30 years in science 1986-2016

Annual Report 2016Nansen Environmental and

Remote Sensing CenterBergen - Norway

Vision and MissionThe vision of the Nansen Center is to pioneer our understanding of the Earth system and to deliver science-based innovation to the benefit of society.The mission of the Center is to conduct marine, cryosphere, and atmosphere research using in situ and remote sensing observations, models, and data assimilation leading to innovation and service development. The general geographical focus is on the high latitudes and the Arctic. The Center communicates and disseminates our knowledge to authorities, stakeholders and society in support of a sustainable environment and blue growth. The Center contributes to education and capacity building. The Center maintains strategic national and international partnerships.

Serving Climate and Environmental Sciences for 30 years The Nansen Center is an independent non-profit research foundation conducting climate and environmental research funded by research councils, the European Commission, space agencies, national and international government agencies, business and industry, as well as through private donations. The Nansen Center is a national environmental research institute and receives basic funding from the Ministry of Climate and Environment through the Research Council of Norway. The Nansen Center celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2016 - a year with high scientific activities and changes in its organisation. The anniversary was celebrated with a scientific conference in November. The Board - based on a process involving the Board, leadership, and all employees at the Center - approved the new strategy for the Center covering 2016 to 2021. Following an open announcement and recruitment process, the Board employed Prof. Dr. Scient Sebastian H. Mernild as the managing director from 1st December.

As a national climate and environmental research institute the Center has strengthened its expertise through institutional strategic research programs within: - studies of regional climate change, including studies of sea level change and local air quality in urban areas; - operational oceanographic studies and services in the Arctic, focusing on integrating observations and the development of ocean and sea ice modelling and forecasting; - climate studies with a focus on teleconnections and the coupling between the Arctic and monsoon systems in India and China; and integrated multidisciplinary climate and environmental research. Over the last 30 years the Nansen Center has built up extensive knowledge on the development and application of satellite-based Earth Observation (EO) data as well as ocean and sea ice model development and applications. In particular the Center aims at being a national resource for knowledge of EO research within marine, cryosphere and climate studies. An increased focus on cross-disciplinary research cooperation and synergies has strengthened the scientific expertise of the Center. The research activities, projects, and employees have, through an internal process, been re-organised into nine thematic research groups; Ocean and Coastal Remote Sensing; Sea Ice Modelling; Ocean Modelling; Data Assimilation; Polar Acoustics and Oceanography; Sea Ice and Land Ice Remote Sensing; Climate processes; Climate Dynamics and Prediction; and Scientific Data Management.

StaffBy the end of 2016 the Nansen Center employed 76 people from 26 nations. The Nansen Center includes 10 Postdocs and four PhD candidates in recruitment and educational positions. Seven scientists at the Center have adjunct positions as Professor II (4) or adjunct professor II (3) at respectively University

of Bergen (4), Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (1), and UNIS at Svalbard (1), as well as one staff member who holds a Guest professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Nine Norwegian and international scientists have adjunct positions at the Center. These adjunct positions are held by scientists from the University of Bergen, the International Research Centre of Stavanger, the Nansen Centers in Russia and South Africa, the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of sciences, as well as the Centre for GeoSciences at MINES ParisTech. These adjunct scientists contribute to strengthening the scientific and international research capacity of the Center. Among the scientific staff at the Center, 80% hold a Doctoral degree.In total 13 foreign scientists and students from the Nansen Centers in Russia, China, India, South Africa, and Bangladesh, as well as other international research institutions, visited the Center in periods from weeks to several months. Totally this accounted for 35 person-months of work effort in 2016.

Gender, Anti-Discrimination, and Working EnvironmentThe Nansen Center is an equal opportunity employer and, with equal qualifications, female candidates will be given preference. In total 27% of the full-time employees are female, with 21% women among the scientific staff, which is respectively 7% and 4% lower than in 2015. The Center does not discriminate employees due to ethnicity, nationality, ancestry, colour, language, religion, age, or belief.The premises and working environment are very satisfactory - both in the main office in Bergen and at the office in Svalbard Research Park, Longyearbyen. The Board, the administration, and the employees

2016-repor t f romthe board

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Cover page: "Jumping into the furure" - from the UNDER-ICE cruice to the Fram Strait in 2016. Photo: H. Kjøllemoen, KV Svalbard. The staff at the Nansen Center come from 25 countries world-wide.

have significantly focused on health, environment, and safety (HMS) in 2016 through the Working Environment Committee (AMU). The AMU has had four meetings in 2016. Absence due to sickness was 3.6% of the total work effort, which is a decrease from 4.5% in 2015. The Center has also focused on environmental issues and concludes that the activities of the Center do not pollute or in any other way harm the environment, beyond what is normal for these types of activities.

Scientific ProductionDuring 2016 the scientific staff published 82 scientific articles in international peer reviewed journals and two book chapters, which were recognised in the Norwegian Science Index (NVI). Four published articles were not recognised in the NVI. The number of published scientific papers in 2016 has increased compared to 2013, 2014, and 2015. One paper was published in the prestigious Nature Communications. In addition the scientists at the Center published 95 conference proceedings, posters and scientific presentations, 20 technical and other reports, as well as five communications or chronicles - in total 208 publications in 2016. The Board expresses it´s satisfaction with the scientific publication activities in 2016 as well as the positive trend over the last few years.After completing studies and being employed at the Nansen Center three PhD students defended their doctoral dissertation at respectively the Universities in Bergen and Oxford in 2016:• Dr. Patrick Nima Raanes:

Improvements to Ensemble Methods for Data Assimilation in the Geosciences. Doctoral dissertation at Matematical Institute, University of Oxford, UK. Supervisors at the Nansen Center: Dr. Laurent Bertino and Dr. Geir Evensen.

• Dr. Lea Svendsen:Impact of Atlantic multi-decadal variability on the Indo-Pacific and Northern Hemisphere climate. Doctoral dissertation at Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. Supervisors at the Nansen Center: Prof. Yongqi Gao, and Prof. Noel Keenlyside.

• Dr. Tobias Wolf-Grosse:An Integrated Approach for Local Air Quality Assessment under Present and Future Climate Scenarios. Doctoral dissertation at Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. Supervisor at the Nansen Center: Dr. Igor Esau.

Statoil E&P, Research Council of Norway (KlimaForsk), and GC Rieber Funds funded these three doctoral studies respectively. The Board express their gratitude for this support for recruitment to science within important and visionary fields of research for the Nansen Center.The staff at the Center has organized five doctoral research schools of scientific conferences or workshops in Norway, India, and China during 2016. The winter school Operational Oceanography: Indian Ocean circulation and sea level variation was hosted for 30 international students at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) in Hyderabad in cooperation with the Nansen Scientific Society (NANSI) and the Nansen Environmental Research Centre-India (NERCI). The winter school Climate Teleconnections and Predictions was hosted in WuHan, China for 110 students in cooperation with the Nansen-Zhu International Research Center (NZC) and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in Beijing. The Center maintains an active scientific outreach through the press, television, and popular science lectures. Over 101 media reports about our research, scientific results, or scientists were registered during 2016. Our research on observations and modelling of the local air quality in the City of Bergen, where the GC Rieber Funds has financed a doctoral student (three years), has obtained significant media attention on several occasions. This includes publishing the occurence of inversion events with subsequent high air pollution in Bergen, the release of the report Distribution and concentration of NO2 and PM2.5 in the City of Bergen, and the doctoral dissertation of Dr. Wolf-Grosse. The Nansen Center participated in Forskningsdagene 2016 with an exhibition on the Boundary Layer. The exhibition was at Festplassen and was visited by more than 2,500 school students and 6,000 other visitors. The movie Svalbard – Arctic seasons was also frequently shown to visitors to the Center in our cinema.

AwardsNansen Center (represented by Morten W. Hansen, Anton Korosov, Aleksander Vines, and Tor I. Olaussen) received the Copernicus Award from the Norwegian Space Centre for the outline of the Nansen-Cloud Scientific Platform as a Service functionality in a national centre for satellite Earth observation data.

The BoardChairmanProf. Knut Fægri, Vice-Rector, University of OsloDeputy Chairman Prof. Anne Marit Blokhus, Vice-Dean, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of BergenMembersProf. Helge K. Dahle, Dean, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of BergenLiv Holmefjord, Director, Norwegian Directorate of FisheriesBjart Nygaard, GC Rieber ASSissel Rogne, Director, Institute of Marine Research (until 31.12.16)Dr. Ole Arve Misund, Director, National Institute for Nutrition and Seafood Research (from 01.01.17)Dr. Morten Wergeland Hansen, Scientist, Representative of the employees Dr. Francois Counillon, Scientist, Representative of the employees (until 31.10.16)Dr. Annette Samuelsen, Scientist, Representative of the employees (from 01.11.16)

ManageMenT groupManaging DirectorDr. scient Sebastian H. Mernild, also Professor II at Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal (from 01.12.16)Dr. Johnny A. Johannessen, also Professor II at Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen (until 30.11.16)Research coordinatorsDr. Pierre RampalDr. Annette SamuelsenAdministration Head Cand. jur. Christina Therese BrunnerFinancesHead Knut Holba

The ScienTific councilChairman Prof. Lennart Bengtsson, Former Director, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, HamburgMembersDr. Bo Anderssen, Director General, Norwegian Space Centre Dr. Heidi Espedal, Deputy Director General, Division of Research Administration, University of BergenDr. Solfrid Sætre Hjøllo, Senior Scientist, Institute of Marine Research, BergenProf. Øystein Hov, Advisor, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, OsloProf. Grethe Hovelsrud, Faculty of Social Sciences, NORD University, BodøProf. Nils Gunnar Kvamstø, Institute leader, Geophysical Institute, University of BergenProf. Kaj Riska, Senior Ice Engineer, TOTAL S.A., FranceDr. Robert A. Shuchman, Co-Director, Michigan Tech Research Institute, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.Prof. Micheal Tjernström, Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, SwedenDr. Pierre-Yves Traon, Science Director, Ifremer, FranceMr. Elling Tveit, Head of Department, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Horten

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future climate change. The Nansen Center is a partner in EuroGOOS and leads the Arctic activities (ArcticROOS), which focuses on the development and implementation of operational observing and forecasting systems for the Arctic Ocean. Key information products are distributed through the ArcticROOS portal - www.arctic-roos.org, including daily updates of sea ice extent and concentration derived from Earth observation satellites, providing records of the sea ice variability since 1978. The basic funding has been used to improve the operations of this sea ice information service for the Arctic Ocean.The five international Nansen research centers in Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Bangladesh are an important research and knowledge resource, network, and “human capital” for the Nansen Center. A total of 220 people including 75 PhD students are employed and affiliated with the six Nansen Centers. The Nansen Centers cooperate in several joint research projects, stimulate joint scientific publications, arrange exchange visits of scientists and students, as well as engage in extensive exchange of knowledge and capacity-building across borders. This international network and cooperation is in accordance with the international strategy (Panorama) of the Ministry of Education and Research, for cooperation on higher education and research (2016–2020), which includes four of the countries with Nansen Centers, as well as Japan and Brazil.The Nansen Center cooperates with the foundation Nansen Scientific Society in education of international master students (2), PhD candidates (10), and Post-doc scientists (3).

The Svalbard OfficeThe Nansen Center´s office in the Svalbard Research Park, Longyearbyen, contributes to strengthening Arctic research activities at the Center. Several research projects related to Arctic oceanography and sea ice research at the Center are conducted in the Svalbard region. One PhD student is permanently located at the office in Longyearbyen and several scientists and students have used the office during 2016. This presence is strengthening research cooperation with, and education at, UNIS and other institutions in Svalbard.

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The paper Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate: A review by Prof. Y. Gao published in Advances in Atmospheric Sciences was given the SpringerLink Award for the most frequently downloaded article (1900+) in 2015.

The Nansen Polar Bear Award 2016The Board of the Nansen Center gave the Nansen Polar Bear Award for 2016 to Prof. Anny Cazenave at Laboratoire d´Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) in Toulouse, France. She received the Award for her significant contribution to increasing our knowledge of sea level change under the present and future changing climate, at the 30th anniversary Scientific Seminar of the Nansen Center in November. Prof. Cazenave is the 23rd recipient of the Nansen Polar Bear Award that was established by the Nansen Center in 1986 in recognition of scientists and administrators who have made significant contributions within satellite Earth Observation to the benefit of society.

National CooperationThe Nansen Center is a partner in the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research/Centre for Climate Dynamics, the Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, as well as a member of the Norwegian Climate Center and Bergen Marine Research Cluster.Furthermore, the Center has a memorandum of understanding with the Institute of Marine Research and the Meteorological Institute within operational oceanography and ocean modeling, which is the basis for the Copernicus Arctic Marine Forecasting Center (see below). The Nansen Center has extensive research and educational cooperation with the University of Bergen, the University Studies at Svalbard (UNIS), the Arctic University of Norway (UiT), and several other Norwegian research and higher educational institutions. The Nansen Center is a partner in the Centre for Research-based Innovation (SFI) on Earth observation in the Arctic - Centre for Integrated Remote Sensing and Forecasting for Arctic Operations at UiT, in which one PhD candidate is employed at the Nansen Center.Being a national environmental research institute, the Nansen Center is a member of Miljøalliansen AS together with eight other Norwegian environmental research institutes. This has lead to increased project cooperation with several other Norwegian environmental institutes

and directorates. The Nansen Center contributes information and knowledge to several public web-portals, including the miljostatus.no, the Norwegian-Russian environmental portals for the Barents Sea (BarentsPortal), and ArcticROOS.

International ActivitiesCooperation within Europe is an important part of research activities at the Center. In 2016 the Center participated in 12 projects funded by the European Commission (EC FP7 and Horizon2020 programmes) and is coordinating three of these projects. The Horizon 2020 calls related to Blue Growth - An ocean of opportunities in 2016 were focused on the Arctic and were accordingly very relevant to the Center. The Nansen Center participated in 13 applications to the EC, of which three were granted funding in 2016. Prof. Stein Sandven coordinates the project Integrated Arctic Observation System (INTAROS) with, initially, 49 partners from 20 countries and 15.5 million Euro funding from the EC over the next five years. INTAROS includes many European partners as well as international cooperation with partners from USA, Canada, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, and India, capitalizing on the network of international partner institutions. Our scientists also have important roles in two other Horizon2020 projects Blue-Action: Arctic Impact on Weather and Climate and NEXTGEOSS: Next generation GEOSS for Innovation Business. The Board acknowledges the important role of the Center and its scientists in Horizon2020 projects as a significant recognition of the knowledge, relevance, and network within research and establishment of new knowledge about the Arctic. The Nansen Center leads, in cooperation with the Meteorological Institute and the Institute of Marine Research, the European CMEMS Arctic Marine Forecasting Center (AMFC). The task contract is valid until 2021 and is a major milestone in the development of operational oceanography at the Center. The Center is also coordinating two Nordic Centers of Excellence: EmblA: Ensemble-based data assimilation for environmental monitoring and prediction focusing on developing the operational use of data assimilation in environmental research and modelling, and ARCPATCH: Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient, Sustainable Societies, focusing on responsible and sustainable development under

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TerraOrbit AS and CoTo ASThe Nansen Center is the owner of the companies TerraOrbit AS and COTO AS. The common goal of these companies is to offer services for monitoring and forecasting of the environment and the oceans. The revenue of these activities will in turn contribute to scientific development in fields of benefit to society and industry. COTO AS was liquidated as of 31st December 2016 and the activities in TerraOrbit AS have been limited in 2016.

Economy, Continued Operations and RisksThe total project income in 2016 was 68.318 MNOK and the expenses were 66.393 MNOK, which gives a surplus of 1.925 MNOK. The net financial income is 0.367 MNOK. This gives an annual surplus before taxes for 2016 of 2.293 MNOK. Total tax expenses charged in 2016 is 1.213 MNOK, including 0.444 MNOK for 2015 and 0.769 MNOK for 2016. The annual net surplus for 2016 is 1.080 MNOK, which is transferred to equity capital. The research activities in 2016 have increased in turnover. The Center has a strong economy with an equity capital of 34.461 MNOK, after the transfer of the surplus for 2016. The project income in 2016 was mainly from the Research Council of Norway, several Norwegian ministries, NordForsk, the European Commission (EC) FP7, Horizon2020, Copernicus programmes, the European Space Agency, and research projects and grants from oil companies and industrial partners, including the GC Rieber Funds. The basic funding from the Research Council of Norway was 6.165 MNOK in 2016.The Board confirms that the conditions for continued operations are satisfactory according to §3-3a in the accounting legislation. The annual accounts for 2016 are made under this assumption, which is consistent with the long-term strategy and prognosis for the development of the Foundation. The Foundation has a strong economy.Financial risks are primarily associated with foreign currency exchange rates. 31% of the project income is in a foreign currency, primarily the Euro. The policy at the Foundation is to continuously assess the need for currency hedging. The Foundation does not have any loans. Access liquidity is kept in a bank account according to board decision.

The clients are mainly public national or foreign institutions with whom the Center has had long-standing business relations over many years, accordingly the risks associated with their credit are limited. The liquidity risk is also regarded to be very limited.

Prospects for 2017The Nansen Center will in 2017 continue and have increased focus on both basic and applied research proposals to programs and calls issued by the Research Council of Norway (thematic and free programs), EU (Horizon2020, Copernicus, Joint Programming Initiatives etc.), the European Space Agency (ESA), authorities, research funds, and other funding opportunities. Several planned calls will be relevant for the expertise at the Nansen Center and the scientific priorities in the new strategy for 2016 to 2021. The Center will strengthen the internal cooperation between the research groups through national and international submission of research applications within multi-disciplinary research applications, innovative actions, and service development. The scientists will actively take the initiative to participate in the establishment of strong research consortia in order to develop competitive project plans and applications where the Nansen Center is a central partner as the coordinator or leader of work packages. The instruments and framework supporting Norwegian participation in EU funded research cooperation are both necessary and essential for continued and increased involvement.Both the basic funding and a recent grant for an institute PhD from the Research Council of Norway will contribute to strengthening the internal cooperation through integration of activities across different thematic scientific

disciplines. The basic funding from the Ministry of Climate and Environment is a necessary and important instrument to implement and fulfill our strategic goals as a national climate and environmental research institute of high relevance for society.In 2017 the Center will strengthen the development of a close, successful cooperation with business and industry related to research, innovation, and service development to the benefit of society, both with respect to public management and business development. This mission is embedded in the new strategy for 2016 to 2021, and is consistent with the societal expectations for national research institutes.Being the coordinator of both the H2020 INTAROS and the Copernicus Arctic Marine Forecasting Center (AMFC) until 2021 proves both the relevance and the societal applications of the research activities at the Center.We expect an increase in externally funded research projects during 2017 in which multi-disciplinary cooperation with Norwegian and international partners will be essential, including the five international Nansen Centers located in Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Bangladesh.

Bergen, April 18th 2017

Knut Fægri Anne Marit Blokhus Chairman Deputy ChairmanHelge K. Dahle Liv HolmefjordOle Arve Misund Bjart Nygaard Morten W. Hansen Annette Samuelsen

Sources of project funding in 2016.

stability of the arrival pattern. The randomness of the acoustic ray paths caused by scattering and the near-si-multaneous arrival of these rays were properties that were exploited to ob-tain temperature estimates from the tomography data by an inverse calcu-lation. The information provided by tomography in the Fram Strait is high accuracy depth- and range-averaged temperature. Tomographic data are used to validate ice-ocean models and methods to constrain ice-ocean models are under development with-in the UNDER-ICE project. This work is continued within the recently fund-ed H2020 INTAROS project. Relevant publications:Dushaw, BD., H. Sagen, and A. Beszczynska-Möller,

Sound speed as a proxy variable to temperature in Fram Strait, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2016, 140, 622-630.

Dushaw, BD., H. Sagen, and A. Beszczynska-Möller, On the effects of small-scale variability on acous-tic propagation in Fram Strait: The tomography forward problem, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2016, 140, 1286-1299.

Dushaw BD. and H. Sagen, A Comparative Study of Moored/Point and Acoustic Tomography/Integral Observations of Sound Speed in Fram Strait Using Objective Mapping Techniques, J. Atmost. Oceanic Tech., 2016.

Sagen, H, and BD. Dushaw, Emmanuel K. Skarsoulis, Dany Dumont, Matthew A. Dzieciuch, and Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, Time series of temperature in Fram Strait determined from the 2008–2009 DAMOCLES acoustic tomography measurements and an ocean model, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 2016.

Sea Ice Thickness From SatellitesThe main data source for retrieving the sea ice thickness over large-scale basins is the satellite altimeter meas-urements of the sea ice freeboard, which is used to convert freeboard to thickness assuming the hydrostatic equilibrium of floating ice. Thus, free-board estimates and freeboard-to-thickness conversion both contribute to sea ice thickness uncertainty. Two approaches were used to retrieve sea ice freeboard from ICESat laser altim-eter data. The Arctic sea ice thickness

The Arctic and Horizon2020In 2016 the Nansen Centers was awarded two large Horizon 2020 projects under the call Blue Growth - Demonstrating an ocean of op-portunities. The Integrated Arctic Observing system - INTAROS project is led by NERSC with Prof. Stein Sandven as coordinator and Dr. Hanne Sagen as deputy-coordinator. Prof. Yongqi Gao is a key partner in the Blue-Action: Arctic Impact on Weather and Climate project coordinated by the Danish Meteorological Institute and Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology. In addition Dr. Torill Hamre is a key partner in the NextGEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems) project under Earth observation call and coordinated by DEIMOS in Portugal. The implementation of these projects will give the Nansen Center a central role in implementa-tion of the Arctic strategy for Europe and in the EU funded research related to GEOSS during the next five years.

INTAROS will capital-ize on existing moni-toring in the Arctic in order to build up an integrated and

unified observation system for the different parts of the Arctic. The pro-ject has a strong multidisciplinary fo-cus, with tools for integration of data from atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and terrestrial sciences, provided by institutions in Europe, Russia, North America, and Asia. The evolution of INTAROS into a sustainable Arctic observing system requires coordina-tion, mobilization, and cooperation between the existing European and international infrastructures (in-situ and remote including space-based), the modelling communities, and rel-evant stakeholder groups. INTAROS will include development of commu-nity-based observing systems, where local knowledge is used in combina-tion with scientific data. The INTAROS project has 49 partner institutions from 20 countries, which all have existing roles or programs in the Arctic. Other Norwegian partners in-cludes University of Bergen, Institute of Marine Research, UNIS, NORUT, NIVA, and DNV GL AS.

Acoustics and Oceanography in the Arctic OceanThe Fram Strait is of great impor-tance in ocean climate monitoring,

as it is the only deep-water connec-tion between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. An extensive array of ocean-ographic moorings has been operat-ed in Fram Strait since 1996 to moni-tor the transports through the Strait. The small spatial scales of the flow are poorly resolved, and lead to large uncertainties. In the period from 2005–2010 underwater acoustic methods were introduced to improve the monitoring of Fram Strait as part of the FP6 DAMOCLES project. This was followed by the implementation of a multipurpose acoustic network (2010–2012) with a triangle of acous-tic transceivers for ocean acoustic to-mography, ambient noise, and glider navigation (FP7 ACOBAR). The meas-urements were continued from 2014 to 2016 with eight acoustic paths crisscrossing the Fram Strait as part of the UNDER-ICE project funded by the Research Council of Norway and ENGIE E&P Norway. The complex ocean environment makes acoustic tomography in Fram Strait demand-ing. The sound-speed field has a weak sound channel with little geometric dispersion, making it difficult to re-solve and identify individual arrivals. The strong oceanographic variability in space and time reduces the coher-ence of the received signal and the

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sc ience repor t fo r 2016

Figure 1. Sea ice thickness derived from ICESat altimeter data. (a) – map for ICESat operation period February-March 2006, (b) – time series of the mean thicknesses over the Arctic from the GSFC, JPL and NERSC datasets.

Photo credit: Håkon Kjøllemoen, KV Svalbard.

were derived using the methods by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), repectively. We ana-lyzed why these methods lead to differences in local freeboard esti-mates, show how they are distrib-uted in space and over the different ICESat periods (2003–2008), and propose an improvement in the freeboard retrieval algorithm used by JPL. It was shown that although different factors result in significant differences between freeboards, they are on average roughly com-pensating each other with respect to freeboard estimation. Therefore the difference in the mean sea ice thickness found between the JPL and GSFC datasets shall be attrib-uted to different parameters used in the freeboard-to-thickness conver-sion rather than intrinsic differenc-es in the freeboard retrieval algo-rithms. Then a new sea ice thickness product for the Arctic from ICESat data has been generated using the freeboard dataset retrieved by the improved algorithm described in Khvorostovsky and Rampal (2016) (Figure 1). Snow depth and density climatology data, as well as reason-able ice density values required for conversion of freeboard to thick-ness, were adjusted for the sea ice type using multi-year ice fraction data. Thus, the generated sea ice thickness product benefits from the improvements in both freeboard re-trieval and freeboard-to-thickness conversion as compared to the ex-isting JPL and GSFC ICESat datasets.Relevant publication:Khvorostovsky, K. and P. Rampal, On retrieving

sea ice freeboard from ICESat laser altimeter. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(5): p. 2329-2346.

The neXtSIM Sea Ice ModelThe ongoing project neXtWIM (funded by NFR, 2015–2018) is about including wave-ice interac-tions in the neXtSIM sea ice model, with the final aim of producing full-Arctic high-resolution sea ice and wave forecasts.In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to consider both physical and computational issues. The post-doc Abdoulaye Samaké has been concentrating on the latter aspect – initially converting the sea ice code from matlab/c to c++, as well as do-ing optimization and parallelization. A key result is that the parallel code scales well as the number of proces-sors used is increased - i.e. the par-allelization helps. The waves-in-ice code has also been convered to c++ and coupled to the new code. The

performance of the implemented model code has been favourably as-sessed.Timothy Williams has been con-centrating on physical (and some numerical) issues relating to the coupling of the waves-in-ice model (WIM) to the sea ice model (neXt-SIM). Physical effects considered are the break-up of the ice by the waves, attenuation of the waves by the ice, and the transfer of momentum from the waves to the ice as they are at-tenuated (and consequently lose momentum). Figure 2 shows an example of re-sults from the coupled model in an idealized domain. 5 m waves arrive from the left (a), producing quite large stresses on the ice edge (d), and pushing the ice about 24 km over the 2 day simulation. However, these stresses decay exponentially into the ice, and the study shows that the wind stress, which acts over a larger area, has a larger impact on the ice edge location. However, the highly localized nature of the wave stress could still produce some in-teresting effects in the ocean when it is coupled to neXtSIM-WIM.Other effects that we tried to in-clude were the effect that the wave break-up (as illustrated by the floe size in (b)) has on the sea ice dynam-ics. A simple approach was to set the damage to a high value like 0.9999 (1 is the maximum value), putting the ice into a free-drift mode, apart from an ice pressure term that re-sists compaction. Figure 2(c) shows that the region of broken ice has be-come much more compact.Relevant publications:Samaké, A., Rampal, P., Bouillon, S., and Ólason,

E., submitted. “Parallel implementation of a

Lagrangian-based model on an adaptivemesh in c++: Application to sea-ice”. J. Comp. Phys.

Williams, T.D., P. Rampal, and S. Bouillon, submit-ted. “Wave-ice interactions in the neXtSIM sea ice model”. The Cryosphere Discussions.

Assimilation of Sea Ice Thickness in ToPAZ modelBased on the brightness tempera-ture data of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, a new observation product for thin sea ice thickness (SMOS-Ice) has been distributed since October 2010. This product is available daily in near-real time during the cold season. As an operational observa-tional product of sea ice thickness (SIT) in Arctic, the quantitative eval-uation of its impact when assimilat-ed in an ocean operational forecast system is an essential issue due to the well-known SIT errors in most marine forecast systems. At present, TOPAZ assimilates sev-eral data types jointly using the en-semble Kalman filter (EnKF) (Sakov, 2012), but SIT has not been as-similated. For thin ice (less than 0.4 m), the TOPAZ reanalysis and the SMOS-Ice have comparable distribu-tions of sea-ice thickness, although TOPAZ slightly overestimates the thin ice thickness from January to April. This means that conditions are favorable for assimilating this data set. Two parallel observing sys-tem experiments are performed for two periods: February-March and October-November in 2014. The results show that the assimilation of SMOS-Ice data reduces the thick-ness RMSD of thin sea ice in March and in November by about 11% and 22%, respectively, mainly caused by the reduction of the bias (Figure 3).

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Figure 2: Results of coupling a waves-in-ice model with the neXtSIM sea ice model after steady waves (a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum with Hs=5 m, Tp=11.2 s, from the left) are applied for 48 h from the left). Initially the concentration c was 0.7 and thickness h was 1 m (constant over the ice-covered region). Figure (a) shows the final wave height. As the waves travel into the ice from the left, they break up to a point, giv-ing the maximum floe size field shown in (b). Figure (c) shows the final concentration field and (d) shows the wave radiation stress which is applied to the ice.

There are also some small improve-ments for sea-ice concentration. The errors for sea-surface temperature and sea-level anomaly remain un-changed. Furthermore, compared to independent buoy observations of SIT and sea ice draft, it is found that assimilation of SMOS-Ice yields improvements near the ice edge next to where SMOS-Ice has been assimilated but leads to neither im-provements nor degradations in the rest of the Arctic Ocean. In addition, using the degrees of freedom for signal, which can rep-resent the relative contributions of assimilated observations to the re-duction of error in the data assimi-lation system, the SMOS-Ice impacts have been quantitatively evaluated. The results show that the SMOS-Ice thickness data have a smaller im-pact than ice concentration, but in November when new ice is being formed a significant contribution (defined as larger than 20% of the total impact from all observations) is shown in several of the shelf re-gions surrounding the Arctic. To con-clude, our study suggests that the SMOS-Ice can be assimilated with-out degradation of other skills in our Copernicus AMFC operational ocean and sea ice forecasting system. The benefits are generally small, but can be significant for some regions near the ice edge.Relevant publications:Xie, J., Counillon, F., Bertino, L., Tian-Kunze, X.,

and Kaleschke, L.: Benefits of assimilating thin sea ice thickness from SMOS into the TOPAZ

system, The Cryosphere, 2016, 10, 2745-2761.Sakov, P., Counillon, F., Bertino, L., Lisæter, K. A., Oke, P. R., and Korablev, A.. TOPAZ4: an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic. Ocean Sci., 2012, 8(4), 633–656.

Data Assimilation in Climate ModellingFor the first time advanced data assimilation method have dem-onstrated the capability to con-strain ocean variability in the North Atlantic, Equatorial, and North Pacific in a fully coupled Earth sys-tem model. This assimilation of sea surface temperature (SST) opens new possibilities for a long fully cou-pled reanalysis dating back to 1850 and test thoroughly the skills of dec-adal predictions by the Norwegian Climate Prediction model. The study demonstrates the importance of using a dynamical covariances data assimilation method - meaning that corrections change with the state of the system - and that construct-ing the assimilation framework in isopycnal coordinates enhances its efficiency when assimilating surface observations.A pilot stochastic re-analysis was computed by assimilating SST anom-alies into the ocean model com-ponent of the coupled Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) for the period 1950–2010. The NorCPM model is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) and uses the ensemble Kalman filter for assimilation of the HadISST2 historical reconstruction SST data into NorESM. The accu-racy, reliability and drift have been investigated using both assimilated and independent observations. NorCPM is slightly overdispersive

against assimilated observations but shows stable performance through the entire analysis period. The new method demonstrates skills against independent oceanic measure-ments such as sea surface height, heat, and salt content, in particular in the Equatorial and North Pacific, the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (SPG) region (Figure 4), and the Nordic Seas. Furthermore, NorCPM provides a reliable reconstruction of the SPG index and represents the vertical temperature variability in the Subpolar gyre, in good agree-ment with independent observa-tions. The ability to reproduce the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is also encouraging. The benefit of using a flow-dependent assimilation method and construct-ing the covariance in isopycnal co-ordinates are investigated in the SPG region. Isopycnal coordinate discretisation is found to better capture the vertical structure than standard depth-coordinate discreti-sation, because it leads to a deeper influence of the assimilated surface observations, here through the SST data. The vertical covariance shows a pronounced seasonal and decadal variability that highlights the benefit of the flow-dependent data assimi-lation method developed by the sci-entists. This study demonstrates the potential of NorCPM to compute an improved ocean re-analysis data set for the 19th and 20th centuries when SST observations are available. The study is done in cooperation be-tween scientists at the Nansen and Bjerknes Centers.Relevant publications:Counillon, F., N. Keenlyside, I. Bethke, Y. Wang,

S. Billeau, M.L. Shen and M. Bentsen: Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface tem-perature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model, Tellus A 2016, 68, 32437.

Climate ProcessesThe Earth has warmed in the last century and a large component of that warming has been attributed to increased anthropogenic green-house gases. There are also numer-ous processes that introduce strong, regionalized variations to the overall warming trend. However, the ability of a forcing to change the surface air temperature depends on its spatial and temporal distribution. Here we show that the efficacy of a forcing is determined by the effective heat ca-pacity of the atmosphere, which in cold and dry climates is defined by the depth of the planetary bound-ary layer. This can vary by an order of magnitude on different temporal

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Figure 4: Subpolar Gyre index in NorCPM (red), FREE (blue) and observations (black line) (see full explana-tion in Counillon et al. (2016) - Figure 6). The darker shading represents the first and third quartile of the model ensemble and the lighter shading represents the ensemble envelope (min/max).

Figure 3. Relative contributions of sea ice thickness from SMOS-Ice in the total DFS during March (l) and November (r) 2014. The black line is the 20% isoline.

and spatial scales, and so we get a strongly amplified temperature re-sponse in shallow boundary layers, as shown in Figue 5. This must be accounted for to assess the efficacy of a climate forcing and also implies that multiple climate forcings can-not be linearly combined to deter-mine the temperature response. The study shows that by accounting for the variations in the effective heat capacity of the atmosphere we can more accurately assess how a given process influences the surface climate (Figure 5). This allows us to directly compare, in an apples-to-apples manner, the relative impor-tance of different processes in de-termining the overall response of the climate system to perturbations in the climate forcing. This is also critical for model-model and model-observation comparisons of climate forcing processes.Relevant publication:Davy, R. & Esau, I. Differences in the efficacy of

climate forcings explained by variations in atmospheric boundary layer depth, Nature Communications, 2016, 7, 11690

Ocean and Coastal Remote SensingThe OCRS research group works on integration of satellite Earth obser-vation (EO) data with model and in situ data to study physical and bio-logical ocean processes, including air-sea interactions and ocean vari-ability up to climate scales. This in-cludes processing, calibration and validation of satellite observations,

near-real-time monitoring capabili-ties, preparation of results for use in data assimilation, and generation of long time series and services.Processing and analysis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is one of the key focus areas in the group. A SAR study related to the EU FP7 project SeaU presents analysis of Radarsat-2 SAR C-band quad-po-larization data and discusses the impact of oil slicks on C-band SAR measurements to provide a deeper insight into the radar imaging mech-anisms of surface slicks and their discrimination from look-alikes. A Radar Imaging Model (Kudryavtsev et al. 2005) was revised in order to improve the description of wave breaking and to include the effect of sea surface film. It is suggested that this is related to a smoothing of the crests of incipient breakers by sur-factants, reducing the crest instabil-ity growth rate and, thus, the energy flux generating intense surface crest roughness. The suggested physical model is capable of explaining ob-served modulations of both non-polarized and cross-polarized radar backscatter. The model simulations show that, contrary to resonant Bragg scattering, the reduction of the breaking intensity in slicks more strongly depends on the slick type. The methodology described in the paper can be used to discriminate between low-wind areas and slicks, which may look similar in co- (HH, VV) and cross-polarization (HV, VH)

images, but potentially also to clas-sify slicks with relation to different oil spill types.Another research focus of the group is sea level variability and change, in particular the use of satellite meas-urements of sea surface height and gravity. The work on sea surface height also concerns the ability to monitor ocean currents and eddies. The characteristics eddies in the Norwegian Sea and Lofoten Basin in particular, have been investigated from nearly two decades of satel-lite altimeter data together with Argo profiling floats and surface drifter data. Anticyclonic eddies are found to be the most long lived in the Lofoten Basin, especially in the western part of the basin, where there are two hotspots of eddy oc-currence, one in the deepest west-ern part of the basin and one close to the eddy generation region close to the Norwegian Atlantic Current branch over the continental slope. The study also confirms energy transfer from the slope current to the eddies in both regions. The com-bination of altimetry, Argo floats, and surface drifter data is consid-ered to be a promising observation-based approach for further studies of the role of eddies in transport of heat and biomass from any slope current to the open ocean.This is also clearly demonstrated in the ESA GlobCurrent project in which systematic use of satellite sensor synergy (e.g. satellite opti-cal glitter, SST, surface roughness and SSH) combined with in-situ data has strengthen the ability to obtain high quality and consistent informa-tion on surface current conditions and their relationship to the up-per ocean (≈100 m) dynamics and processes. As such they are highly preferable as reference data for as-sessment and validation of ocean models and marine services. Relevant publications:Hansen, M.W., V. N. Kudryavtsev, B. Chapron, C.

Brekke, J. A. Johannessen; Wave Breaking in Slicks: Impacts on C-Band Quad-Polarized SAR Measurements, IEEE J.S.T. in Apl. Earth Obs. & Remote Sensing, 2016,9(11).

Johannessen, J.A., B. Chapron, F. Collard, M.-H. Rio, J.-F. Piollé, L. Gaultier, G. Quartly, J.D. Shutler, R. Escolà, R.P. Raj, C.J. Donlon, R. Danielson, A. Korosov, F. Nencioli, V. Kudryavtsev, M. Roca, J. Tournadre, G. Larnicol, G. Guitton, P.I. Miller, M.A. Warren and M.W. Hansen. Globcurrent: Multi sensor synergy for surface current estimation. ESA SP, 2016. SP-740.

Raj, R. P., J. A. Johannessen, T. Eldevik, J.E.Ø. Nilsen, I. Halo. Quantifying mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin. J. Geoph. Res., 2016, 121(7).

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Figure 5. The amplification of temperature trends in shallow boundary layers. The bin mean and s.d. of the inter-annual trend in the virtual potential temperature at a height of 2m above the ground, as a func-tion of the climatological monthly mean planetary boundary layer depth for (a) ERA-Interim reanalysis, (b) CFSR reanalysis, (c) the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratories Coupled Model 3 (GFDL-CM3) and (d) the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1-M) climate model simulations. The ERA-Interim and CFSR data are taken over the period 1979–2014 and the climate model data from 1979–2005.

Norwegian Science Index - NVI Publications (84)Ait-El-Fquih, B., M. El Gharamti, I. Hoteit, G.E. Bodeker, S. Bojinski, D. Cimini, R.J. Dirksen, M. Haeffelin, J.W. Hannigan, D.F. Hurst, T. Leblanc, F. Madonna, M. Maturilli, A.C. Mikalsen, R. Philipona, T. Reale, D.J. Seidel, D.G.H. Tan, P.W. Thorne, H. Vömel and J. Wang, A Bayesian consistent dual ensemble Kalman filter for state-parameter estimation in subsurface hydrology. Reference upper-air observations for climate: From concept to reality. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2016. 20(8): p. 3289-3307.Braby, L., B. Backeberg, I. Ansorge, M.J. Roberts, M. Krug and C.J.C. Reason, Observed eddy dissipation in the Agulhas Current. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016. 43(15): p. 8143-8150.Carrassi, A., V. Guemas, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, D. Volpi and M. Asif, Sources of skill in near-term climate prediction: generating initial conditions. Climate Dynamics, 2016. 47(12): p. 3693-3712.Carrassi, A.; Vannitsem, S. Deterministic Treatment of Model Error in Geophysical Data Assimilation. In Mathematical Paradigms of Climate Science. Springer Publishing Company 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-39091-8: p.175-213 Carret, A., J.A. Johannessen, O.B. Andersen, M. Ablain, P. Prandi, A. Blazquez and A. Cazenave, Arctic Sea Level during the satellite altimetry era. Surveys in Geophysics, 2016. 38(1): p. 251-275.Catarino, N., J. Bandeiras, T. Peres, P. Silva, A. Camps, H. Carreño, E. Cardellach, B. Chapron, J.A. Johannessen, R. Danielson, L. Guerriero, N. Pierdicca, N. Sánchez, R. Storvold and J. Wickert, E-GEM-European GNSS-R environmental monitoring. ESA SP, 2016. SP-740.Counillon, F., N. Keenlyside, I. Bethke, Y. Wang, S. Billeau, M.-L. Shen and M. Bentsen, Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 2016. 68:32437.

DADA of Weather- and Climate-Related Events Data assimilation for the detection and attribution (DADA) is a new ap-proach that allows for systematic causal attribution of weather and climate-related events, in near-real time. The method is designed to facilitate its operational implemen-tation by relying on data and meth-ods that are routinely available from numerical forecasting of weather or climate parameters. DADA thus show that causal attribution can be obtained as a by-product of data as-similation procedures run on a daily basis to update numerical predic-tion models with new observations. Hence, the proposed methodology can take advantage of the power-ful computational and observational capacity of forecasting centers. The theoretical rationale of this ap-proach has been explained and the most prominent features of a DADA procedure has been developed. The application is illustrated in the con-text of the classical three-variable Lorenz model with additional forc-ing (Figure 6). In order to make the DADA methodology applicable op-erationally at forecasting centers several theoretical and practical questions that need to be further addressed.Relevant publication:Hannart, A., A. Carrassi, M. Bocquet, M. Ghil,

P. Naveau, M. Pulido, J. Ruiz and P. Tandeo, DADA: data assimilation for the detection and attribution of weather and climate-related events. Climatic Change, 2016. 136(2): p. 155-174.

The Fram Strait SoundscapeThe soundscape of the ocean is comprised of naturally generated sound (e.g. waves, sea ice dynam-ics, earthquakes) and anthropo-genic noise (e.g. ship traffic, seismic surveys). With increased human activities in the Arctic, the level of background (ambient) noise in the ocean will increase. Ambient noise affects the living conditions of ma-rine animals in the Arctic Ocean, as the mammals use sound for detect-ing food as well as predators, com-munication with other animals, and navigation. During the FP7 ACOBAR project, pas-sive acoustic data was collected by two vertical acoustic arrays, one lo-cated in the central Fram Strait and one located in the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). Part of these pas-sive acoustic data were analysed together with satellite EO data, di-rect measurements, and reanalysis from a wave model, to investigate the variability of ambient noise. The analysis was carried out using multi-ple linear regression analysis (MLR), combining the acoustic data with 18 external variables from the data sources identified above. Recordings from three hydrophones were used in the study, for frequen-cies below 200Hz and between 200-500Hz. The MLR the variability of the natural ambient noise was ana-lysed at the two mmoring locations, determining the noise baseline and an estimate of its variability as influ-

enced by the major environmental factors, wind speed, mean sea-level pressure, wind sea significant wave height, and swell significant wave height. The wind speed was found to be the most significant factor af-fecting noise variability in agrrement with common knowledge for open water and the actual buoy locations.Relevant publications:Yamakawa, A., H. Sagen, M. Babiker, P. F.

Worcester and B. Furevik, Soundscape char-acterization and the impact of environmental factors in the central part of the Fram Strait. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, Vol. 38, Pt. 3, 2016.

Storheim, E., A. Yamakawa, H. Sagen and G. Pedersen, Impact of long distance propagated seismic signals on the soundscape in the Fram Strait. Use of ACOBAR data and PE modeling. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, Vol. 38, Pt. 3, 2016.

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publ ica t ions in 2016

Figure 6: Performance of the DADA and conventional methods (red vs. blue solid lines, respectively). (a) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve: true positive rate as a function of false positive rate, when varying the cut-off level u, as obtained from the entire sample of n = 50 000 sequences. (b) Gini index G as a function of forcing intensity λ1. (c) Same as (b) for several values of σQ and for DADA only, with the black arrow indicating the direction of growing σQ. (d) Same as (b) but as a function of model error amplitude σQ. (e) Same as (b) but as a function of observational error amplitude σR. (f) Same as (b) as a function of the logarithmic contrast between the conventional probabilities log p1 /p0

Danielson, R., A. Korosov, J.A. Johannessen and R.P. Raj, A regional characterization of the GlobCurrent ocean surface current analysis. ESA SP, 2016. SP-740.Davy, R. and I. Esau, Differences in the efficacy of climate forcings explained by variations in atmospheric boundary layer depth. Nature Communications, 2016. 7.Davy, R., A. Chernokulsky, S. Outten, I. Esau and S. Zilitinkevich, Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming. International Journal of Climatology, 2016. 37(1): p. 79-93.Dushaw, B. and H. Sagen, A comparative study of moored/point and acoustic tomography/integral observations of sound speed in fram strait using objective mapping techniques. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2016. 33(10): p. 2079-2093.Dushaw, B. and H. Sagen, A Comparative Study of Moored/Point and Acoustic Tomography/Integral Observations of Sound Speed in Fram Strait Using Objective Mapping Techniques. Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS), 2016.Dushaw, B., H. Sagen and A. Beszczynska-Möller, On the effects of small-scale variability on acoustic propagation in Fram Strait: The tomography forward problem. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2016. 140(2): p. 1286-1299.Dushaw, B., H. Sagen and A. Beszczynska-Møller, Sound speed as a proxy variable to temperature in Fram Strait. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2016. 140(1): p. 622-630.Esau, I. and V. Miles, Warmer urban climates for development of green spaces in northern Siberian cities. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 2016. 4(9): p. 48-62.Esau, I., V. Miles, R. Davy, M.W. Miles and A. Kurchatova, Trends in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) associated with urban development of Northern West Siberia. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 16(15): p. 9563-9577.Forzieri, G., L. Feyen, S. Russo, M. Vousdoukas, L. Alfieri, S. Outten, M. Migliavacca, A. Bianchi, R. Rojas and A. Cid, Multi-hazard assessment in Europe under climate change. Climatic Change, 2016. 137(1): p. 105-119.García-Serrano, J., C. Frankignoul, M.P. King, A. Arribas, Y. Gao, V. Guemas, D. Matei, R. Msadek, W. Park and E. Sanchez-Gomez, Multi-model assessment of linkages between eastern Arctic sea-ice variability and the Euro-Atlantic atmospheric circulation in current climate. Climate Dynamics, 2016. p. 1-23.Geyer, F., H. Sagen, G. Hope, M. Babiker and P.F. Worcester, Identification and quantification of soundscape components in the Marginal Ice Zone. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2016. 139(4): p. 1873-1885.Gharamti, M.E., J. Valstar, G. Janssen, A. Marsman and I. Hoteit, On the efficiency of the hybrid and the exact second-order sampling formulations of the EnKF: A reality-inspired 3D test case for estimating biodegradation rates of chlorinated hydrocarbons at the port of Rotterdam. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2016. 20(11): p. 4561-4583.Gleixner, S.N., N. Keenlyside, E. Viste and D. Korecha, The El Niño effect on Ethiopian summer rainfall. Climate Dynamics, 2016. p. 1-19 (online).Gong, D., D. Guo, R. Mao, J. Yang, Y. Gao and S.-J. Kim, Interannual modulation of East African early

short rains by the winter Arctic Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 2016. 121(16): p. 9441-9457.Gong, D., D. Guo, Y. Gao, J. Yang, R. Mao, J. Qu, M. Gao, S. Li and S.-J. Kim, Boreal winter Arctic Oscillation as an indicator of summer SST anomalies over the western tropical Indian Ocean. Climate Dynamics, 2016. p. 1-18.Han, Z., F. Luo, S. Li, Y. Gao, T. Furevik and L. Svendsen, Simulation by CMIP5 models of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its climate impacts. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2016. 33(12): p. 1329-1342.Han, Z., S. Li, J. Liu, Y. Gao and P. Zhao, Linear Additive Impacts of Arctic Sea Ice Reduction and La Niña on the Northern Hemisphere Winter Climate. Journal of Climate, 2016. 29(15): p. 5513-5532.Hannart, A., A. Carrassi, M. Bocquet, M. Ghil, P. Naveau, M. Pulido, J. Ruiz and P. Tandeo, DADA: data assimilation for the detection and attribution of weather and climate-related events. Climatic Change, 2016. 136(2): p. 155-174.Hansen, MW.; Korosov, A.; Vines, A.; Olaussen, T.; Hamre, T., The Nansen-Cloud: a Scientific Platform as a Service for the Nansen Group. In Proceedings of 2016 conference on Big Data from Space (BiDS’16). 2016. ISBN 978-92-79-56980-7: p.244-247 Hansen, M.W., V. Kudryavtsev, B. Chapron, C. Brekke and J.A. Johannessen, Wave Breaking in Slicks: Impacts on C-Band Quad-Polarized SAR Measurements. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2016. 9(11): p. 4929-4940.He, Y., H. Drange, Y. Gao and M. Bentsen, Simulated Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in the 20th century with an ocean model forced by reanalysis-based atmospheric data sets. Ocean Modelling, 2016. 100: p. 31-48.Holton, L., J. Deshayes, B. Backeberg, B.R. Loveday, J.C. Hermes and C.J.C. Reason, Spatio-temporal characteristics of Agulhas leakage: a model inter-comparison study. Climate Dynamics, 2016. 48:2107: p. 1-15.Ivanova, D., P.J. Gleckler, K.E. Taylor, P.J. Durack and K.D. Marvel, Moving beyond the total sea ice extent in gauging model biases. Journal of Climate, 2016. 29(24): p. 8965-8987.Ivanova, N., P. Rampal and S. Bouillon, Error assessment of satellite-derived lead fraction in the Arctic. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(2): p. 585-595.Johannessen, J.A., B. Chapron, F. Collard, M.-H. Rio, J.-F. Piollé, L. Gaultier, G. Quartly, J.D. Shutler, R. Escolà, R.P. Raj, C.J. Donlon, R. Danielson, A. Korosov, F. Nencioli, V. Kudryavtsev, M. Roca, J. Tournadre, G. Larnicol, G. Guitton, P.I. Miller, M.A. Warren and M.W. Hansen, Globcurrent: Multisensor synergy for surface current estimation. ESA SP, 2016. SP-740.Johannessen, O.M., S. Kuzmina, L. Bobylev and M.W. Miles, Surface air temperature variability and trends in the Arctic: new amplification assessment and regionalization. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 2016. 68:28234(1): p. 1-13.Keenlyside, N. and D. Dommenget, The fingerprint of global warming in the Tropical Pacific. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2016. 33(4): p. 533-534.Kern, S., A. Rösel, L.T. Pedersen, N. Ivanova, R. Saldo and R.T. Tonboe, The impact of melt ponds on summertime microwave brightness temperatures

and sea-ice concentrations. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(5): p. 2217-2239.Khvorostovsky, K. and P. Rampal, On retrieving sea ice freeboard from ICESat laser altimeter. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(5): p. 2329-2346.Kimmritz, M., S. Danilov and M. Losch, The adaptive EVP method for solving the sea ice momentum equation. Ocean Modelling, 2016. 101: p. 59-67.Kimura, S., A. Jenkins, P. Dutrieux, A. Forryan, A.C.N. Garrabato and Y. Firing, Ocean mixing beneath Pine Island Glacier ice shelf, West Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 2016. 121(12): p. 8496-8510.Kondrik, D., D. Pozdnyakov and L.H. Pettersson, Coccolithophore blooms at high latitudes as observed from space: Developed methodologies and results of their application. ESA SP, 2016. SP-740.Korosov, A. and D. Pozdnyakov, Fusion of data from Sentinel-2/MSI and Sentinel-3/OLCI. ESA SP, 2016. SP-740.Korosov, A. and J.-W. Park, Very high resolution classification of Sentinel-1A data using segmentation and texture analysis. ESA SP, 2016. SP-740.Korosov, A., M.W. Hansen, K.-F. Dagestad, A. Yamakawa, A. Vines and M. Riechert, Nansat: a Scientist-Orientated Python Package for Geospatial Data Processing. Journal of Open Research Software, 2016. 4(1).Langehaug, H.R., D. Matei, T. Eldevik, K. Lohmann and Y. Gao, On model differences and skill in predicting sea surface temperature in the Nordic and Barents Seas. Climate Dynamics, 2016. 48(3-4): p. 913-933.Langehaug, H.R., T.L. Mjell, O.H. Otterå, T. Eldevik, U.S. Ninnemann and H.F. Kleiven, On the reconstruction of ocean circulation and climate based on the “Gardar Drift”. Paleoceanography, 2016. 31(3): p. 399-415.Lappalainen, H.K., V.-M. Kerminen, T. Petäjä, T. Kurten, A. Baklanov, A. Shvidenko, J. Bäck, T. Vihma, P. Alekseychik, M.O. Andreae, S.R. Arnold, M. Arshinov, E. Asmi, B. Belan, L. Bobylev, S. Chalov, Y. Cheng, N. Chubarova, G. De Leeuw, A. Ding, S. Dobrolyubov, S. Dubtsov, E. Dyukarev, N. Elansky, K. Eleftheriadis, I. Esau, N. Filatov, M. Flint, C. Fu, O. Glezer, A. Gliko, M. Heimann, A.A.M. Holtslag, U. Horrak, J. Janhunen, S. Juhola, L. Järvi, H. Järvinen, A. Kanukhina, P. Konstantinov, V. Kotlyakov, A.-J. Kieloaho, A.S. Komarov, J. Kujansuu, I. Kukkonen, E.-M. Duplissy, A. Laaksonen, T. Laurila, H. Lihavainen, A. Lisitzin, A. Mahura, A. Makshtas, E. Mareev, S. Mazon, D. Matishov, V. Melnikov, E. Mikhailov, D. Moisseev, R. Nigmatulin, S.M. Noe, A. Ojala, M. Pihlatie, O. Popovicheva, J. Pumpanen, T. Regerand, I. Repina, A. Shcherbinin, V. Shevchenko, M. Sipilä, A. Skorokhod, D.V. Spracklen, H. Su, D.A. Subetto, J. Sun, A.Y. Terzhevik, Y. Timofeyev, Y. Troitskaya, V.-P. Tynkkynen, V.I. Kharuk, N. Zaytseva, J. Zhang, Y. Viisanen, T. Vesala, P. Hari, H. Christen Hansson, G.G. Matvienko, N.S. Kasimov, H. Guo, V. Bondur, S. Zilitinkevich and M. Kulmala, Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): Towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land-Atmosphere-ocean-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 16(22): p. 14421-14461.Lee, Y.J., P.A. Matrai, M.A.M. Friedrichs, V.S. Saba,

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O. Aumont, M. Babin, E.T. Buitenhuis, M. Chevallier, L. de Mora, M. Dessert, J.P. Dunne, I.H. Ellingsen, D. Feldman, R. Frouin, M. Gehlen, T. Gorgues, T. Ilyina, M. Jin, J.G. John, J. Lawrence, M. Manizza, C.E. Menkes, C. Perruche, V. Le Fouest, E.E. Popova, A. Romanou, A. Samuelsen, J. Schwinger, R. Séférian, C.A. Stock, J. Tjiputra, L.B. Tremblay, K. Ueyoshi, M. Vichi, A. Yool and J. Zhang, Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 2016. 121(12): p. 8635-8669.Li, D., G.G. Katul and S. Zilitinkevich, Closure schemes for stably stratified atmospheric flows without turbulence cutoff. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2016. 73(12): p. 4817-4832.Lien, V.S., S.S. Hjøllo, M.D. Skogen, E. Svendsen, H. Wehde, L. Bertino, F. Counillon, M. Chevalier, G. Giles, B. Liu, M. El Gharamti and I. Hoteit, An assessment of the added value from data assimilation on modelled Nordic Seas hydrography and ocean transports. Assessing clustering strategies for Gaussian mixture filtering a subsurface contaminant model. Ocean Modelling, 2016. 99: p. 43-59.Liu, B., El Gharamti, M., Hoteit, I., Assessing clustering strategies for Gaussian mixture filtering a subsurface contaminant model. Journal of Hydrology 2016. 535: p.1-21 Meleshko, V.P., O.M. Johannessen, A.V. Baidin, T.V. Pavlova and V.A. Govorkova, Arctic amplification: does it impact the polar jet stream? Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 2016. 68.Miles, V. and I. Esau, Spatial heterogeneity of greening and browning between and within bioclimatic zones in northern West Siberia. Environmental Research Letters, 2016. 11(11).Miles, V., M.W. Miles and O.M. Johannessen, Satellite archives reveal abrupt changes in behavior of Helheim Glacier, southeast Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 2016. 62(231): p. 137-146.Mohino, E., N. Keenlyside and H. Pohlmann, Decadal prediction of Sahel rainfall: where does the skill (or lack thereof) come from? Climate Dynamics, 2016. 47(11): p. 3593-3612.Muckenhuber, S., A. Korosov and S. Sandven, Open-source feature-tracking algorithm for sea ice drift retrieval from Sentinel-1 SAR imagery. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(2): p. 913-925.Muckenhuber, S., F. Nilsen, A. Korosov and S. Sandven, Sea ice cover in Isfjorden and Hornsund, Svalbard (2000–2014) from remote sensing data. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(1): p. 149-158.Olason, E., A dynamical model of Kara Sea land-fast ice. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 2016. 121(5): p. 3141-3158.Outten, S. and I. Esau, Bjerknes compensation in the Bergen Climate Model. Climate Dynamics, 2016. p. 1-12.Park, J.-W., H.-C. Kim, S.-H. Hong, S.-H. Kang, H.C. Graber, B. Hwang and C.M. Lee, Radar backscattering changes in Arctic sea ice from late summer to early autumn observed by space-borne X-band HH-polarization SAR. Remote Sensing Letters, 2016. 7(6): p. 551-560.Peng, Y., J.A. Johannessen, V. Kudryavtsev, X. Zhong and Y. Zhou, Radar imaging of shallow water bathymetry: A case study in the Yangtze Estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 2016. 121(12): p. 8821-8839.

Raj, R.P. and I. Halo, Monitoring the mesoscale eddies of the Lofoten Basin: importance, progress, and challenges. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2016. 37(16): p. 3712-3728.Raj, R.P., J.A. Johannessen, T. Eldevik, J.E.Ø. Nilsen and I. Halo, Quantifying mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 2016. 121(7): p. 4503-4521.Rampal, P., S. Bouillon, E. Olason and M. Morlighem, neXtSIM: a new Lagrangian sea ice model. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(3): p. 1055-1073.Rampal, P., S. Bouillon, J.E. Bergh and E. Olason, Arctic sea-ice diffusion from observed and simulated Lagrangian trajectories. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(4): p. 1513-1527.Reintges, A., T. Martin, M. Latif and N. Keenlyside, Uncertainty in twenty-first century projections of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Climate Dynamics, 2016.Rouault, M., P. Verley and B. Backeberg, Wind changes above warm Agulhas Current eddies. Ocean Science, 2016. 12(2): p. 495-506.Sagen, H., B. Dushaw, E. Skarsoulis, D. Dumont, M.A. Dzieciuch and A. Beszczynska-Møller, Time series of temperature in Fram Strait determined from the 2008-2009 DAMOCLES acoustic tomography measurements and an ocean model. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 2016. 121(7): p. 4601-4617.Sankar, S., L. Svendsen, B. Gokulapalan, P.V. Joseph and O.M. Johannessen, The relationship between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and Atlantic multidecadal variability over the last 500 years. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 2016. 68:31717: p. 1-15.Schuckmann, K.V., P.-Y. Le Traon, E. Alvarez-Fanjul, L. Axell, M. Balmaseda, L.-A. Breivik, R.J.W. Brewin, C. Bricaud, M. Drevillon, Y. Drillet, C. Dubois, O. Embury, H. Etienne, M.G. Sotillo, G. Garric, F. Gasparin, E. Gutknecht, S. Guinehut, F. Hernandez, M. Juza, B. Karlson, G. Korres, J.-F. Legeais, B. Levier, V.S. Lien, R. Morrow, G. Notarstefano, L. Parent, A. Pascual, B. Perez-Gomez, C. Perruche, N. Pinardi, A. Pisano, P.-M. Poulain, I.M. Pujol, R.P. Raj, U. Raudsepp, H. Roquet, A. Samuelsen, S. Satheyendranath, J. She, S. Simoncelli, C. Solidoro, J. Tinker, J. Tintoré, L. Viktorsson, M. Ablain, E. Almroth-Rosell, A. Bonaduce, E. Clementi, G. Cossarini, Q. Dagneaux, C. Desportes, S. Dye, C. Fratianni, S. Good, E. Greiner, J. Gourrion, M. Hamon, J. Holt, P. Hyder, J. Kennedy, F. Manzano-Munoz, A. Melet, B. Meyssignac, S. Mulet, B.B. Nardelli, E. O’Dea, E. Olason, A. Paulmier, I. Perez-Gonzalez, R. Reid, M.-F. Racault, R.E. Dionysios, A. Ramos, P. Sykes, T. Szekely and N. Verbrugge, The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report. Journal of operational oceanography. Publisher: The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology, 2016. 9(2).She, J., I. Allen, E. Buch, A. Crise, J.A. Johannessen, P.-Y. Le Traon, U. Lips, G. Nolan, N. Pinardi, J.H. Reißmann, J. Siddorn, E. Stanev and H. Wehde, Developing European operational oceanography for Blue Growth, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and ecosystem-based management. Ocean Science, 2016. 12(4): p. 953-976.Shutler, J.D., D. Graham, C.J. Donlon, S. Sathyendranath, T. Platt, B. Chapron, J.A. Johannessen, F. Girard-Ardhuin, P.D. Nightingale, D.K. Woolf and J.L. Hoyer, Progress in Earth

observation for studying physical oceanography: surface currents, storm surges, sea-ice, atmosphere-ocean gas exchange and surface heat fluxes. Progress in Physical Geography, 2016. 40(2): p. 215-246.Simmons, A., J.-L. Fellous, R. Venkatachalam, K. Trenberth, A. Ghassem, M. Balmaseda, J.P. Burrows, P. Ciais, M. Drinkwater, P. Friedlinkstein, N. Gobron, E. Guilyardi, D. Halpern, M. Heimann, J.A. Johannessen, L. Pieternel F., E. Lopez-Baeza, J. Penner, R.J. Scholes and T. Shepherd, Observation and integrated Earth-system science: A roadmap for 2016 - 2025. Advances in Space Research, 2016. 57(10): p. 2037-2103.Sorokina, S.A., C. Li, J. Wettstein and N.G. Kvamstø, Observed atmospheric coupling between Barents Sea ice and the warm-Arctic cold-Siberian anomaly pattern. Journal of Climate, 2016. 29(2): p. 495-511.Su, J., M. Wen, Y. Ding, Y. Gao and Y. Song, Hiatus of global warming: a review. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2016. 40(6): p. 1143-1153.Thorne, P., M. Donat, R.J.H. Dunn, C.N. Willliams, L.V. Alexander, J. Caesar, I. Durre, I. Harris, Z. Hausfather, P.D. Jones, M.J. Menne, R. Rohde, R.S. Vose, R. Davy, A.M.G. Klein-Tank, J.H. Lawrimore, T.C. Peterson and J.J. Rennie, Reassessing changes in Diurnal Temperature Range: Intercomparison and evaluation of existing global dataset estimates. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 2016. 121(10): p. 5138-5158.Thorne, P., M.J. Menne, C.N. Willliams, J.J. Rennie, J.H. Lawrimore, R.S. Vose, T.C. Peterson, I. Durre, R. Davy, I. Esau, A.M.G. Klein-Tank and A. Merlone, Reassessing changes in Diurnal Temperature Range: A new dataset and characterization of data biases. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 2016. 121(10): p. 5115-5137.Thorne, P. Global Surface Temperatures. In Climate Change - Observed impacts on planet earth - Second edition. Elsevier 2016 ISBN 9780444635242. Ullgren, J., E. Andre, T. Gammelsrød and A.M. Hoguane, Observations of strong ocean current events offshore Pemba, Northern Mozambique. Journal of operational oceanography. Publisher: The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology, 2016. 9(1).Ullgren, J., E.M.K. Darelius and I. Fer, Volume transport and mixing of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow from one year of moored measurements. Ocean Science, 2016. 12(2): p. 451-470.Vines, A., A. Korosov, M.W. Hansen, A. Yamakawa and T. Olaussen, NANSAT - A scientist friendly Pyathon toolbox for prosessing 2D satellite EO and Model Raster Data. ESA SP, 2016. SP740.Vines, A., Korosov, A., Hansen, MW., Yamakawa, A., Olaussen, T., Hamre, T., NANSAT - a scientist friendly Python toolbox for processing 2D satellite EO and model raster data. In Proceedings of 2016 conference on Big Data from Space (BiDS’16). 2016. ISBN 978-92-79-56980-7: p.294-297 Wang, Y., F. Counillon and L. Bertino, Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2016. 142(695): p. 1064-1074.Wickert, J., E. Cardellach, M. Martín-Neira, J. Bandeiras, L. Bertino, O.B. Andersen, A. Camps, N. Catarino, B. Chapron, F. Fabra, N. Floury, G. Foti, C. Gommenginger, J. Hatton, P. Høeg, A. Jäggi, M. Kern, T. Lee, Z. Li, H. Park, N. Pierdicca, G. Ressler, A.

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Rius, J. Roselló, J. Saynisch, F. Soulat, C.K. Shum, M. Semmling, A. Sousa, J. Xie and C. Zuffada, GEROS-ISS: GNSS REflectometry, Radio Occultation, and Scatterometry Onboard the International Space Station. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2016. 9(10): p. 4552-4581.Xie, J., F. Counillon, L. Bertino, X. Tian-Kunze and L. Kaleschke, Benefits of assimilating thin sea ice thickness from SMOS into the TOPAZ system. The Cryosphere, 2016. 10(6): p. 2745-2761.

Technical and Special Reports (20)Hansen, MW., A. Korosov, A. Vines, TI. Olaussen: Nansen-Cloud System Design Document. NERSC Tech.rep. #362.Hansen, MW., A. Korosov, A. Vines, TI. Olaussen: Nansen-Cloud Pilot Project Report. NERSC Tech.rep. #363.Raj, RP., JA. Johannessen: GOCE-Mean Dynamical Topography. NERSC Tech.rep. #364.Kristoffersen, Y., A. Tholfsen: Ice drift station FRAM-2014/2015 Weekly Reports. NERSC Tech.rep. #365.Esau, I., LH. Pettersson: Climatology of the High Latitudes Extended Proceedings. NERSC Tech.rep. #366.Hobæk H., H. Sagen: On sound reflection from layered ice sheets. NERSC Tech.rep. #367.Sandven, S., M. Zygmuntowska, K. Khvorostovsky, K. Kloster, S. Gerland, A. Renner, F. Nilsen, R. Skogseth: CryoSat postlaunch validation study for sea ice 2011-2012. PRODEX Final report. NERSC Tech.rep. #368.Griewank, PJ., P. Rampal, S. Bouillon: Towards a next generation sea ice forecasting platform covering the Barents and Kara Seas Final Report. NERSC Tech.rep. #369.Wolf, T., LH. Pettersson, I. Esau: Spredning og konsentrasjonsdannelse av NO2 og PM2.5 i Bergen sentrum. NERSC Tech.rep. #370.Lygre, K., D. Ivanova: The role of leads in the Polar Sea Ice Package. NERSC Tech.rep. #371.Nilsen, JE.: The North Atlantic and Nordic Seas Hydrography collection. NERSC Tech.rep. #372.Ullgren, J.: Arctic Ocean Under Melting Ice. UNDER-ICE workpackage 2. NERSC Tech.rep. #373.Hobæk H., H. Sagen: Reflection of sound waves from the underside of the rough ice canopy in the Arctic Ocean. NERSC Tech.rep. #374.Dushaw, B. and E. Rehm: Acoustic tomography in baffin bay: A preliminary study. NERSC Tech.rep. #375.Williams T., J. Bergh, L. Hosekova; Ships and Waves Reaching Polar Regions (SWARP) Validation reports. NERSC Tech.rep. #376.Pettersson, LH., JA. Johannessen and L.P. Bobylev (editors): The Nansen Centers at the ESA Living Planet Symposium 2016. NERSC Special rep. #93.Pettersson, LH,., OM. Johannessen, S. Shenoi and MB. Rao: Final Winter School Report. Operational Oceanography: Indian Ocean Circulation and Sea Level Variation, INCOIS, Hyderabad, India. NERSC Special rep. #94.Johannessen, OM, LH. Pettersson, I. Esau, Y. Gao, S. Outten, R. Davy, V. Meleshko, L. Bobylev: Climate variability and change in the Eurasian Arctic in the 21st century (NORRUSS-CLIMARC). NERSC Special rep. #95.

Sagen, H., J. Ullgren, F. Geyer: Under-Ice 2015: Progress report. Project for GDF SUEZ. NERSC Special rep. #96.Sandven, S., H. Sagen, G. Hope, H. Hobæk: Under-ice Acoustic propagation NERSC-WHOI. NERSC Special rep. #97.

Presentations and Communications (95)see www.nersc.no/publications

PhD Thesis (3)Patrick Nima Raanes: Improvements to Ensemble Methods for Data Assimilation in the Geosciences. Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, UK.

Lea Svendsen: Impact of Atlantic multi-decadal variability on the Indo-Pacific and Northern Hemisphere climate. Doctoral thesis, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.

Tobias Wolf-Grosse: An Integrated Approach for Local Air Quality Assessment under Present and Future Climate Scenarios. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.

The reSearch groupS OCEAN AND COASTAL REMOTE SENSINGMorten W. Hansen, Group leader Rick Danielson, Scientist IIJohnny A. Johannessen, Research directorJan Even Nilsen, Scientist II Lasse H. Pettersson, Scientist II (50%)Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Adjunct Scientist (until 31.12.16)Roshin Raj, Scientist II

SEA ICE MODELLINGPierre Rampal, Group leaderJon Bergh, Scientist II (on leave)Sylvain Bouillon, Post-docLucia Hosekova, Scientist II (until 31.12.16)Einar Örn Olasson, Scientist II Abdoulaye Samake, Post-doc Timothy Williams, Scientist II

OCEAN AND ECOSYSTEM MODELLING Annette Samuelsen, Group leaderAlfati Ali, Post-doc Bjorn Backeberg, Adjunct Scientist Satoshi Kimura, Scientist IIKnut Arild Lisæter, Scientist II (until 31.12.16)Caglar Yumruktepe, Scientist IIJiping Xie, Scientist II

DATA ASSIMILATION AND FORECASTINGLaurent Bertino, Group leader Alberto Carrassi, Scientist II Colin Grudzien, Post-docGeir Evensen, Adjunct ScientistPatrick Raanes, Post-docMatthias Rabatel, Post-docAbhishek S. Shah, PhD candidate Hans Wackernagel, Adjunct Scientist

ARCTIC ACOUSTICS AND OCEANOGRAPHYHanne Sagen, Group leaderAgnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, Adjunct Scientist (until 31.12.16)Brian Dushaw, Scientist II (80%)Florian Geyer, Scientist IIHalvor Hobæk, Adjunct Scientist (10%)Gaute Hope, PhD candidate Lisbeth Iversen, Scientist II (40%)

Stefan Muckenhuber, PhD candidateStein Sandven, Research directorEspen Storheim, Post-docJenny Ullgren, Adjunct scientist

SEA ICE AND LAND ICE REMOTE SENSINGAnton Korosov, Group leaderMohamed Babiker, Scientist IILeonid P. Bobylev, Adjunct Scientist (until 31.12.16)Ola M. Johannessen, Scientist I (until 31.12.16)Kirill Khvorostovsky, Adjunct scientist II Jeong-Won Park, Post-doc Ingri Halland Soldal, PhD candidate

CLIMATE PROCESSESIgor Esau, Group leaderRichard Davy, Scientist IIAnna Christina Mikalsen, Project manager Victoria Miles, Scientist II Stephen Outten, Scientist II Tobias Wolf, Scientist II

CLIMATE DYNAMICS AND PREDICTIONYongqi Gao, Group leader Linling Chen, Post-doc Francois Counillon, Scientist II Yanchun He, Scientist II Noel Keenlyside, Adjunct ScientistMadlen Kimmritz, Post-docHelene Langehaug, Scientist II Kjetil Lygre, Scientist II Lingling Suo, Scientist II (on leave)Yiguo Wang, Post-doc

SCIENTIFIC DATA MANAGEMENTTorill Hamre, Group leaderTor I. Olaussen, Programmer (30%)Morten Stette, Programmer (50%)Aleksander Vines, Programmer (50%)Asuka Yamakawa - Programmer

ADMINISTRATION AND TECHNICAL STAFF Sebastian H. Mernild, Director (from 01.12.16)Johnny A. Johannessen, Director (untill 30.11.16)Lasse H. Pettersson, Director, International coop-eration & marketing (50%)Christina Therese Brunner, Head of AdministrationKristiyana H. Lolova, AssistantMarian Tvedt, SecretarySynnøve Vetti, Assistant HES Manager Knut Holba – Head of FinanceAnne Kjersti Bjørndal, Finance secretaryAagot T. Vestøl, Senior Economic Assistant Anders Aarskog Nesse, Project controllerLars-Gunnar Persson, IT ManagerTor Olaussen, Programmer (30%)Morten Stette, Programmer (50%)Aleksander Vines, Programmer (50%)Current staff at https://www.nersc.no/about/staff

Visiting Scientists and StudentsSébasitien Billeau, France - Climate predictionJostein Blyverket, Norway - Data assimilationSourav Chatterjee, India - ClimateFengrui Chen, China - ClimateAlexander Chernokulsky, Russia - ClimateAnastasia Fedorova, Russia - ClimateColin Guier, USA - Data assimilationLi Fei, China - ClimateFisokuhle Mbatha, South Africa - OceanographyArtem Moiseev, Russia - Remote sensingBernardino Nhantumbo, South Africa - OceanographySusa Niiranen, Sweden - OceanographyArielle S.N. Nkwinkwa, South Africa - ClimateMaxime Tondeur, France - Data assimilationMichael Varentsov, Russia - MeteorologyEstee Vermuelen, South Africa - ModellingAlla Yurova, Russia - Climate

sta ffin 2016

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