 What are the major textures in the massive sulphides – massive featureless, banded, brecciated? Are these textures interpreted to be primary or deformation-related. Key evidence?

3.7 Did most deposits form on the seafloor or by replacement below the seafloor or a combination of both? Key evidence (see Doyle and Allen, 2003. Ore Geology Reviews, v. 23, p. 183-222)? If sub-seafloor, how far below the seafloor? Evidence?

3.8 Did the seafloor deposits form in brine pools, or as mounds, or are both types represented, or did they form by some other mechanism? Key evidence? Is there general agreement on the mechanism of formation?

3.9 Relationships between anoxia and exhalative ore deposits; are there studies on the local environment of deposition of the massive sulphides?

3.10 List key references for each deposit 4. Exhalites

4.1 Are “exhalites” (Fe, Si , Mn… units) present at the same stratigraphic level as the ores? Are other styles of ore-equivalent horizons developed, eg; sulphide-bearing clastic facies, pyritic black shales, limestones? Are the exhalites true seafloor precipitates or simply alteration (silicification?) of tuffaceous sediments? Key criteria?

4.2 Are exhalites developed at other stratigraphic levels above or below the ore position? How far above or below?

4.3 Can the exhalites be mapped along strike from the deposit (how far?), and are they useful for exploration? How do you distinguish ore-associated exhalites from barren exhalites?

4.4 Is there a geochemical database for exhalites in your belt (how many samples, REE data, isotope data)?

4.5 List key references

5. Alteration facies 5.1 Have hydrothermal, regional diagenetic, and regional metamorphic

mineral assemblages and textures been identified? Criteria used for discrimination?

5.2 What (if any) is the immediate footwall alteration mineralogy and zonation? Does the footwall alteration occur as stratabound zones or as pipes? What is the depth extent and surface area of footwall alteration in absolute terms (metres) and relative to the deposit?

5.3 What (if any) is the extent and mineralogy of hangingwall alteration? Give morphology, dimensions and mineral zonation.

5.4 What particular alteration indices (vectors to ore) have been tested or proposed?

5.5 Has a single database of alteration geochemistry been compiled for the district? (number of samples?). By whom? and is it available?

5.6 Is there a database of whole rock oxygen isotopes? (number of samples?) Is data available on H/D, C or Sr-Nd isotopes of the hydrothermal alteration?

5.7 Have deep semi-conformable alteration zones been identified ? What is their dimension, mineralogy, and chemical characteristics? Is there evidence for metal depletion?

5.8 Is alteration geochemistry used to assist exploration in the district?

5.9 List key references

6. Hydrothermal geochemistry

6.1 Are there systematic published studies on the mineralogy, mineral paragenesis and mineral chemistry of the ores and altered host rocks. Which deposits?

6.2 Are the temperature, salinity and chemistry of the ore fluid well constrained from deposit data? What is the quality of primary fluid inclusion data?

6.3 Is there any evidence for fluid boiling, give details?

6.4 What hydrothermal thermodynamic modelling has been attempted? What modelling software was used (if any)?

6.5 What additional information is required to develop robust geochemical models?

6.6 List key references 7. Source of fluids, sulfur and metals

7.1 How extensive is the S isotope database on ores, sulfates and host rocks (numbers of analyses)? What is the range of del 34S? Do the massive sulphides and stringer zones have the same mean value and range? What is the interpreted source(s) of sulfur?

7.2 How extensive is the Pb isotope database on ores and host rocks (number of analyses and range of Lead isotope ratios on ores and host rocks?). What is the interpreted source of metals?

7.3 Is there any other isotopic data (Re/Os, Sm/Nd, Rb/Sr) that may assist in determining the source of metals?

7.4 Is there any evidence for magmatic fluid/metal input? If so what is the key evidence?

7.5 What further research is required to determine the source of fluids, sulfur and metals?

7.6 List key references

8. Subvolcanic intrusions

8.1 Have syn-volcanic intrusions been identified and are they associated with VMS deposits? What are their mineralogy, composition and textures? Are they composite intrusions?

8.2 Classify them (according to distance below the VMS horizon, and if possible according to texture) as shallow (<1000 m from the lowest VMS horizon), epizonal (1000-3000 m) or deep (>3000 m). Is there more than one level present? What are their geometry and dimensions.

8.3 Are they hosted by comagmatic volcanics? Or do they occur in underlying basement?

8.4 Are they identified as comagmatic to VMS-hosting strata by: a) geology; b) igneous geochemistry, and/or c) geochronology?

8.5. Are they related to district-scale alteration zones? Key evidence? 8.6 Do they contain extensive areas of alteration? Do they contain base-

metal and/or gold occurrences? 8.7 List key references 9. Hydrogeological modelling

9.1 Are there any published or unpublished hydrogeological models for the district or for individual deposits? What software package was used?

9.2 Are there any data on the original porosity and permeability of the volcanic and sedimentary facies in the succession?

9.3 Have regional or local hydrothermal fluid pathways been defined? Using what data or criteria?

9.4 Have any heat sources or fluid driving mechanisms been defined?

9.5 What research is required to develop robust hydrogeological models? What computer codes are suitable and available? What computer code developments are needed to better constrain 3D heat and fluid flow modelling?

9.6 List key references 10. Exploration criteria 10.1 How were the known deposits found? Provide a list with dates and the

key methods. (eg. outcropping gossan, electromagnetic methods (EM), gravity, magnetics, soil geochemistry etc.)

10.2 Currently, what are the key methods used by companies to identify 1) prospect areas, and 2) drill targets?

10.3 What regional exploration data sets are available from the relevant government departments : aeromagnetics?, gravity?, EM?, stream geochemistry?, soil geochemistry?, till geochemistry?, rock-chip geochemistry? Give specifications and degree of coverage.

10.4 What percentage of the volcanic district is under shallow cover? Have any deposits been discovered in the covered areas?

10.5 What exploration methods need to be considered or further researched in your district?

10.6 List key references 11. Research strengths for your VMS district

1 2 3 4 5

1. Tectonic and structural setting: 2. Volcanic architecture: 3. Styles of deposits: 4. Exhalites: 5. Alteration facies: 6. Hydrothermal geochemistry: 7. Sources of S, metals, fluids: 8. Hydrogeological modelling:

9. Subvolcanic intrusions 1 = Adequate database and extensive interpretation of data

2 = Adequate database but little interpretation

3 = Extensive interpretation but inadequate database

4 = Moderate database and interpretations (needs improvement)

5 = Inadequate database and little interpretation

12. List of twelve key references

List the major references, even if the interpretations differ from those generally accepted. The key references should include those that have the major geological, geochemical etc data (maps and tables) and also those that contain important discussions and interpretations. Make sure the titles of key maps or map series are included. List key unpublished references (eg. theses) especially if they contain critical data not available elsewhere. (R. Allen, J. Peter, N. Çagatay and F. Tornos (IGCP-502 Global VMS project);

version date 1.11.05)