Annual Report1993-94

National Institute ot Oceanography(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004, India

Published by : Director, NIO.

Compilation, Layout, Editing : Publication & Reprography Section

Printed at : Tata Press Ltd., Bombay

Acknowledgements : We, Ehrlich Desa & S. R. Bhat are thankful to all ourcolleagues, specially Drs. Satish Shetye, SWA Naqvi,V. Ramaswamy, S. Raghukumar, P. Chandramohan, ElgarDesa and NB Bhosle who have helped us in so many ways inthis report.

Our Councils

Research Council(July 1991 -July 1994)

* Dr. A.P. Mitra, FRS (Chairman)Bhatnagar FellowNational Physical LaboratoryDr. K.S. Krishnan RoadNew Delhi - 110 012

* Dr. T.J. PandianSchool of Biological SciencesMadurai Kamraj UniversityPalkalai NagarMadurai - 625 021

* Prof. B.L.K. SomayajuluDy. DirectorPhysical Research LaboratoryNavrangpuraAhmedabad - 380 009

* Dr. P.K. DasEmeritus ScientistDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentBlock 12, CGO ComplexLodi RoadNew Delhi - 110 003

* Dr. B.L. DeekshitaluDirectorNational Remote Sensing AgencyHyderabad - 500 037

* Dr. S.A.H. AbidiDirectorDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentMahasagar Bhavan, CGO ComplexLodi RoadNew Delhi-110 003

* Dr. D. SudarshanDirector GeneralFisheries Survey of IndiaBotawala ChambersBombay - 400 001

* Dr. B.N. DhawanDirectorCentral Drug Research InstituteChattar Manzil PalaceP.B. 173Lucknow - 226 001

* Dr. A. GopalkrishnanDirectorCentral Mechanical EngineeringResearch InstituteMahatma Gandhi AvenueDurgapur - 713 209

* Dr. B.N. Desai (Member Ex-Officio)DirectorNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

* Dr. A.H. Parulekar (Secy)Asst. DirectorNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

Management Council(July 1991 -July 1994)

* Dr. B.N. Desai (Chairman)DirectorNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

* Dr. J. PrasadScientistCentral Scientific InstrumentationOrganisationSector 30Chandigarh - 160 020

* Dr. J.G. NegiScientist (Director's Grade)National Geophysical ResearchInstituteUppal RoadHyderabad - 500 007

* Dr. B.U. NayakDy. DirectorNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

* Dr. A.H. ParulekarAsst. DirectorNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

* Shri A. GouveiaScientistNIO. Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

* Dr. L. D'SouzaScientist.NIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

* Shri C.M. DiasFinance & Accounts OfficerNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

* Administrative Officer (Secy)NIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

CONTENTS

Director's Report 5

R & D Contributions• List of current

R & D Programmes 10• Physical Oceanography 11• Chemical Oceanography 15• Geological Oceanography 20• Biological Oceanography 28• Marine Corrosion &

Materials Research 34• Ocean Engineering 36• Marine Instrumentation 39• Marine Archaeology 42• Data, Information and

Scientific Services 44• Bilateral Programmes 46

AppendicesI. Contract Research Projects 48II. Cruise Programmes 51III. Seminar/Workshops/

Lectures Organised 54IV. Awards & Honours 55V. Deputations Abroad 56VI. Visitors 59VII. Manpower & Budget 61VIII. Publications 63IX. Staff List 69

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Director'sReport

This is the XXIX annual report of the National Institute of Oceanography, theDirector's report of which was presented to the Research Council on 18March, 1994 by Dr. B.N. Desai who laid down office on 31 March, 1994, itdevolves on me to publish this report, and I have tried to present it bydocumenting the overall scientific rationale of each programme and highlightingonly the deliverables.

Industrially oriented projectsRequests from industry have received high priority, and as a result of theliberalised economic policies, industrial enterprises along our coastline especiallyin the Gulf of Kachchh have begun to proliferate. We have witnessed closerlinks with industries as evidenced from the increase in the number of contractresearch projects and the proportional increases in our external cash flow.We have been able to serve industrys' needs in tackling a host of ocean-related problems such as assessing environmental design parameters pertainingto jetties, crude oil handling systems, effects of petrochemical units, steelplants, salt works and ship berthing systems. We used these opportunities toincrease our understanding of the intricate and site-specific coastaloceanographic processes, in addition to generating much needed revenue.

Basic researchThe need to improve our understanding of the processes controlling thefluxes of carbon and associated biogenic elements in the ocean is essential asit develops our capacity to predict global scale responses to anthropogenicperturbations. We know that the biogeochemical fluxes of the oceans stronglyinfluence the global cycling of many essential elements for life, and as anactive member of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) programme, weare working to refine our understanding by the time an internationalsymposium is held in 1996.

Our studies to date have indicated that the supply of organic carbon throughsedimentation of particles from the surface layer is insufficient to meet therespiratory carbon requirement at mid depth but could be met through aquasi-horizontal supply. An intermediate nepheloid layer (INL) has beencharacterised and we have hypothesised that its formation is due to theutilisation of carbon by associated bacteria. A close relation betweendenitrification and INL has also been established. The quality of our JGOFSeffort can be adjudged from the number of our scientists that are invited topresent their findings and hypotheses in international fora.

Further particle flux studies have also continued within the Indo-Germanbilateral programme to assess the role of the monsoons in modulating oceanicbiogeochemical processes. Sediment traps have been deployed approximatelyannually in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and presently there are 7moorings with 16 traps in the northern Indian Ocean. The interannualvariability of particle fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean range between 3.4and 21% of total annual fluxes (the maximum being in the Central Bay ofBengal), and a direct correlation has been established between particle fluxand monsoon variability in the Arabian Sea. The situation in Central Bay ofBengal on the other hand is more complicated and appears to be controlled byfactors such as the northward movement of the Inter Tropical ConvergenceZone (ITCZ) (which migrates from latitude 5°S in February to 15°N in July),the circulation pattern, and the western boundary current.

A variety of issues relating to circulation in the northern Indian Ocean,coastal circulation around India, and near-shore and estuarine studies were

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addressed. The coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean was alsostudied.

These effort have made it possible to construct a picture of the annual cycleof, currents around the Indian subcontinent. The existence of a westernboundary current in the Bay of Bengal along the east coast of India duringApril was confirmed. Analysis of climatologies suggested signatures of westwardpropagating Rossby waves, which are believed to play a significant role inthe working of the Bay, and direct measurements of currents helped todefine the temporal variability of coastal currents.

The large number of estuaries distributed along the coasts of India have beentraditionally put to a number of uses, turning them into life-lines for peopleliving on their banks. Over the years, with increasing population and industrialpressures, the health of these estuaries has been affected. An importanttheme of research in the institute has been understanding the working ofthese estuaries through a multi-disciplinary approach.

The monsoons in the Indian Ocean and surrounding land areas is a regularfeature, but with considerable inter-annual variability which introduceuncertainties in planning social and economic activities in India. The oceansplay a vital role in generating this variability as the atmosphere and theocean act as a closely coupled system. We now believe that the Bay of Bengalmay be important for air-sea coupling. Our efforts to support this beliefcontinued with regular surveys to determine the variability of heat storage inthe upper Bay. Studies on spatial distribution of heat fluxes over the northernBay of Bengal indicated the magnitude of air-sea fluxes to be 2-3 timeshigher than the climatological values. This necessitates reassessment of ourestimates based on climatological data.

Based on earlier geophysical data and a tentative hypothesis of the extent ofthe oceanic crust vis-a-vis the western continental margins, we conducted twocruises in the areas east of the Lakshmi Ridge. The results indicate that theoceanic crust extends much closer to our shore than previously believed. Inthis area we were also serendipitously able to map three seamounts (nowcalled Raman, Panikkar and Wadia) with the Hydrosweep system fitted onORV Sagar Kanya. We have postulated that these seamounts were created bythe interaction of the Reunion hotspot — with the extinct spreading centremapped in this area and their location mark the southward extent of theoceanic crust.

Other geophysical work in the Trans Indian Ocean Geotraverse Project (TIOG)with Russia and the Australian Geological Survey suggest that the Indian andAustralian plates were formed from a single mega plate during Middle Eocene.

The major effort of our geologists has been in the polymetallic nodulesprogramme. Even so, interesting incidental facets have held our curiositysuch as the discovery of the first micro-nodules (from regions of highsedimentation rates) probably formed due to the diagenetic mobilisation ofmanganese in the upper columns.

Societal programmesIn order to develop our mine site and relinquish 50% of the claimed 300,000sq. km in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB), to the United Nations in1995, we continued seabed data collection under the polymetallic nodulesprogramme. This exhaustive (over a decade) programme is coming to a closein the next few months, but the large amount of high quality data is alreadypaying dividends in terms of understanding the geology of the basin.

Our commitment to societal programmes of pollution and environmental impactassessment continues. Three cases of oil spills kept our scientists busy. In thefirst case the collision of oil tanker Maersk Navigator and Sanko Honourthreatened the Great Nicobar Island. In a second incident, the rupture of asubmarine crude oil feeder pipeline near Bombay resulted in about 5000

tonnes of spillage in the Arabian Sea. In the third incident in New MangalorePort, MV Challenger sank and spilt 270 tonnes of oil. In all cases, zooplanktonsamples indicated a high content of aliphatic hydrocarbons though there wasno discernible effect on the secondary stock.

We are assessing biotechnological tools for measurement of pollution extent,and its alleviation. Bioluminescent bacteria, as an index, showed the absenceof three selected luminous species in nearshore regions off the west coast ofIndia, indicating a high incidence of pollution. Similarly microbes have beentried in biosurfactant production, oil spill degradation and pollution control.In this process we were able to identify two strains of bacteria capable ofsolubilising inorganic phosphates and degrading crude oil. Similarly we haverecognized five yeast isolates mostly belonging to Candida, Rhodotorula andDebaryomyces that have high potential application in degradation of crudeoil. We have also isolated a fungus that has potential application in thetreatment of paper mill effluent and is efficient in production of lignin-degrading enzymes.

Identification of biofouling communities, evaluation of the role of environmentin their development, and identification of environment friendly antifoulingsubstances have formed part of our work within the PL-480 programme.Various organisms were tested for their inhibitory effects on the growth ofmarine diatoms, and Ircinia ramosa was found to have high potential.

Our search for marine organisms with bioactive components of drug potentialyielded interesting results. We tried mangroves viz. Aegiceras corniculata,Exocaeria agalocha, Kandelia rheedii and Salicornia brachiata. We identifieddiuretic, antiviral and hypoglycemic activities in them. We synthesised andtested three analogs and found two to be active. Under the MOU between CSIRand Du Pont and American Cynamid, we sent six compounds to these companiesone of which found to exhibit pesticidal activity.

The Instrumentation group commissioned a national reference station for tidemeasurement at Mormugao to facilitate our own research activities. Theyalso fabricated a moored data buoy and deployed it at 15°40'N, 73°30'E andcollected four months data via ARGOS satellite. They also fabricated twofixed-vane direct reading current meters for use in sponsored and researchprogrammes.

Archaeological explorations continued off Poompuhar revealing three brickstructures along the beach in the intertidal zone. These have been assessed tobe of the Sangam Period (300 BC to 400 AD).

VisitsA high level Russian delegation led by Deputy Prime Minister and Presidentof Russian Academy of Sciences, Juri S. Osipov visited us on 3 and 4November. The visit has resulted in the recommencement of the Indo-Russianinternational longterm programmes (ILTP) in geophysics and ocean modelling.

Our services to industry related to coastal discharges of industrial effluents,and have necessitated consolidating our skills in monitoring and modelling ofthe marine environment. With this in view, we interacted with leading scientistsin the field and benefitted greatly from the visit of Dr. C.R. Murthy, Canadaunder the TOKTEN programme.

The IOC Secretary, Dr. G. Kullenberg visited in December 1993 and exploredour future participation in international programmes. Such participationsincrease our visibility and our confidence and we feel will pave the way to agreater role of the Institute in coming global oceanographic programmes.

MeasurablesOur publications have been satisfyingly upbeat. We have more papers inmore reputed journals and stand well in relation to the inputs we receive.

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Our externally funded projects are about 55% of the CSIR grant, and moreimportantly, the mix is balanced between government and private agencies.

Recognition by means of awards are important indicators of standing withinthe community. Dr. Rajiv Nigam received the 1991-92 National MineralAward, Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi received the MAAS Young Scientist Award andDr. R. Mukhopadhyay received the Asiatic Society Medal. Our congratulationsand thanks to them.

FarewellsWe look back with nostalgia to the time when Prof. S. Nurul Hasan visitedthe Institute in 1982 as Vice-President of the CSIR. He passed away on 12July, 1993 and in him we have lost a many talented champion of science.

Three of my colleagues Shri Chinubai Patel (safaiwala), Shri K. Mariappa(security guard) and Shri Sonu Surlekar (driver) passed away. We pray forthem and their families.

ThanksI join Dr. Desai in expressing our sincere gratitude to members of the pastResearch Council, especially Dr. A.P. Mitra, Chairman, who deftly andenthusiastically conducted the meetings and helped us in goal setting.

The Research Council has now been reconstituted. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, formerDirector of the National Institute of Oceanography, and now Member (Science),Planning Commission, is our new Chairman. In him the Institute will havethe best programme directives it can possibly have, since he has beenintimately involved in the global aspects of the directions of ocean science.The Institute stands now at cross-roads, the relative emphasis and directionsto be placed on basic research and sponsored work have to be decided. Withthe new Research Council and with the help of Dr. S.K. Joshi, DGSIR, wehave the best chances of making optimum decisions.

— EHRLICH DESA

July 30, 1994

Contributions

R&D

List of CurrentR & D Programmes

I. Industry & EconomyOriented Programmes

• Bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean

• Marine biotechnology studies

• Environmental pollution and its control

• Environmental impact predictions and safemarine disposal of wastes

• Deterioration of materials in marineenvironment

• Marine technology for offshore engineeringprojects

• Development of marine instrumentationsystems including data buoys

II. Societal Programmes

• Studies on coastal ocean space utilizationand shelf dynamics

• Coastal engineering studies

• Technical knowhow for mangroveafforestation

• Integrated studies of estuaries

III. Basic Research Programmes

• Global changes in relation to air-seainteraction processes

• Biogeochemical cycling of greenhouse gasesin the North Indian Ocean

• Quaternary environment of continentalmargins of India and abyssal regions

• Studies on the ecology and physiology ofcoastal and nearshore ecosystems, withspecial reference to global change

• Quaternary paleoclimates and upwellingrelated to summer monsoon in the NorthernIndian Ocean

• Monitoring of meso-scale features in thenorth Indian Ocean using acoustictomography techniques

• Studies of Antarctic waters

• Dynamics of large scale coastal circulation

• Study of the marine atmosphere in theIndian seas in relation to the monsoon andcyclogenesis

• Chemical studies of the seas around India

IV. Research Support Activities And TechnicalServices

• Trophic dynamics of the seas around India

• Geological studies of the western continentalmargins and the Arabian Sea

• Geophysical study of the westerncontinental margins

• Marine geophysical study of the Bay ofBengal fan

• Marine Archaeology

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Physical oceanographic studiesduring 1993-94 addressed avariety of issues relating to thewaters around India. Investigationsexamined cover the open sea ofthe North Indian Ocean, thecoastal and the near-shore regionsaround India, including theestuaries distributed along theIndian coastline. Issues related tothe coupling between theatmosphere and the ocean werealso studied.

The North Indian Ocean

The circulation in the Bay ofBengal is dominated by a seasonalcycle. The dynamics behind theseasonality, however, are not wellunderstood. The aim of the studiesin the Bay of Bengal was todescribe the seasonal character ofthe water masses and of thecirculation and thus construct aquantitative picture upon which adynamical framework can be built.

Analysis of hydrographic datacollected from the Bay of Bengalduring the pre-monsoon month(April) of 1987 confirmed thepresence of a seasonal westernboundary current (WBC) along theeast coast of India. Cold-coreeddies were present to the left ofthis current. The WBC was part ofa large anticyclonic gyre (ACG)between 12 and 18°N. Signaturesof the WBC, ACG and the eddieswere noticeable upto a depth ofabout 300 m.

The seasonal variability of thethermohaline fields were studiedalong 12°N in the Bay of Bengaland compared with theclimatological data sets of Levitus,1982. The results brought out theeffect of freshwater influx into theBay from the north and incursionof high salinity waters from thesouth. It was found that thevariation in salinity is dominantonly in the upper 100 m.

In another study, using thethermal fields of Levitus,amplitudes and phases of theseasonal cycle of temperaturewere determined. The amplitude

of the seasonal cycle is found tobe maximum at 100 m and issuggestive of westwardpropagating Rossby waves.

Hydrographic data collected fromthe central Arabian Sea during the81st cruise of 0RV Sagar Kanya(19 January - 9 March, 1993)indicated warm, high saline watersalong 6°E and 68°E with a dilutioneastward associated with the northequatorial current flowingwestward during winter. Thehydrographic data collected by AKKorolev during March-April 1988showed warm pools oftemperatures >30°C in theequatorial region of the ArabianSea.

Utilising hourly time-series surfacemeteorological data collected underTOGA Project during 23-25 March,1992 at ship's anchorage offBombay, an attempt was made todetermine the vertical thermalconductivity coefficient (AV) fornearshore shallow waters. A wasfound to be of the order of 1.0 x103 m S-1 during daytime and waslower by an order of magnitudeduring the night time.

Coastal circulation aroundIndia

Like most other processes in thenorthern Indian Ocean, coastalcurrents around India show adistinct annual cycle. Descriptionof this cycle and elucidation of theunderlying dynamics formed animportant research theme during1993-94.

Analysis of currentmeter datacollected off Visakhapatnamsuggested strong northeastwardcurrents (0.6-0.9 m s-1) duringlate Feb., 1993. A weak (0.2 ms-1) southward flow was noticed atthe end of October and first weekof November, 1993 in contrast tothe strong currents (1.0-1.5 m s-1)observed during 1989. Thehorizontal eddy diffusioncoefficient (KX) for the coastalwaters of Visakhapatnam wasestimated to be about 3.0 x 10cm2s-1 during October.

The annual precipitation rate inthe northeastern Bay of Bengal (3m/year) is much larger than thatin the northwestern Arabian Sea(0.1 m/year). The Bay alsoreceives freshwater influx from anumber of rivers including theGanges-Brahmaputra andIrrawady. Evaporation over thenorthern Indian Ocean is uniform(about 1.5 m/year), making thenorthern Bay and the northernArabian Sea, regions of net gainand net loss of freshwaterrespectively. This leads to theformation of a salinity andconsequently a density gradientalong the 6000 km coastline of theIndian subcontinent whichseparates the two regions. Thedensity gradient in turn leads to apressure gradient with the annualmean steric sea level in northernBay of Bengal higher by about 30cm. The steric sea level gradient,which is most developed duringthe northeast monsoon, appears tobe at least partly responsible indriving the coastal current whichcarries the low salinity Bay ofBengal surface water to northernArabian Sea.

This current appears to originatewhen the southwest monsoonbegins to wane. The features ofthe coastal flow during this periodwere brought out by data collectedusing Aanderra Recording CurrentMeter at seven locations along thecentral east coast of India at aninterval of 15 m in a watercolumn of depth 50 m duringAugust-September, 1988 cruises199 and 200 of RV Gaveshani.The data showed a flow opposed tothe northeastward directed windstress, suggesting presence of apressure gradient which overcamethe local wind stress.

October is the transition periodwhen the southward flowingcurrent along the West Coast ofIndia turns northwards andupwelling is replaced bydownwelling. In order tounderstand the process ofdownwelling a programme of longterm observations along the WestCoast of India has been initiated.The observations carried outduring 2-20 December, 1993

PhysicalOceanography

included time series observationsof the thermal field and winds,surface drift and surfacemeteorological parameters.Analysis of these data is expectedto provide important insights intothe dynamics behind the reversalof the coastal current.

Nearshore and estuarinestudiesInvestigations undertaken involvedapplication of physicaloceanographic knowledge tosocietal needs. Mainly sponsoredby the Industry or by GovernmentAgencies, these studies addresseda variety of issues linked to themarine environment in the vicinityof proposed developmentalprojects.

Currents and tides at Navinalwere studied to generate theinformation necessary for thedesign of a ship berthing jetty forM/s Adani Exports Ltd. Beach,currents, waves, ambient waterquality and suspended sedimentload were monitored off Mangaloreas an aid to study the effluentdischarge from the proposedJESCO steel plant.

An investigation was undertakento assess the state of the Keralacoast in view of various coastalprotection works implemented. Itwas found that in many cases

protective structures of permanentnature were made withoutestablishing the threat to stability.Such constructions might provebeneficial in the short term butwere found to be detrimental inthe long run. Most suchconstructions aggravated erosionin the down drift zone. Recentimprovements made to inlets fornavigational purposes orotherwise have been found todisturb the equilibrium conditionof the shore adjacent to it,creating more and more ofvulnerable zones.

The Mandovi-Zuari estuarinesystem in Goa is a network ofnarrow, shallow rivulets withtwo main channels, the Mandoviand the Zuari. To studycharacteristics of tidal propagationin the network, tidal heights wereobserved at 15 locations for threedays during spring tides in April1993 (Fig. 1). The data showedhow the tide decays and distortsas it propagates through the mainchannels and their branches. Theobservations were repeated duringAugust 1993 to see thedifferences that high freshwaterinflux introduces in thecharacteristics of tidalpropagation. The observationshowed that the diurnal and thesemi-diurnal amplitude remainunchanged over large distances,along the length of the twoestuaries and then decay rapidlyover approximately 10 km at theupstream end.

Flushing and mixing time scales inthe Azhikode estuary werecomputed by adopting fraction offresh water method. Fresh waterfraction varied from 0.957 to0.030 between high and low runoff periods. Cumulative flushingtime of the estuary during post-and pre-monsoon was estimated torange between 3.47 tide cycles inMarch and 4.80 tide cycles inApril. With the high riverdischarge associated with thesouthwest monsoon, flushing timeof the estuary decreased andreached a minimum value of 1.22tide cycle during August when theriver discharge was 387 m3s-1.

An attempt was also made tocalculate sediment budget for theAzhikode estuary. Net seawardescape of suspended sediment loadwas estimated to be 1.4 x 104

tons/year. The total river input(5 x 104 tons/year), annualentrapment of sediment in theestuary of 3.6 x 104 tons/year. Ifthe entrapped sediment isuniformly deposited in the harbourregion, it would provide a blanketof fresh sediment of an averagethickness of 34 mm.

Other estuaries studied during theyear included the Beypore estuaryand the Cheriyar river.

Air-sea interactionA major long term goal of ourstudies on air-sea coupling hasbeen to document the seasonalvariability of the upper oceanthermal field using expendablebathythermograph (XBT) surveys.Two routes have been operatedusing ships-of-opportunity:Bombay-Mauritius and Madras-PortBlair-Calcutta (Fig. 2). The workon these lines continued duringthe year adding to the XBT dataset which in the long run willassist in determining the seasonaland interannual variability of theupper ocean thermal field which isa source of energy foratmospheric processes.

In another investigation, thespatial distribution of heat fluxesover the northern Bay of Bengalduring 9 Aug.-3 Sept., 1993 wasstudied. Wind stress variedbetween 2 and 4 dyne/cm2 and thelatent heat flux exceeded 300 W/m2. Evaporation exceeded 1.0 cm/day and the sensible heat reachedFig. 1. Salinity variation in Mandovi in April 1993.

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a maximum 50-60 W/m2. Themagnitude of these air-sea fluxesis 2 to 3 times higher than theclimatological values implying thenecessity to reassess estimates ofthe fluxes based on climatology.

During an earlier cruise in thenorthern Bay of Bengal,observations were carried out onthe flux of thermal energy fromsea to air during the movement ofan atmospheric depressions (18-21August, 1990). The data suggestthat salinity is an essentialelement in the mixed layerdynamics of northern Bay ofBengal.

New techniquesEfforts towards absorbing newtechnologies in physicaloceanographic research in theinstitute continued during theyear. These included application ofremote sensing from satellite-basedsensors and marine acoustics.

Department of Ocean Developmentprogramme on seatruth datacollection continued. Data on SSTand surface meteorologicalparameters collected from regularcruises and those obtained fromdrifting buoys were regularly sentto National Remote Sensing Agencyfor validation of satellite data(Fig. 3).

Fig. 2. XBT track lines under TOGA project(1 - Madras - Port Blair - Calcutta).

Fig. 3. Trajectories of drifting buoys during August 93 to March 941 - db 09080 (29-08 to 21-10-93) S - db 15702 (01-09 to 21-10-93)3 - db 15704 (03-09 to 11-10-93) 4 - db 15703 (04-09 to 08-10-93)5 - db 15705 (21-10 to 25-12-93) 6 - db 11353 (19-12 to 31-03-94)7 - db 1 1352 (30-01 to 31 -03-95).

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Construction of season-wisereference sound speed profiles fordifferent geographic sub-areas ofthe Arabian Sea and the Bay ofBengal were completed.

An acoustic field experiment wasconducted in the eastern ArabianSea during 2-12 May, 1993 bydeploying two transceiver systemson deep sea moorings separated byabout 270 km along 12.5°N(Fig. 4). From the measuredmultipath arrivals, significantpeaks were identified. Thisinformation was utilised to derivethe sound speed perturbation fieldin different layers.

Fig. 4. Deployment of acoustic releases for transceiver system.

ChemicalOceanographyChemical studies revealed severalunusual features of biogeochemicalcycling in the northern IndianOcean including a decoupling ofdenitrification from primaryproduction in the Arabian Sea andslower decomposition of organicmatter in the subsurface waters ofthe Bay of Bengal. Application ofchemical tracers provided newinsights into the spreading ofwater masses. Stable isotopemeasurements in foraminiferalshells helped reconstructpaleochemical changes in thenorthern Indian Ocean during thelate Quaternary. Extensivesurveys led to the generation ofdata on various pollutants inwater, biota and sedimentfacilitating the assessment ofenvironmental quality along mostparts of the Indian coast.Investigations on biodynamiccompounds revealed thepharmaceutical potential of severalmarine organisms.

Biogeochemical oceanfluxesThe northern Indian Oceancontains various biogeochemicallyextreme and globally significantprovinces and is currently thesubject of intensive research underthe Joint Global Ocean Flux Study(JGOFS). Our research has led torecognition of several interestingand unusual features in thisregion.

Carbon flux and food web modelssuggest that the Arabian Seacontains diverse environmentswith an export-facilitating foodweb in the surface mixed layer(SML) in the northern region anda retention-facilitating food webwithin the SML in the southernArabian Sea.

A synthesis of availableinformation on the consequencesof the acute mid-water oxygendeficiency in the Arabian Sea onthe carbon-nitrogen cycling hasbeen made. The annual rate ofwater column denitrification hasbeen estimated to be around 30million tonnes (N). A unique

decoupling of denitrificationfrom primary productionwas revealed by thecombined nitrogen, electrontransport system (ETS)activity and bacterialproduction data. Resultsof both enzymatic andmicrobiological investigationsstrongly suggest that the supplyof organic carbon throughsedimentation of particlesfrom the surface layer isinsufficient to meet therespiratory carbonrequirement at mid-depth,implying a major role forthe quasi-horizontal supply oforganic carbon for sustainingdenitrification. An intermediate

Several profiles of the ETS activitycovering the entire water columnhave been generated for the firsttime in the northern Indian Ocean.The results (Fig. 6) reveal muchlower ETS activity in the Bay ofBengal when compared to theArabian Sea. Lower respirationrates in the Bay of Bengal arecorroborated by the weak north-south gradients in oxygen andtotal carbon dioxide. Theobservations suggest thatparticulate organic matterundergoes a lower degree ofoxidation in the water columnthrough its incorporation intorapidly sinking matter due to thelarge inputs of terrigenous matterinto the Bay of Bengal.

Fig. 5. Association of the intermediate nepheloid layer withthe bacterial abundance maximum in the Arabian Sea.

nepheloid layer (INL)characterized by elevatedbacterial biomass is associatedwith denitrification (Fig. 5). Theavailable evidence shows thatthe INL is not formed through there-suspension of particles alongthe continental margins. It hasbeen proposed that an efficientutilization of dissolved organicmatter by bacteria maylead to the development ofINL in the oceanic suboxiczones.

Multi-disciplinary observationsinvolving several laboratoriesunder the Indian national JGOFSprogramme were initiated in1993. In addition to data ondissolved oxygen and nutrients,precise measurements are beingmade of dissolved organic carbonand nitrogen, pH, total carbondioxide and nitrous oxide. Isotopicdata (15N/14N and 180/160 in N20and 15N/14N in N03) are also beinggenerated in collaboration withscientists from U.S.A.

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Fig. 6. ETS-based respiration rates in thenorthern Indian Ocean.

Nutrient cycling incoastal zone

Coastal upwelling has long beenknown to occur along the westcoast of India during the summermonsoon, but systematic studies toassess its impact on nutrientcycling and biological productivity

Fig. 7. Vertical distribution of oxygen and phosphate offKarwar (Central west coast of India) during the SWmonsoon.

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had not been undertaken so far.The first broad-scale survey ofwater chemistry along five 25-kmsections off the central west coastof India reveals two opposingprocesses. Coastal upwellingassociated with the Ekmantransport in response to theprevailing equatorward winds wasfound to result in nutrient

enrichment of the euphotic zone(Fig. 7). However, the effect ofupwelling is suppressed by run-offfrom the land during this seasonand this may exert a majorcontrol on fish catches along thecoast.

Spreading of watermasses and regenerationof silica and 2 2 6Ra in theIndian Ocean

Silica and 226Ra have often beenused to infer subsurface advectivefields in the oceans. To evaluatethe validity of this approach, theGEOSECS data were used toresolve the fractions of thesetracers regenerated in-situ fromthose supplied through advectionand mixing. A three end-membermixing model was employed. Theresults provide new insights intothe spreading of varioussubsurface water masses in theIndian Ocean (Fig. 8). Inputs ofregenerated Si and 226Ra weremainly from the underlyingsediments rather than throughdissolution of particles within thewater column. The sediments inthe northern Indian Ocean appearto supply 226Ra and Si to the restof the Indian Ocean. Theregenerated 226Ra and Si werecomputed to account for up to50% and 30% respectively, of thetotal concentrations, suggestingthat Si is a more useful tracer ofwater masses and mixingprocesses than 226Ra in theoceans.

Paleoceanography

Changes in the vertical chemicalstructure of the oceans have beeninvoked in climatic models toexplain the glacial-interglacialoscillations in atmospheric C02 andit has been suggested that atransfer of nutrients from theintermediate to deep waters couldaccount for the bulk of the glacialdecrease in atmospheric C02. Thepaleochemical data obtainedpreviously from the northernIndian Ocean appeared to providefirm support for this hypothesis,but these data were based onanalysis of selected (mostlyglacial) sections of the sedimentcores. In a study undercollaboration with the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory ofColumbia University, New York(USA), continuous records of δ18Oand δ13C in benthic foraminifera

were obtained from the AndamanSea and the Bay of Bengal. Theseshow that the glacial-to-interglacialshift in δ13C at mid-depths in thenortheast Indian Ocean (Fig. 9)

was indistinguishable from themean oceanic δ13C change,negating a more vigorous renewalof intermediate waters globallyduring the glacial time. The

Fig. 8. Regenerated fractions of 226Ra and Si computed from a threeend-member mixing model.

Fig. 9. Down core records of δ18O and δ13C inthe benthic foraminifera from theAndaman Sea.

corresponding δ13C shift in deepwaters was estimated to be about50% larger than the globalaverage, but substantially smallerthan that reported previously.These results together with thosefrom the Pacific indicate a modestglacial-Holocene shift in theintermediate-to-deep waterchemical gradients in the Indo-Pacific as a whole, implying that itwas perhaps not the dominantmechanism for the glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2

variations.

Organic geochemistry

Humic substances and organiccarbon in sediments

Studies on humic substances in thesedimentary environments of theArabian Sea and the Bay ofBengal indicated that theseaccount for roughly one-fourth tohalf of the organic matter, withthe concentrations decreasingoffshore. Anoxic conditions favourpreservation of organic carbonwithin the sediments but have aninhibitory effect on humificationprocess.

Unlike in the Arabian Sea, fulvicacids formed a major fraction ofhumic material in the Bay ofBengal reflecting their terrigenoussource. The high molecular weightfraction 0300,000) accounted forthe bulk of humic acids while thefulvic acids were mostly presentin the low molecular weightfraction (< 10,000). The CP/MAS13C NMR spectra indicated anoffshore decrease in theterrigenous component.

Marine pollution

Studies on pollution in the seasaround India were conductedunder "Coastal Ocean Monitoringand Prediction System (COMAPS)".funded by the Department ofOcean Development. Additionally,detailed investigations were alsoundertaken to evaluate theenvironmental quality in differentareas along the coast, sponsoredby various agencies.

Oil Spills

There were three cases of oil spillsin Indian waters in 1993 (Fig.10). On 21 January, the Danishtanker VLCC Maersk Navigatorcollided with another ship near the

17

Strait of Malacca leading to thespillage of an estimated 18,000tonnes of oil in the Andaman Sea;the rupture of feeder pipeline inBombay High on 17 May resultedin an oil spill of 3000-6000tonnes; and the mishap involvingMV Challenger caused a leakage of270 tonnes of fuel oil offMangalore on 1 August. Detailedinvestigations were carried out byNIO to evaluate the environmentalimpact of these spills. The oil spillin the Bombay High causedextensive pollution along the coastto the south of Bombay. In theother two cases, theenvironmental impact appeared tobe negligible.

Trace metals

Levels of heavy metals such as Pband Cd have been determined inwater, sediments and biota atseveral locations along the Indiancoast (Fig. 11). Except for somelocalized areas that receiveindustrial and domestic effluentsin the vicinity of big cities, theconcentrations of heavy metalswere generally indistinguishablefrom the baseline values in coastalwaters along the Indian coast.

Pesticides

An extensive study was carriedout to determine the levels ofsome highly persistentorganochlorine pesticides such asHCHs, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin andDDTs in the coastal and estuarinesediments along the west coast ofIndia (Fig. 12). In general, theestuarine sediments of the Zuari,Kali, Sharavati and Terakholshowed the highest concentrations.Among the isomers of HCH, u-HCHwas most commonly found. Of thecyclodiene compounds, aldrinoccurred at most places whiledieldrin was only detected off theGujarat coast. The dominantcompound of the DDT family waspp-DDD.

Analyses of sediments of eightfresh-water lakes located in theSchirmacher Oasis (Antarctica)revealed the presence of severalorganochlorine pesticides and theirderivatives in significant quantities(£HCH 38-155 and MDDT 513-1131 pg'/g). The most prominentisomer of HCH was 7-HCH, whilepp'-DDT formed the maincomponent of the DDT group.

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Fig. 12. Pesticide concentrations (ng/g) in sediments alongwest coast of India.

Estimation of the pesticidecontents of 21 species of fish fromthe coastal Arabian Sea showedseasonal differences. During thepre-monsoon period, theconcentrations were significantlyhigher in the pelagic fish thanthose in the demersal fish, but areverse trend was noticed duringthe SW monsoon season. In boththe groups, DDD was the major

component during pre-monsoonwhile DDT was predominantduring the monsoon season.Zooplankton had the highestresidue levels during both seasons.The presence of undegraded DDTas the major fraction (61-76%),indicated a continuous input ofthese compounds into theenvironment throughout the year.These results reinforce the view

that the extent of biomagnificationof DDT depends on the quality andquantity of the metabolites presentat the preceding levels in the foodchain.

Analytical chemistry: Colorimetricdetermination of total phenols inturbid waters

A simple and quick method forestimating phenols avoidingdistillation was developed forturbid seawater. In this methodthe sample is made alkaline withNaOH and filtered to removeparticulate matter that interfereswith the separation of the organicphase by forming stable emulsions.

The highly soluble sodium salts ofphenols are not adsorbed andremain in solution. The filtrate isthen made to react with 4-aminoantipyrine to measurephenol concentrationcolorimetrically.

Measurements of phenols in theVersova Creek using thistechnique yielded phenolconcentrations varying from tracesto 81.4 μg/1. The concentrationincreased with decreases insalinity indicating anthropogenicinputs through waste waters.

Development of potentialdrugs from the oceanThis project, funded by theDepartment of Ocean Development,involving several researchinstitutes and universities in thecountry, has two components:screening of extracts preparedfrom marine organisms forbiological activity, and chemicalstudies to isolate and characterizethe active principles of theorganisms having significantactivities.

Biological screening

Twenty four new extracts ofmarine flora and fauna includingfour species from Antarctica weresent for detailed screening.Fractions of two mangrove plantsPortuluca sp. and Salvadora sp.that were previously found topossess oxytocic and histaminicactivities were also tested.

Two samples from Antarcticashowed 50% activity against

Hepatitis B virus. The extract ofthe mangrove Aegicerascorniculata exhibited CNSdepressant, hypoglycemic andantiviral activities. The otheractivities observed in themangroves were: diuretic inExcoecaria agalocha, hypoglycemicin Khendelia rheedii, andantiviral in Salicornia beachiata,Suaeda maritima and Salicorniaharasatia.

Six compounds were sent to DuPont and American Cyanamid inaccordance with MOU betweenCSIR and these companies; ofthese, one compound exhibitedpesticidal activity.

Chemical studies

Padina tetrastomatica

Three novel halogenated nor-sesquiterpenoids, viz. 2-chloro,2,6,10-trimethyl undecanoic acid1, its 2 bromo analog, 2 andmethyl 2 chloro 2 carboxy, 6, 10-dimethyl undecanoate 3 wereisolated and their structureselucidated from their spectral data(IR, NMR, EIMS and NCIMS).

Haliclona sp.

Several novel antibiotic alkaloidshave been reported earlier fromthis sponge including renieramycinG and H, mimosamycin andrenierone. A detailedreinvestigation has resulted in theisolation of 10 more compoundswhich are being characterized.

Tedania anhelans

Several amino acids includingcyclo [Pro-leu], cyclo [Pro-tyr] andcyclo [Pro-Phe] were isolated fromthis sponge exhibiting promisinghypoglycemic activity (23%). Twonovel amino acids have also beenisolated from the polar fraction ofthis sponge which have beententatively characterized.

Synthesis of analogs of2 benzoxazolinone

The active principle of themangrove Acanthus ilicifolius,which exhibits Leishmanicidalactivity, had been characterizedearlier as 2 benzoxazolinone.Three analogs of this activeprinciple have now beensynthesized and tested. Two ofthem were found to be active butto a lesser extent than the parentcompound, but the third analoguewas inactive. Preparation of somemore analogs is in progress.

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GeologicalOceanographyAfter completion of regionalsurveys of the entire westerncontinental shelf and a majorportion of the eastern shelf ofIndia the emphasis was shifted togeological and geophysical studiesof areas beyond the shelf andpaleoclimatic reconstruction of theQuaternary era.

We continued collection of seabedand other relavent data fromCentral Indian Ocean Basin underpolymetallic nodules programmesto develop mine site and relinquishhalf of the alloted area to theUnited Nations in 1995.

Regional geological,geophysical, geochemicaland paleoclimatic studiesof the continental marginsof India

Marine geological studies

The continental shelf sedimentshave natural gases trapped inthem which can be mapped bysub-bottom profiling. Aconservative estimate of thepotential sub-surface methane, agreenhouse gas, is roughly 2.6terragrams.

Submarine terraces formedprobably during the latePleistocene-mid Holocenestillstands have been identified onthe western continental margin.North of 13° latitude they arecoral/algal reef induced terraceswhile south of this latitude theyare predominantly wave cut andpaleobeach/barrier terraces.

Our continued studies of satelliteimages and topographic maps, thistime, of south coastal segment ofKarnataka state along west coastof India have shown that thebidirectional shore drift towardsnorth and south due to monsooncould be the primary cause forsediment redistribution and thestability of this prograding coast.

Fig. 13. Map showing the seamount chain.

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Marine geophysical studies

Our geophysical studies to arriveat an improved understanding ofthe evolutionary history of conti-nental margins and adjacent areascontinued. New informationsprovided by these studies arereported below regionwise :

Arabian Sea region

In the Arabian Sea, oceanic crustwas believed to be confined to the

Fig. 14. Major tectonic lineaments of ECMI and part of Bengal Fan.

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areas west of the Laxmi-LaccadiveRidges. Our study of magneticanomalies have suggested, that thearea between the Laxmi Ridge andthe western continental shelf ofIndia (between 16°-18°30'N) isalso underlain by an oceanic crust.This area was created by seafloorspreading process approximatelybetween 84-65 million years ago.These results imply the existenceof a third episode of spreading(pre A27) in the history of theevolution of the Arabian Sea.

For the first time the presence ofa NNW trending 250 km longseamount chain was mapped withthe multibeam swath bathymetricsystem (Hydrosweep) in the areaseast of the Laxmi Ridge. Thischain consists of three majoredifices, named as Raman (R) andPanikkar (P) seamounts andWadia (W) guyot (Fig. 13). Theorigin of these seamounts wasattributed to the intersection ofthe Reunion hotspot with anextinct spreading centre.

Bay of Bengal region

Along a 500 km wide band acrossthe Bay of Bengal a new detailedfree-air gravity anomaly map wasprepared. This map revealed thatthe characteristic gravity low axisassociated with 85°E ridge veersnorth-eastwards from a generalnorth-south trend in the areasnorth of 15°N.

Presence of an accurate gravityhigh axis was also noticed in theareas immediate west of the 85°Eridge.Identification of some importanttectonic and structural trendssuggested the offshore extensionand basement configuration of themajor onshore basins of the eastcoast of India (Fig. 14). Thesubsidence of sedimentary basinsviz.. Cauvery. Krishna-Godavariand Mahanadi on the east coastwas found to be negligible informer compared to the latter two.However, the tectonics is morecomplex in the last two basinsmainly owing to the presence ofhotspot traces.In the Krishna-Godavari basinarea, the two major onshoretrends viz.. Chintalpudi andAvanigadda cross trends as alsothe Godavari graben was inferredto extend offshore. In the CauveryBasin area the major onshore N-S.NE-SW and E-W trends were alsofound to extend offshore. The E-Wtrend here was considered to beassociated with offshore extensionof Kumbakonam Ridge. Theoffshore Cauvery basin appears torepresent a mosaic of deep seatedgraben block flanked by riftrelated volcanic intrusives. Theonshore trends appear to extendacross the shelf and slope andterminate near the foot of theslope.High resolution marine acousticinvestigations enabled mapping ofnumerous shallow structural andtectonic elements over part of theshelf and slope regions of the eastcoast of India. The morphologicalfeatures off the river basin(Fig. 15) are considered to havebeen formed predominantly bydeltaic processes whereas in thenon-basinal areas (Fig. 16)eustatic sea-level variation isconsidered to be the predominantfactor. Some of the identifiedfeatures are considered to bepotential geohazards which need tobe considered for offshoreengineering projects.

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Fig. 15. Morphological features off river basins (Predominant factor : deltaicprocesses).

Indian Ocean area

Studies in the Indian Ocean areawere jointly carried out alongwithscientists from the Yuzhmorgeolo-giya, Gelendzik, Russia, under theauspices of the Indo-Russiancollaboration — Trans IndianOcean Geotraverse (TIOG) Project.The Australian Geological SurveyOrganisation was also associated instudying the tectonic andsedimentary history of the Argoabyssal plain.In the western Indian Ocean, itappears that the Argo Fracturezone divides (Fig. 17) the CentralIndian Ridge (CIR) into distinctivenorthern and southern parts. Theevolution of the southern partstarted around 66-68 Ma whereasthe northern part evolved since30 Ma.Studies in the eastern IndianOcean suggest that the Indian andAustralian plates became a singleentity during Middle Eocene. TheKergulen hotspot interacted with

the Wharton ridge around 60 Maand continued as an on-spreadingaxis volcanism till 54 Ma. Acaptured portion of the Antarcticaplate possibly caused the 11" long,additional crust observed on theIndo-Australian plate between 86°FZ and Ninety East Ridge.In the Argo abyssal plain,bathymetric and seismic reflectionstudies helped to identify severalinteresting structural and tectonicfeatures. These include the newlyidentified Joey, Wombat and Kivigrabens. Five seismic sequencesranging from upper Jurassic toPleistocene were found to overliethe oceanic crust in this area. Thewidespread faulting in thebasement and the persistence ofsome faults upward into sedimentsas young as early Miocene,indicate that, tectonism wasmarked until then. The easternand northern parts of the abyssalplain have been uplifted as theycame within the peripheral fore-bulge south of the Sund Trench.

Fig. 16. Morphological features off non-basinal areas (Predominant factor : sea level changes).

Fig. 1 7. Geomorphological features of Argo abyssal plain.

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Geochemical studies

The assessment of variations indepositional environments due toclimatic fluctuations during glacialand interglacial periods ofQuaternary is essential tounderstand paleoclimates on aglobal scale. In this connection,geochemical investigations wereundertaken in the Arabian Sea aswell as in the Bay of Bengal(Fig. 18).

The Arabian Sea is one of theregions characterized by very highproductivity. The fixation ofcarbon during biological sedimentsis an important process controllingthe concentration of carbon in theatmosphere. It is essential toevaluate the role of variousdepositional and environmentalcontrols which determine theremoval of organic carbon fromthe water column and its ultimateincorporation into the sediments.

In continued efforts to understandthe above controls, published data,mainly on I, C/N and Rock-EvalPyrolysis (Pedersen et al, 1991),was utilized in conjunction withour data. The results reaffirmedthe earlier conclusion that betterpreservation, and higheraccumulation of organic carbon onthe slopes of the Arabianpeninsula and along the westernmargin of India is principally dueto prevalence of reducingconditions caused by an oxygenminimum zone (OMZ). Thisinference has implications oninterpreting the variations inproductivity and burial efficiencyof organic carbon in sedimentsduring glacial and interglacialperiods.

The chemical diagenesis in thesediments also provide vital cluesto understand paleo-depositionalconditions and such studies areessential to sharpen the inferencesabout paleo-environmentalsignatures. Further, these studiesreveal the diagenetic formation ofvarious minerals. In this connec-tion, a core from the summit of themarginal high at a water depth of330 m off Goa, central westernmargin of India, was investigated.The study revealed that phosphaticnodules ranging in size from 1.5to 4 cm occur at a subsurfacedepth of 1 m in association withorganic-rich calcareous sand-silty-clays. This observation has beenreported for the first time.

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Fig. 18. Organic carbon percentages in the surficial sediments of the Arabian Sea

Mineralogically the phosphate is afairly pure francolite (carbonatefluorapatite) with P2O5. contentupto 34%. It is postulated that inaddition to wind induced upwelling,topographically induced upwellingduring lowered sea level in pre-Holocene period might also haveincreased biological productivityleading to the deposition oforganic-rich sediments. Oxidativeregeneration of organically boundphosphorus by sulfate reductionprocess might have enriched thephosphate within the interstitialwater and ultimately precipitatedas francolite.

Geochemical investigations werealso undertaken on the sedimentsof 13 box cores in the Bay ofBengal. These studies recorded theoccurrence of ferromanganesemicro nodules, the first everoccurrence from the fan-valleyprovinces of the world oceans in aregion characterized by highsedimentation rates (N2Ocm/ky).These micronodulesmorphologically are botroydal andspheroidal, having high Mn andlow Fe contents. It is inferred thatdiagenetic mobilization of Mn inthe upper sediment column is theprobable cause for their formation.

In another analysis of 6.30 msediment core from the westernBay of Bengal increased

concentration of Ca and Sr wasobserved above 380 cm which isindicative of the increased rate ofsediment distribution during theHolocene. These observations arein conformation with the earlierones.

Paleoclimatic studies

The reconstruction of paleoclimatesduring the Holocene period isgaining importance in the presentperspective of global warming dueto the greenhouse effect. In orderto obtain high resolutionpaleoclimate data over this period,shallow water (coastal) regions,having high sedimentation ratesare most suitable sites to bestudied for foraminifera as aproxy for climatic fluctuations. Inview of this a 4.8 m long sedimentcore collected from a water depthof 22 m off Karwar has beenanalysed for paleontological(foraminifera morphogroups) andsedimentological (carbonate andcoarse fraction) components. Thisapproach revealed a markeddeterioration in the intensity ofthe monsoon after Ca 3500 yearsB.P. This is supported by changein palynological characters in thesame core.

Study of foraminifera is animportant tool in thereconstruction of the paleoclimateand paleoenvironment of marine

sediments. Data on radiolariangroups from the Sawai BayFormation, Neill Island, Andamansdeep sea surface sediments wereused for prediction ofenvironmental changes during thelate Miocene. The estimated SST,salinity and potential primaryproduction during the southwestmonsoon were found consistentwith the earlier observation. Outof the 38,000 species offoraminifera identified so far,around 12,000 species are stillliving in the modern ocean.Identification of these foraminiferais difficult and confined to trainedresearchers, making theirapplication limited. If coarsertaxonomic grouping or othermorphological variation basedtechniques are developed they willserve as powerful tools to obtainfirst order estimates ofpaleoclimates. Based on externaltest morphology the entireforaminiferal population offKarwar (148 species) can beplaced into two broadmorphogroups, i.e.. angular-asymmetrical and rounder-symmetrical. The morphogroupsare adversely affected by the highturbulence associated withincreased fresh water riverdischarge while the lattermorphogroups respond in areverse manner. Since arealextent of river induced turbulencedepends upon freshwater dischargedue to monsoon rains, the resultsshow good potential in generatingproxy data for the reconstructionof paleo-monsoonal history.

The living coccolithophorid speciesEmiliana huxleyi andUmbellosphaera iregularis wereobserved to be abundant in theeuphotic zone in the Arabian Seaduring late 1992 owing to the lowfertility of the water column.Malformation of E. huxleyi wascommonly noticed during thisperiod. The rare occurrence ofecologically important speciesGlobigerina bulloides during latesummer in south eastern ArabianSea is attributable to the warmingof surface water and deepening ofmixed layer.

Surveys for polyxnetallicnodules

The identification, understandingand area demarcation of thepolymetallic nodules resources in

the Indian Ocean constitute amajor programme of the Institute.Since the United Nations awardedIndia the pioneer investors' statusin 1987 to exclusively explore anddevelop 1,50,000 sq. km in theCentral Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB),we have collected seabed data ondistribution, abundance and gradeof polymetallic nodules, andassociated bathymetry,geomorphology, sediments androcks. This knowledge wasimperative as India, under theLaw of the Sea convention, has torelinquish 50% of the alloted areaby 1995 to the United Nations.

Polymetallic oxide deposits

In research related to polymetallicnodules, newer evidences havebeen found to suggest thatchemical composition andmineralogy of the manganesenodules vary with their size.Smaller nodules have a higher

content of Mn, Ni, Cu andTodorokite reflecting theirdiagenetic origin. In contrastlarger nodules are hydrogenetic inorigin, and contain comparativelyhigh percentage of Fe and Co andMn02.

Manganese micro-nodules (<1 mmsize), have attracted researchattention recently. These occurboth in surface and subsurfacesediments (0- 375 n/gm) andshow considerable variation withdepth. Micronodules are high inMn/Fe (5-10) and lower in RareEarth Elements (REE) (~520ppm) than macronodules (Fig. 19).and reflect largely the redoxcharacteristic of the sedimentaryenvironments. The REE study ofsome nodules buried in sedimentsfor several thousands of yearsshows a positive Cerium (Ce)anomaly, indicating their growthat the sediment-water interfaceprior to burial.

Fig. 19. Distribution of micronodules. an environmental precursor,down the sediment core.

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Period of non-deposition in CIOBand growth rate in manganesenodules have been estimatedthrough the occurrence of 0.77 Maold Australasian microtektites (Fig.20) in the seafloor and in thesubstrate of ferromanganesecrusts. Occurrence of suchmicrotektites underneath the 6-17mm thick ferromanganese layersrenders the Fe-Mn crust a growthrate of 7.8-22.1 mm/Ma. This rateis much higher than the presentlybelieved growth rate of 2-4 mm/Ma.

Associated environments

In the process of underway datacollection and sampling in theregion of polymetallic nodulesoccurrence, several importantaspects, which influence thedistribution and grade of oxidemineral resources to a variabledegree came under close scrutiny.One such aspect is the presence ofseveral seamounts in the region ofnodule occurrence.

Seamounts are the topographicmanifestations on the oceaniccrust of mantle upwelling. Detailedbathymetric mapping revealsabundant volcanoes occurring bothas isolated seamounts and linearseamount chains parallel to flowlines. Evidences from morphology,distribution and petrography ofthese seamounts suggest that theywere generated near the then fastspreading Central Indian Ridge(CIR) and South East IndianRidges (SEIR). Microprobeanalyses indicate strong Mid-Oceanic Ridge Basalt (MORB)affinity. Results of several recentstudies, taken together, suggestthat the style of axis/near-axisseamount volcanism variessystematically as a function ofspreading rate at the ridge axis.

Midplate volcanism in the CIOBhas been a topic of interest lately.Extensive occurrence of pumicewhich are chemically dissimilar tothat of Indonesian outpours,availability of fresh volcanic rocksin and around a number ofcratered seamounts andoccurrence of ash layers of recentorigin in the sediment coresindicate recent volcanism in theCIOB. In addition, phillipsite -haemotome rich indurated slabs ofzeolitites (Fig. 21) were found tooccur, the origin of which is

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Fig. SO. Australasian microtektites found in the Indian Ocean.

related to the alteration ofvolcanic fragments. Presentlydetails are on to understand theaspects of tectonic disturbancesleading to magmaticmanifestations.

Ridge systems in the Indian Oceanare not much studied and arepoorly understood. Distributionand mineralogy of various rocktypes along 4200 km long slow-intermediate spreading CIR ispresently under study. Preliminaryresults reveal that these rocksdiffer markedly in mineralogy andtexture showing a strongcorrelation to nature of ridgesegmentation. Mineral chemistry(plagioclase and olivine) and bulkchemistry of basalts from theCarlsberg ridge suggest magmamixing and low pressure fractionalcrystallisation. Also founddisseminated sulphide grains ofpyrite, chalcopyrite and magnetitewhich seems to have been formedby liquid immiscibility in a rapidlycooled silicate melt. Segmentationof the ridge axis by the transformfaults appears to have influencedvariable extent of melting of thesource rock and facilitate polybariccrystallisation.

Fig. 21. Slab of zeolite exhibiting porous nature.

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BiologicalOceanographySeveral aspects which are relevantto an understanding of the biologyof Indian and Antarctic waterswere studied. These includeinvestigations on differentbiological groups of organisms byspecialists and interactive studieson ecological processes andapplication oriented themes. Amajor consideration in formulationof research themes is theirimportance on a local and globalscale.

Recently, private andgovernmental agencies havesupported work on certain aspectsrelated to pollution biology, marinebiotechnology and drugs from thesea. A major part of the time ofbiological oceanographers isdevoted to such sponsored work.Details of these activities arepresented here.

Living resources andocean trophic dynamicsMapping the geographicaldistribution of living resources inIndian waters and the study ofbiological processes continues to bea major theme, with focus onseveral groups of organisms.

Pelagic secondary and tertiaryproducer organisms

Composition and distribution ofzooplankton and their implicationson tertiary production havereceived a great deal of attentionthis year.

We now have a rather detailedpicture on the distribution ofplanktonic foraminiferans,ostracods, mysids, holoplanktonicheteropod molluscs andichthyoplankton in the Bay ofBengal. Most of these weresampled during cruises on FORVSagar Sampada during 1986-1990.

Planktonic foraminiferalassemblages from 19 neritic andoceanic stations off theCoromandel coast were studied bya multivariate statistical method.This indicated 5 groups in a total17 species, similar to those

obtained by cluster analysis. Themost prominent group isconstituted by Globigerinabulloides, G. quinqueloba,Globigerinella aequilateralis,Globigerinoides ruber, G. sacculiferand Globigerinita glutinata. The 19stations were also grouped into 5clusters and stations with highfactor loadings in various groupswere seen to have a great affinityas observed from a trellisdiagram. Among the ostracods,Euconchoecia aculeata was themost abundant. The highestdensity occurred north of NorthAndaman Island. Sixteen speciesof mysids were collected from 205stations. Pseudanchialina pusilla, awell-known and widely distributedoceanic species in tropical andsubtropical Indo-Pacific waters,represented the bulk of thematerial. Doxomysis andamanii,new to science has been described.Anisomysis spinata, A. hispida andA. tattersallae comprise newrecords. Atlanta spp. and Firoloidaspp. were the most abundant ofthe holoplanktonic heteropodmolluscs. Of the 80 families ofIchthyoplankton, Myctophidae,Gonostomidae, Gobiidae,Serranidae, Bregmacerotidae,Stomiidae, Labridae, Scombridaeand Hemiramphidae were the mostdominant.

The Arabian Sea also received agreat deal of attention withrespect to zooplankton. A study onthe biogeographical variations inthe distribution of coastal copepodsat different hydrographic zones ofthe western Indian Ocean, mainlyfrom the western boundary alongthe coast of Pakistan, Gulf ofOman, Gulf of Aden, SomaliaCoast, South African Coast and theWest Coast of India, establisheddefinite distributional patterns.Zooplankton investigations in theNorthern Arabian Sea, followingthe large scale oil spill during theGulf War showed no apparentimpact on the zooplanktonbiomass, faunal and speciesdiversity values. Niche-partitioningamong the co-genera, particularlythe members of the marinecalanoid copepod genus,Pleuromamma was discernible. AtDharamtar creek adjoining BombayHarbour, the rich zooplankton

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standing stock led to a turnover of29 tons/km2/d. Experimentaltrawling within the creek showeda potential of 0.19 tons/km2/dsuggesting a transfer coefficient ofonly 31.4% from secondary totertiary level. Fish eggs andlarvae were common butcontributed only 1% to the totalzooplankton population. The outerzone of the creek systemsustained a relatively higherpopulation of fish eggs and larvaethan the interior zone. The meanpopulation density of larvae was3.5 times higher than the fisheggs, suggesting a good survivalrate and a congenial environmentfor larvae to thrive. An analysisof the trends in the oil sardineand Indian mackerel fishery,which form the mainstay of thefisheries along the west coast,showed that there were nosignificant fluctuations from themean over the last 30 years. Bothspecies take advantage of theproductive conditions during theSW monsoon period associatedwith upwelling and river run-off.It appears that mackerel becomesdemersal during the northeastmonsoon period.

As part of our efforts tounderstand the differences inliving resources between theArabian Sea and the Bay ofBengal, comparative studies ofzooplankton, includinghydromedusae andichthyoplankton were carried out.

Along the southwest and southeastIndian coast, the highestzooplankton biomass was recordedoff Calicut, while biomass,population density and diversity inthe southeast coast was low. Fortyfour species of hydromedusaebelonging to twenty families wererecorded from the Laccadive Sea.A total of 71 species belonging to28 families were recorded fromthe Andaman waters. Larvae ofdeep sea fishes belonging to thefamilies Gonostomidae,Bathylagidae, Paralepididae,Seopelarchidae, Synodontidae andMyctophidae occurred in theArabian Sea and Bay of Bengal,the Seopeliform larvaeoutnumbering the rest of thegroups and contributing 26.76% of

the larvae. No marked seasonalvariations were observed in thelarval populations andenvironmental parameters such assalinity and temperature did notsignificantly influence thedistribution.

Benthos

In a study site extending 10 kmnorth and 10 km south of Cochinharbour, macrobenthic organismsrevealed a maximum biomass atthe barmouth during December,when the organic carbon contentin the sediment also showed highvalues. Molluscs belonging toModiolus sp., polychaetes(Diopatra sp. and Dendronereisaestuarina) and amphipods wereencountered. The least amount offauna was observed during thepeak monsoon month of July.Bivalves and gastropods wereresponsible for the high benthicdensity and biomass in thesouthwest coast, the occurrence offoraminiferans probably beingresponsible for this. The southeastcoast had relatively low benthicpopulations and biomass. In theestuarine region of Cochin, theamphipod Corophium triaenonyxwas dominant. High densities ofthe bivalve Modiolus striatulusoccurred at the channel. Thebenthic population mainlycomprised polychaetes in May.

Mangroves and seaweeds

As part of the ongoing research onmangrove afforestation, studies onthe growth of mangrove seedlingshave been undertaken in thelaboratory and the field nursery atAchra. Maharashtra. Rapid rootdevelopment of Ceriops tagalseedlings was observed with thehormone Indoleacetic acid (IAA).Growth rate was fastest with thehormone Gibberallic acid (GA).

The seagrass beds at Agatti islandin Lakshadweep are bispecific.while monospecific stands ofThalassia hemprichii occur atKavaratti and Kalpeni. Epiphytescontributed over 5.5% of the totalbiomass. The maximum biomassand percentage of occurrencerecovered at 1-1.5 m depth. Thesubstratum was totally devoid ofseed reserves of seagrasses.

Aquaculture

Transfer of technology formed amajor part of activities in thisarea.

A demonstration of floating cageculture in Goa waters wasrequested by the Department ofScience, Technology andEnvironment of the Government ofGoa. Three sites, at Dona PaulaBay, Zuari Bridge and Britonawere found suitable from ecologicaland logistic points of view. Twocages of 73.5 m3 each were floatednear Malim jetty in Britona andstocked with finger1 ings of greymullet. Supplementary feed, thricea day and at the rate of 5% of thebody weight was administered.Additionally, 6 ropes, each 5 mlong with transplanted greenmussel spat, were put underculture alongwith the cages.Estimated yield of such a setupshould be up to 800 kg/32 weeks/cage indicating profitable returns.

Ocean trophic dynamics in theArabian Sea

The Indian participation in theinternational Joint Global OceanFlux Studies (JGOFS) commencedwith cruise # 87 of ORV SagarKanya to the Arabian Sea inSeptember 1993. This programmeaims at collection of data onnumerous biological parameters, tounderstand the biological impacton global oceanographic processes.

The average primary productivityat 3 equidistant stations along66 E from 17° to 21° N wasmeasured. Picoplanktoncontributed on an average 30% tothe total biomass andphytoplankton production.Zooplankton biomass was negligiblein the 300-500 m stratum,probably owing to the oxygenminimum layer characteristic ofthis area at 300-800 m. Thesecondary standing stock of thenorthern central Arabian Seaseems to harbour morezooplankton biomass compared tothe southern areas surveyed.Unlike southern areas sampledduring Sagar Kanya Cruise #77.vertical migration was notpronounced, except abovethermocline and congregation oforganisms was mostly above or atthermocline. The salp, Thaliademocratica actively fed on thediatom Chaetoceros underexperimental conditions. Neitherthe rate of feeding nor the faecalinput showed significant variationswith time. Grazing rate wasindependent of the availability offood. Elemental-CHN compositionof zooplankton suggested thatthough the estimated C, H and N

concentrations exhibitedvariations, their ratios werenearly stable. Variations wererelated to phylogenetic andtaxonomic hierarchy.

Studies on the UV-B levels (280-290 nm) in the water columnwere intiated.

Bacterial maxima occurred around250-300 m. usually coinciding withthe maximum beam attenuationdepths. Uptake of labelled glucosewas significantly affected byincreasing depth. Thraustochytridprotista were detected in alldepths sampled till 2000 m usingepifluorescence microscopy.Extremely high numbers of up to1.1x106 cells l-1 occurred insurface waters containingaggregates. High densities occurredin the euphotic zone, up to 50 mdepth. Detritus plays an importantrole in the nutrition of secondaryproducers. Two major peaks ofTotal Suspended Matter wereobserved in 45 stations between6° and 20°30' N and 80° to 95°E.The first occurred at 9-10° andthe other at 18-19° N.

Experimental marine biology

Hardshelled mud crabs, havinglost their appendages duringcapture tend to show regenerativeactivity when kept undercaptivity, culminating in pre-mature moulting. Taking this clue,experiments were successfullyconducted to induce moulting byamputating one leg or part of it.This resembles changes observedafter the application of hormoneslike ecdysone or after havingperformed unilateral eye-stalkablation.

Environmental impactassessmentAssessment of marine pollutionand its impact on marineorganisms is a continuous process.Such studies are of utmostimportance in abatement ofprevailing pollution levels andminimisation in future.

The west coast of India,particularly the environs aroundBombay was the subject ofnumerous pollution biology studies.Acute environmental stressresulting from the release ofvoluminous quantities of domestic

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and industrial wastewaters atVersova creek near Bombay, isreflected in the considerably lowerconcentrations of chlorophyll-a(3.8 mg/m3), as compared toThana (21.0 mg/m3) and Mahimcreek (32.1 mg/m3). This is alsoreflected in the phytoplanktoncomposition. Anthropogenicpollutants might be hampering thedistribution pattern anddevelopmental biology of lesstolerant species of chaetognaths.Thus, the interior part of Thana-Bassein creek system, receivinglarge quantities of sewage andindustrial effluents preventedbreeding of Sagitta enflata and S.robusta. However, S. bedoti and S.oceania could adapt to theunfavourable water quality andbreed successfully. Microbiologicalparameters, namely the uptake oflabelled glucose, respiration, viableand total counts at the Bombayharbour, Thane creek and Basseincreek revealed an extremely lowheterotrophic activity, indicating

direct signs of environmentaldeterioration. Eutrophication wasindicated by higher concentrationsof chlorophyll and primaryproduction rates.

Zooplankton biomass, in terms ofdry weight was four times highernear the offshore oilfields offBombay, between 18-20°5'N and70°25'-72°40'E, than fromfarther away, whereas theproximate composition in terms ofprotein, carbohydrates, lipids, andtotal carbon showed a reversetrend.

Bacteria are good "indicators" ofpollution and bioluminescentbacteria might prove to be animportant tool for rapidlyassessing pollution through toxicchemicals (Fig. 22). In threeluminous species of bacteria, lightemission was strongly depressedby various toxic chemicals. Thenearshore regions of the west and

east coasts of India, off Bombay,Veraval, Madras and Haldiarevealed the total absence ofvisibly luminous colonies ofbioluminescent bacteria in over200 samples. A high incidence ofcoliform bacteria (216/ml) in themangrove environments aroundCochin, including Streptococcusfaecalis (up to 74/ml), pathogenslike Salmonella sp., Shigella sp.and Proteus sp. (13-80/ml inwater and 111/g in sediments), aswell as Vibrio parahaemolyticusand V. cholerae (up to 49/gsediments) and Pseudomonasaeruginosa, particularly in themonsoon and postmonsoon periods,indicate a high incidence ofpollution.

On the east coast, the effect ofpollutants is conspicuously felt onthe distribution of zooplankton,when compared to Kakinadaregion. Zooplankton diversity alsorevealed lower values in the

Fig. 22. Reduction of luminescence to 50% or less by various chemicals. Final concentrations of trace metal salts in the assay vialswere 51.79 μg CuS04; 67.88 μg HgCl2; 81.16 μg HgN03; 34.07 μg ZnCl2; 45.83 μg CdCl2; 42.47 μg AgNO3 and81.32 μg of lead acetate. Concentration of a commercial detergent was 250 μg.

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former area as compared to theKakinada Bay waters.

Two major oil spills engaged ourattention this year. The first oneresulted from the collision of theoil tankers Maersk Navigator andSanko Honour on 21.1.1993, nearSouth Nicobar islands. Zooplanktonstudies were carried out eightmonths later in September at 11stations at lo intervals along theinternational oil tanker route from82°00' to 92°00'E and along5°45'N to examine any eventual,permanent ecological damage thatmight have been caused to themarine environment. Tertiaryproduction was calculated from thesecondary production. Whilezooplankton collected from the oilspill site showed twice theconcentration of aliphatichydrocarbons (0.6% of dry wt.)compared to samples collectedfrom the tanker route, nopronounced effect on thesecondary standing stock wasobserved. Soon after the accident,hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria,molds and yeasts were isolatedfrom the water samples. In theSeptember followup cruise, severalsuch microorganisms were isolatedfrom depths up to 50 m. Thesecond was the rupture of a crudeoil feeder rise pipeline whichoccurred in Bombay High on 17May, 1993. The petroleumhydrocarbon (PHC) residue driftedin the form of floating patches ofvarying sizes in the nearshorewaters between Alibaug andShrivardhan from 28 to 30 May.Local abnormal concentrations ofdissolved-dispersed PHC in thewater column exposed pelagicbiota to high levels of oil residues.Marked localised decrease indissolved oxygen was evident.However, phytoplankton in generaland fishery catch and compositionwere not severely affected,although oily coating on diatomcells was observed. Levels ofchlorophyll (0.5-5.3 mg/m3) wereof a normal, clean environment.Copepods and chaetognaths showedblack residues within the gut,presumably of PHC. Benthicorganisms also revealed noadverse impact, probably since thePHC had not yet deposited on thesediment. However, intertidalfauna and mangroves could beseverely affected. A large numberof Porpita specimens were washedashore on the beach.

With a view to monitor theenvironmental quality in the

Mormugao Port, Goa, total viablebacterial counts, E. coli likeorganisms, phytoplankton biomass,zooplankton biomass and naturalbenthic fauna were examined. Theresults indicated that the area atpresent is a more or less ahealthy tropical environment, notunder undue stress ofanthropogenic influence. Thebenthos in Rajapur Bay in theCentral west coast of India, at theeffluent discharge location of aproposed nuclear plant alsorevealed that at present, thebenthic fauna in this bay is innatural ecological balance and freefrom apparent environmentalstresses.

In a similar study seston, chl-a,phaeophytin, phytoplankton,zooplankton, benthos and bacteriawere examined in the marineenvironments at Ennore, offMadras, where the effluents ofTamil Nadu Petro Products Ltd.,would be discharged through anexisting submarine pipeline. Thisinformation shall serve as baselinedata for future monitoring.

We are presently applying anexperimental approach tounderstand the toxicology ofpetroleum hydrocarbons in marineecosystems. A 100% mortality oftest organisms (planktonic, benthic

and nektonic forms; occurred at1% concentration of crude oil in 3hours. All the test organisms diedwithin 1 hour when a 2.5%concentration was applied. Dieseloil was less toxic, with only 50%mortality at 1% concentration. Thetest organisms showed signs ofstress and were more sensitive toquinoline than either to toluene orpyridin. Mineral oil (Type C) wasleast toxic, as even at 100%concentration no mortalityoccurred. The abundance ofinterstitial metazoan meiofaunadecreased considerably during theone month exposure to light dieseloil, while crustaceans (harpacti-coids, ostracods and nauplii) weremost sensitive. Nematodes werethe most resistant. The effect ofBombay High crude oil onphytoplankton (Isochrysis sp.)showed a progressive decrease ingrowth with increasingconcentrations of the water solublefraction (WSP) (Pig. 23).

Marine biotechnologyA strong base is being establishedin marine biotechnology, with aview to manipulate and harnessmarine organisms for humanbenefit. The rapidly growingdatabase at BiotechnologyInformation System has data onnearly 1000 marine species.

Fig. 23. Effect of Bombay High crude oil on thegrowth of phytoplankton.

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Automatic code generation andaccessibility to ERNET & NICNEThave acclerated the growth of thisdata base.

The genetic variability of the oilsardine, analysed using enzymeelectrophoresis indicated thatSardinella longiceps has less than25% of the average heterozygosityof S. fimbriata and S. albella. Thelatter two species appear to havelevels of variation more or lesssimilar to those reported inallozyme studies of clupeoids.Experiments were performed onthe oyster Saccostrea cuculata andCrassostrea gryphoides, collectedfrom Anjuna beach and Siolim,Goa, to induce gynogenetichaploidy. The eggs were artificiallyfertilized with the sperms exposedto varying timings of UVirradiations (20-180 sec). Thesewere reared for 24 hours beforefixing for chromosome counts.Haploid larvae first appeared inthe 40 sec group and graduallyincreased in number in the groupswhere sperms were exposed tohigh doses of UV.

The brackishwater harpacticoidcopepod Amphiascoides subdebilisWilley is a promising aquaculturefeed organism. An aqueoussolution of yellow gram and wheatat a concentration of 4 ppt, incombination with cultured greenalga Chlorobium sp. was the bestunit feeding condition. Theorganism tolerated salinity of 11 -450/oo and reproduction occurred at17-400/oo. Water media of 300/oosalinity was optimum forreproduction and survival,promoting minimum maturationtime (13.3 days), highest longevity(114 days) and mean maximumfecundity (128 eggs per female).The copepod has the ability toretain its reproduction for severaldays under reduced foodconditions.

Continuing the work onbiotechnological applications ofmangrove and seagrassmicroorganisms in paper and pulpindustries, we have isolated afungus (Strain # 3 1 2 ) thatdecolourises paper mill effluents toan extent of 70 - 80% under bothacidic (pH 4.5) and alkaline (pH8.2) conditions. This wasassociated with enhancedproduction of the lignin-degradingenzymes Manganese Peroxidase atboth the pHs and LigninPeroxidase at the alkaline pH.

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a mixture of alkanes (C8 to C19)in 7 days. Five out of 40 marineyeast isolates, mostly belonging toCandida, Rhodotorula andDebaryomyces, showed excellentdegradation of crude oil. Four ofthese were identified by using thefatty acid finger-printingtechnique. Three strains solubilizedinsoluble phosphates. Severalisolates of marine yeasts,

the central west, northwest andnortheast coasts of India, and 46species from subtidal regions fromthe Lakshadweep, central west andsoutheast coasts of India usingSCUBA diving. Authentication andconfirmation of 123 species havingbioactive potentials (40 algae; 16scleractinians, 3 gorgonians, 10alcyonaceans, 18 octocorals, 12dendronepthya, 6 siphonogorgonia,

Fig. 84. Emulsification of crude oil by a marinePseudomonas sp.

The application of natural andrecombinant microorganisms inbiosurfactant production, oil spilldegradation and pollution controlis a major ongoing project. Themain objective of this project is todevelop hydrocarbonoclasticmicrobial consortia. We have sofar isolated two strains of bacteriawhich can solubilise insolubleinorganic phosphates andsimultaneously degrade crude oil(Fig. 24). Four strains could fixnitrogen and likewise use crude oilas sole C source. A mixture of 4strains of bacteria grew on N-freemedium and degraded Bombaycrude oil (10%), diesel (42%) and

including Candida albicans, C.membranefaciens and Candida sp.and Trichosporon eriense producedbiosurfactants when grown onhydrocarbons. Production ofemulsifiers varied depending uponthe hydrocarbons. Two of 10isolates of the fungi-like protista,the thraustochytrids, have showngood growth on culture mediasupplemented with tar balls.

Development of potentialdrugs from the ocean

A total of 28 species werecollected from Intertidal area along

4 holothurians, 2 sponges, 1zoantharian, 3 actinarian, 1echinoidea, 6 gastropods and 1finfish) were accomplished.

The chemical studies carried outfor isolation and characterisationis reported under ChemicalOceanography.

Tissue culture of the marine algaeSphacelaria furcigera andPorphyra vietnamensis, withbioactive potentials was carriedout. Tissues from the parentthallus were cultured in PESmedium. New thallus formed in 45days. Spore formation andgermination of Porphyravietnamensis was achieved indifferent media.

Microbial flora, isolated from 3species of bioactively significantsponges were evaluated forantibacterial and antifungalmetabolites. A repository ofvoucher specimens of 107 speciesof flora and 206 species of fauna,received from other institutionsand universities, were identifiedand prepared for referencecollection.

Antarctic biologyAntarctic biology, which nowforms a routine part of ourresearch, witnessed three majoractivities during the last Antarcticcruise.

1) Krill resources of Antarctica:Zooplankton sampling carried outto estimate krill abundance in theIndian sector of Southern Oceanbetween 35° to 70°S and 10° to52°E, revealed that higherbiomass occurred in the Antarcticdivergence region between 60° and65°S. The euphausiid Euphausiasuperba Dana formed a majorcomponent of the biomass andtogether with the eggs and larvaerepresented over 60% (n=39) ofmean total zooplankton biomass inthe coastal ice region. The valuesfor population density and biomassof adult-size krill revealed maximabetween 60° to 69°S and 16° to30°E. A high density of krilllarvae was encountered in theshelf region during January 1987,which was related to chlorophyllconcentration. However, the valuesobtained during six consecutivesummers suggest that values of

adult krill biomass at any givenlocation was highly variable andnot comparable on an inter-annualbasis.

2) Fatty acid profiles of over 150cultured bacteria from the marine,limnetic, terrestrial and glacierecosystems revealed veryinteresting community structures.Some of the bacterial strainsappear to be taxonomically new.Pseudomonas psychorii was themost abundant species besidesChromo-bacterium, Moraxella,Vibrio and Aeromonas, which areall truly psychrophilic. Productionof extracellular enzymes waspronounced in the strains isolatedfrom freshwater environs,compared to those from themarine. Heterotrophic uptake oflabelled glucose, glutamic acid andsodium acetate showed that themicrobial populations in the sea ingeneral are more active than thosein the limnetic or glacialecosystems.

3) Various samples were collectedfor studies on Drugs from the Sea,results of which are given earlier.

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Marine Corrosion &Materials ResearchOur micro and macrofoulingstudies gave rise to thedevelopment of certain techniquesfor precision measurements.Attempts to explore betterenvironmental friendly antifoulingmeasures to replace conventionalpollution hazardous paints,continued. We got encouragingresults in making use of goldtailings in the RCC structuresparticularly for marineenvironment. With further studieswe will be able to bring them inwide use which would not onlyhelp in alleviating disposalproblem of annually produced 0.5million tonnes in the country, butalso enhance the strength andstability of RCC structures.

Fouling

Technique to assess adhesion

Adhesive strength of macrofoulingorganisms is one of the importantparameters in deducing theinteraction between the foulingorganisms and substratum and inevaluation of fouling releasesurfaces. The available techniquesfor measuring adhesive strengthsuffer from inherent limitationsand therefore we modified mini-universal testing machine (UTM)incorporating a newly fabricatedprobe, mobile base plate and panelsupport plate with lockingmechanism for the automaticmeasurement. A total of 38 shearand tensile tests were performedwith modified UTM for varioussize groups of barnacle Balanusamphitrite, attached to theconcrete, aluminium and fibreglasspanels. Highly significant linearcorrelationship was observedbetween the size of the fouler andthe adhesive strength.

We tried a simple spectro-photometric method to evaluatebacterial adhesion. The availablemethods such as ATP, DNA, viablecell count and acridine orangedirect count of bacteria (AODC),though sensitive, are timedemanding. We calibrated themethod using a bacterium Vibriosp. and aluminium as a modelorganism and substratumrespectively. The attached

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bacterial cells were stained withcrystal violet (0.5%), and elutedwith an aqueous solution ofsodium deoxycholate (2%). Thenthe absorbance of the crystalviolet stain in deoxycholate wasmeasured at 570 nm. The viablecell count of the attached bacterialcells was also measured usingconventional plating technique.Relationship between theabsorbance of stained cells and theviable cell count of bacteria wasfound highly significant.

In another set of experiments,adhesion of Pseudomonas, Vibrioand Flavobacterium to aluminium,fiber glass, stainless steel andcopper test panels was assessed.Results were similar to thoseobtained with others methods.

The overall results prove themethod to be relatively simplerand less time consuming even forlarge samples. This can also beused to assess the effect ofhydrophobicity on cell adhesion,quantification of bacteria and theevaluation of antifouling agents.

Fouling diatom ecology

Studies on quantitative ecology offouling diatoms in a tropicalestuary (Zuari) along the westcoast of India revealed greaterdiversity during the post-monsoonseason and dominance of thediatom Navicula sp. in this waters.Relationship between Chlorophyll-acontent of fouling film and numberof diatom cells indicated seasonalvariation. N. subinflata culturedunder laboratory conditions (25°C,12:12 L:D cycle), was found togrow in all the salinities (34, 25and 150/oo).

Antifouling measures

In search for environmentalfriendly antifouling coatings wetried methanol extracts fromseveral terrestrial plants viz.,Acacia pinnata, Lasiosiphoneriocephalus and Barringtoniaaccutangula which exhibitedpromising antifouling activity. Thebioassay tests on fouling diatoms

using the above extracts even atlower concentration (5 μg/ml)showed 100% growth inhibition.

A series of experiments were alsocarried out to assess the effect ofcathodic polarisation on theattachment, growth andcarbohydrate metabolism ofmarine fouling diatom Amphorocoffeaeformis. Only a few cells gotattached to the cathodicallypolarised 304 stainless steel ascompared to the non-protectedsteel. Since carbohydrates playrole in microbial attachment, thedecrease in monosaccharidesproduction in A. coffeaeformiscells attached to cathodicallypolarised steel provides clue to thepossible mechanism of corrosioncontrol of metals under cathodicpolarisation.

Corrosion

Control measures

A wide range of organiccompounds and their derivativeshave been used to controlcorrosion in acidic media.However, little is known abouttheir utility as corrosion inhibitorsin marine waters. In view of this,an attempt has been made toassess the efficiency of some ofthese in controlling corrosion ofmild steel in natural seawater. Theconcentration required to achievemaximum corrosion inhibition ofsteel varied with the type oforganic compounds (0.1- 50 ppm).Sulphanilamide was found to bethe most efficient inhibitor (90%)among the various organiccompounds tried. The inhibitionwas due to the stabilization ofthe passive film on the metalsurface.

Role of microfouling

Microfouling is one of theimportant biological factors thataffect corrosion rate of metals andalloys. For selection of suitablematerial we studied copper, cupro-

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nickel (90:10) and brass speci-mens by deploying them at astation in the Mangalore harbour.Copper corroded at a rate of 11 to15.4 mdd, while the brass at 4.2to 5 mdd. The corrosion rate forall the metals was highest duringpremonsoon. Microfouling wasmaximal on brass and minimal oncopper. Inverse ralationshipbetween the corrosion rate andmicrofouling was observed. Thedecrease in corrosion rate could bedue to the interaction betweenmetabolites of micro-organisms

and the metal ions that help indeveloping a protective film on themetal surface.

Use of gold tailings in RCC

Reinforced concrete (RCC) isextensively used in marinestructures. These structuresundergo slow but progressivedeterioration due to corrosion. Asremedial measure are also toincrease the strength of thestructure, we attempted partial

replacement of cement by somefine siliceous mineral wastes likeflyash, silica fume etc. Since largequantity (0.5 million tonnes) ofgold tailings are produced annuallyin the country posing disposalproblem we attempted inalleviating this by assessing theirsuitability in RCC structures. Ourspecimen structures with 5-20%replacement of cement by goldtailings showed enhancedproperties and higher strength(27.5%) compared to structureswithout gold tailings.

OceanEngineeringThe major activities in oceanengineering include: (i) R&Dstudies to provide inputs foroffshore engineering projects,(ii) Wave study, (Hi) Modellingof offshore dynamic system,(iv) Shoreline dynamics,(v) Beach recreation and(vi) Marine foundation.

Wave study

Hindcasting

The wave hindcast model wascalibrated using n.eteorologicalobservations and measured wavesoff Karwar during the monsoonmonths of June and July. Thespectral analysis showed thatmeasured deep water wavesgenerally gave rise to singlepeaked spectra conforming to thesea generated by local winds. Thecomparison of measured andcomputed spectral energy is shownin Fig. 25. Model outputs closelyagree with measured values,with a correlation coefficient

of 0.93.

Offshore dynamics

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)technique often used for thespectral analysis of marine vesselmotions requires a large facility tostore the data. The autoregressive(AR) modelling can significantlyreduce such data storage problemswith minimal loss of relevantinformation. This fact is provedand demonstrated with measuredcrane vessel motion excited by seawaves to which autoregressivemodelling is successfully applied.A comparative study between theFFT and AR modelling establishesSystem Identification (SI)techniques as a useful tool whenapplied to time series of vesselmotions. It is shown by theconsistency of the autoregressivederived transfer function in Fig.26 namely response amplitudeoperator, and those obtained byFFT analysis.

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Shoreline stability

Lakshadweep islands

Currents at Kalpeni, Kavaratti,Minicoy, Agatti and Kadamatislands were measured underdifferent tidal conditions to

periods and directions wererecorded from December 1992 toMarch 1994. This study wasaimed at identifying the influenceof waves in the silting up of theChilka Lake inlet. The directionalspectrum computed from the timeseries wave data indicates the

Fig. 26. Heave acceleration transfer estimated by FFT and SI model.

delineate the pattern of sedimentmovement around the island. Ananalysis with available data onwaves and tides, the morphologyof the lagoon and the open seabeaches explains the dynamicprocesses responsible for beacherosion in these islands, leading tothe conclusion that the sedimentprocesses at Lakshadweep areinfluenced predominantly bywaves on the eastern side of theisland with open beaches and bycurrents on the western sidebeaches within the lagoon(Fig. 27).

Chilka lake

A directional Wave Rider Buoywas deployed at 15 m water depthoff Chilka Lake, and wave heights,

Fig. 25. Comparison of measuredand computed spectralenergy.

predominance of waves arrivingfrom 160° during southwestmonsoon, 135° during northeastmonsoon and 170° during fairweather period.

The high longshore sedimenttransport rates and the low tidalprism have led to serious concernon the stability of the Chilka Lakemouth. A year long littoralenvironmental observationprogramme was undertaken. Usingthe collected data and Walton'ssurf zone equation, it is shownthat littoral sediment transport ispredominantly northwardthroughout the year. Thesignificant finding of the study isindicative of the movement oflittoral sediment in the northerlydirection even during thenortheast monsoon period(November to February), which is

Fig. 27. Shoreline erosion at Kavaratti Island.

Fig. 28. Locations of longshore current measurements madealong the Goa coast.

Fig. 29. Locations of rip currents along the Goacoast (November 1993).

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contrary to the general conclusionsreported for the east coast thatthe sediment transport would be insoutherly direction during thisperiod. The transport rate wasrelatively low during the northeastmonsoon period. The sedimenttransport rate was found to berelatively large at the Chilkamouth when compared to thatobserved at Gopalpur and Puribeaches.

TourismTo improve and augment thefacility of beach tourism in Goa, a

study has been organized todemarcate and evaluate the ripcurrents present along thebeaches of Goa (Fig. 28). Amongthe total stretch of 140 km longGoa coast, the important segmentscomprising of about 20 km havebeen selected and measurementson longshore and rip currents arebeing made at 15 days interval(Fig. 29). The preliminary findingsindicate that the rough sea andsteep foreshore slope occurring inthe monsoon is the primaryhazard for swimmers. The study isbeing continued to identifywhether any permanent rip

current systems are present alongthis region.

Marine foundationThe geotechnical aspects of theseabed for the construction ofchemical handling jetty at Positra,Gulf of Kutch was undertaken.Seabed samples using the snapperand gravity corer were collectedalong the proposed route of thejetty. Calcareous materialsdominate in the marine soils andwould affect the strengthcharacteristics of the soil for thejetty foundation.

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MarineInstrumentationThe design and development ofindigenous oceanographicinstrument systems has been andcontinues to be a main objective,however, the scope of activities isbeing enlarged to includecollection, interpretation andanalysis of data from our systems.A noteworthy development in1993-94 has seen theestablishment of a Tide GaugeReference Station at MarmugoaPort Trust. Considerable attentionhas been paid to an understandingof errors that can occur in tidemeasuring system and such effectscan be minimised in the design ofthe system. Other developmentsduring the year included the startof a new state-of-art integrateddata acquisition system to beinstalled on the research vesselSagar Sampada under fundingfrom the Department of OceanDevelopment (DOD); rigorousproof-of-concept testing of thenewly developed in-water spectro-radiometer; and our ongoingdeployments of drifters andmoored data buoys.

Development ofinstrumentation systems

Development of moored data buoy

A moored data buoy wasfabricated and deployed at 5°40'N,73°30'E. The system collected dataover a period of 4 months duringthe 1993 monsoons. Parametersmeasured were vector averagedwind, air and sea surfacetemperature, barometric pressureand buoy heading. Data receptionat NIO used the ARGOS SatelliteNetwork for model studies and seatruth validation programme.

Drifting buoys

During the year one standarddrifter was deployed as part of theDOD Sea Truth CollectionProgramme. Data over a 3 monthperiod was collected satisfactorily.The design is being modified(Fig. 30) to meet WOCEspecifications with a view toparticipate in the Indian OceanWOCE during 1994 and 1995.

Tide Gauge reference station

A National Reference Station fortide measurements was set up andcommissioned at the MarmugaoPort Trust as part of the SeaLevel Monitoring Programme ofthe Department of OceanDevelopment.

The behaviour of a pressuresensing tide gauge deployed in adynamic environment has beeninvestigated. Results ofinvestigations have shown that theeffective density of these watersplays a dominant role on theaccuracy of water level

measurements derived from apressure sensor.

In-water Spectro-radiometer

Further field tests of the spectro-radiometer developed earlier underan UNDP assisted project, weremade in April and May 1993 withthe objectives of using theinstrument as a validation probeof the to-be-launched SeaWiFS (SeaViewing Wide Field of ViewSensor) ocean colour sensor andfor the development of bio-opticalalgorithms of the Arabian Sea. Inthese field tests the radiometer

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Fig. 30. Schematic diagram of surface drifter.

Fig. 31. Experimental surface reflectance spectra at differentlocations of the Mandovi River. Depth at locations areshown in top left corner.

Fig. 32. Simulated vertical structure of the diffuse reflectance at,solar altitudes of 0. 45 and 90 degrees.

Fig. 33. Integrated data acquisition system for Sagar Sampada.

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was constrained to float just belowthe sea surface collecting upwelledand downwelled spectral irradiancein the visible region from 350 nmto 700 nm. The data was used toderive subsurface reflectancespectra (Fig. 31), a key opticalvariable that is directly related tothe water leaving radiance signalreaching the satellite sensor. Amodification to the presentspectrograph optics of theradiometer has been made so thatmeasurements in the ultravioletregion down to 250 nm arefeasible. A new smaller 'solidbody' spectrograph with internalreamed surfaces has beenfabricated with the view to makingthe radiometer a commerciallyviable product.

A Monte Carlo simulation of theinwater field for stratified oceanwaters has been developed andfully tested for different pigmentprofiles (Fig. 32). The results arein agreement with current bio-optical models. As an offshoot ofthe Monte Carlo simulation a novelScattering Meter has beenconceived using state-of-the-arttechnology and is being processedfor a patent application. Thedevice will be an important toolfor measuring the phase functionof different ocean water types.Funding for the implementation isbeing sought from DOD.

Integrated Data AcquisitionSystem

The Department of OceanDevelopment has funded thedevelopment of an Integrated DataAcquisition System (IDAS) forFORV Sagar Sampada. Preliminarymeetings have been held inconsultations with the Sagar

Sampada User Group to define thesystem configuration.

The Integrated Data AcquisitionSystem is being implemented in aWindows Environment to provide afriendly front end graphical userinterface. The system consists ofan ethernet network with fivededicated data acquisition nodes, a

centralized Novel Netware basedfile server, and a general purposeEDP computer (Fig. 33).Navigational, meteorological,bathymetric and physicaloceanographic data from variousequipment will be logged on thenetwork. Since the system isdesigned open ended, addition ordeletion of modes to suit changinguser requirements, will be anuncomplicated task.

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MarineArchaeologyDuring the year, archaeologicalexplorations were carried out bothon and offshore off Poompuhar,along sections of west coast ofIndia and Lakshadweep Islands.

Underwater explorations

Poompuhar

The analyses of data of earlierexplorations off Poompuhar (TamilNadu) revealed three brickstructures along the beach in theintertidal zone (Fig. 34). The oneexcavated near Kannagi statue,laying a trench upto 1.2 m had 11courses of vertically laid bricks.These bricks are assigned to 300BC - 300-400 AD (Sangam Period).The second square structure oflime and mortar bricks visibleduring low tide measured 2.3 m.and has been assigned to medievalperiod. The third brick structurelocated at the mouth of riverCauvery at about 1 m waterdepth, could be seen during lowestlowtide. From the brick structuresand ring wells in the intertidalzone at Poompuhar, it can be seenthat the present sea shore hasreceded from its position duringancient periods.

Karnataka coast

The onshore explorations ofKarwar, Ankola, Belekeri, Tadri,Gersoppa, Gundbal and Honnavarwere carried out during the year.The ancient port of Karwar isbelieved to have shifted from thebank of the river Kali to furthersouth of present Karwar due tosiltation. The potteries of LateMedieval period of Red ware werecollected from Sadashivghad, nearthe ancient port of Karwar. Theancient port of Gersoppa is located22 km further on the bank of theriver Sharavati. The prevalence ofriver navigational practices can beproved from the remains ofgodowns and ware-houses whichexisted on the bank of the riverSharavati at Gersoppa. Probablydue to siltation river nagivationcould not be continued. Theremains of Bastis of JainaChaturmukha, Parshwana-tha,Adinatha and other remains

42

provide evidence of humansettlements in that area during13th-14th century A.D. Honnavarwas also one of the busy ancientports and even presently animportant boat building centre.

Maharashtra coast

On Maharashtra coast the onshoreexplorations were carried out atSopara and Kalyan. Literary,epigraphic and archaeologicalevidences suggest that Sopara wasone of the flourishing ports on thewest coast during Ashokan Period(3rd century B.C.). It even hasbeen suggested that it may havebeen the Ophir of the Bible.Potsherds of early historical andMedieval period were collectedfrom Sopara mound. Presently themound is densely forested.

Fig. 34. Brick structure found along the intertidal zone of Poompuhar.

Shipwrecks

The onshore explorations ofLakshadweep revealed thepresence of significant pot sherdsof red ware, red polished ware,dull red ware, red and black wareand buff ware from Kavaratti,Androth and Amini. Two Buddha

heads (one 95 cm and the other55 cm high) carved out of locallyavailable coral rock found earlierby inhabitants of Androth, wereexamined and assigned to the 6th-7th century A.D. The presence ofred polish-ware suggests theearliest habitation on these islandsto be 100 to 500 AD.

Of the four shipwrecks located inLakshadweep waters one was atthe reef of Suheli Par (Fig. 35)and three at Minicoy. Part of thefirst wreck seems like a tank partlying on the reef along with sometyres, which may be a warshipbelonging to the 1st or 2nd worldwar.

Two shipwrecks explored by diverarchaeologists at water depth of4-15 m is about 100 m long. Inone of them the steam engine isintact with a 27 m long shaftattached between engine andpropeller blade. An anchor chainmore than 100 m long was alsoobserved at a depth of about 15m. In the other wreck the enginehas disintegrated, however twoboilers can be clearly noticed.

Fig. 35. Shipwrecks located in Lakshadweep waters.

43

Data, Informationand Scientific ServicesData aquisition anddisseminationData Acquisition: 317oceanographic stations data ofprimary production, chlorophyll,wave and CTD profiles have beenacquired along with 195 stationsof inventory information. Hourlywind data of 11 coastal stationsalong east and west coasts ofIndia were also acquired fromIMD, Pune. Apart from these, 4giga bytes of bathymetry data,magnetics, gravity and seismicshot-point navigation data andglobal Relief data (globaltopography and bathymetry) atvarious scales were acquired onCD-ROM. Gridwise weekly averageSST (AVHRR) data of 1980stations and SST, Met & Waveparameters data of 1180 stationsunder Seatruth data collectionprogramme were added to MARSISdata bases.

Data Base enhancement: TimeSeries and inventory data baseswere increased to 3152 stationswith the addition of 413 stations.Inventory information of datafrom 23 sponsored projects forcoastal and estuarine studies wereedited and a separate data basewas created. Data bases forzooplankton biomass and primaryproduction were augmented. Wavedata of 412 stations in analogform were digitised and appendedto wave data base. Under theMARSIS project, Nansen-cast, BT,CTD, wave, surface met, chemical,primary production, zoo-benthosand zoo-plankton data bases wereupdated using INGRES package.

Data Dissemination : Data recordsof 84,767 physical, 600 chemical,450 biological, 225 meteorologicaland 300 records of wave datawere disseminated to variousresearch organisations anduniversities in India.

Under MARSIS project remotesensing data on shore drift alongthe Karnataka and Kerala coastswere processed.

Eight computer software programswere developed for themanagement of variousoceanographic data bases.

44

Training

For internal staff

A Refresher course in diving wasconducted by the MarineArchaeology Centre from 23-30April. The course was conductedby Dr. C.G. Naik, Scientist who isalso a recognised Instructor of theProfessional Association of DivingInstructors (PADI). Besides severalscientific and technical staffmembers of the institute, threearchaeologists from ArchaeologicalSurvey of India also participated.

For outside agencies

Prof. Dipak Kanti Das. Universityof Engineering & Technology,Dhaka, Bangladesh visited ondeputation from 24 Sep. to 6 Oct.1993 for familiarisation with theongoing activities of the institutewith reference to global change,disaster preparedness andmanagement, etc. His visit wassponsored by Organisation ofCommonwealth Association.

Two Vietnamese scientists, Mr.Trang Phuong Dong and Mr.Nguyen Thiep were on trainingfrom 1-15 November, 1993, underthe Indo/IOC mutual assistanceprogram on installation of tidegauge at Quinhon station inVietnam.

At the request of the Ministry ofEnvironment & Forest, New Delhi,a training programme in coastalzone management for 21 Indianforest service officers wasorganised from 22-26 November,1993. The programme was tofamiliarise people in-service on theimportance of coastal zoneresources monitoring, assessmentand conservation. The courseincluded application of remotesensing; coastal environment andarea planning; intertidal ecologyand mangrove ecosystems, sanddune vegetation; instrumentationfor coastal zone management; database management; coastalaquaculture; marine biospherereserves; and manpower resourcesand training aspects.

Eleven trainee sailors of NavalHydrographic School, Vasco, weregiven general exposure in oceano-graphy with special emphasis onresearch activities of the institute.Lectures on salinometers,spectrocalorimeters, geophysicalsurvey and profilers were alsoorganised on 2.3.1994.

LibraryDuring the year 119 books and290 technical reports were addedraising the holdings to 21953 and6500 respectively.

The literature search facility onASFA CD-ROM was continued. Thetotal number of searches madeduring the year was 943 (Fig 36).Computer searches for books wasalso started.

The library also continued tofunction as the Indian NationalASFIS Centre. BibliographicInformation on 840 documentswas transferred to the nodalagency for inclusion in the ASFAdata base.

Computer facilityComputer Centre continued itssupport services to the staff.Major simulation studies on ocean-modelling, air-sea interaction(Indo-USSR), and circulation werealso supported by this centre.Several customer tailoredsoftwares were developed.

Public relationBesides bringing out the variouspublications viz. Annual Report,NIO Bulletin, Technical and CruiseReports. Various technical andgeneral queries also were attendedto during the year.

The Institute observed an 'OpenDay' to commemorate the CSIRFoundation Day on 26 September,1993. Films on ocean researchwere screened and science quizand essay competitions were

4S

organised for school children onthis day. As part of the birthcentenary celebration of founderDirector General of CSIR, late Dr.Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, a photoexhibition portraying his life andworks was arranged in theinstitute by NISTADS, New Delhi.

Fig. 36. Subjectwise searches made on ASFA CD-ROM.

BilateralProgrammesIndo-US

Determination of theenvironmental, biological andbiochemical parameters thatcontrol macrofouling of surfaces inIndian waters

Macrofouling communitydevelopment in tropical waters isan year round phenomenon, withthe exception of localities whichare influenced by seasonalvariation in fresh water run-off,mainly during monsoon season. Inorder to evaluate the role ofenvironment on the developmentof macrofouling community at alocality which is not influenced byfresh water run-off, a coastalstation located at New MangalorePort was monitored. Polychaetes,sessile barnacles, bivalve molluscs,bryozoans and ascidians werefound to be the important groupsof the fouling assemblage at thislocality. Prevalence of polychaeteand cirrepede larvae throughoutthe year was noticed. Thoughbivalve larvae were present in theplanktonic hauls throughout theyear they were not proportionatelyrepresented in the macrofoulingcommunity. Bryozoan and ascidianlarvae, inspite of being sparselypresent, indicated a bettercorrelation with recruitment tomacrofouling community.

Studies on antifouling propertiesof selected bioactive substancesfrom marine organisms of theIndian Ocean

Present antifouling technologydepends to a large extent on toxicbiocides. It is desirable to movetowards developing environmentalfriendly methods. In pursuit ofidentifying antifouling substanceswhich are non-polluting, somepotential marine organisms arebeing screened. Crude methanolextracts of sea cucumberHolothuria leuoospilota, marinesponge Craniella sp. and Irciniaramosa were tested for theirinhibitory effects on the growth ofmarine diatoms (Naviculasubinflata and N. crucicula) (Fig.37). Among these I. ramosaexhibited the maximum inhibitoryeffect. Elucidation of the temporalvariation in its inhibitory activity

46

Fig. 38. Effect of different cryoprotectants on the metamorphosis of Balanus sp.

Fig. 37. Effect of methanol extracts of Craniella sp., Holothuria leucospilota and Irciniaramosa on the growth of Navicula sp.

indicated an increase duringwarmer months.

Antifouling assays require asteady supply of the larvae offouling organisms and it is notviable to source this from the wildbecause of seasonal variations.Development of a cryobank of thelarvae of fouling organisms can

help in overcoming this limitation.Such an effort has been initiatedand the possibility of usingcryopreservation technique forBalanus amphitrite nauplii wasexplored. The effect of differentcryoprotectants (methanol,ethylene glycol, di-methylsulphoxide and glycerol), coolingrates, influence of holding

temperature on post-thaw survivaland metamorphosis have beencarried out (Fig. 38). Furtherinvestigations are in progress.

Indo-German

Quaternary upwelling and climatein the Arabian Sea related tomonsoon

The main objective of the Indo-German programme is to assessthe role of the monsoons inmodulating oceanic biogeochemicalprocesses. Specifically the projectaims to quantify the flux ofmaterials to the interior of theocean by using moored sedimenttraps at selected locations in theArabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.Sediment traps were first deployedin May 1986 in the Arabian Seaand in November 1987 in the Bayof Bengal. Since then the sedimenttraps have been retrieved,refurbished and redeployed atleast once a year.

This year too the main objectivesof the Indo-German programmewere to recover and redeploy thesediment traps in the northernIndian Ocean. For this a cruise ofthe German research vessel RVSonne (Cruise SO 91) wasorganised in October-November1993. All sediment traps wereretrieved and redeployedsuccessfully. At present there are7 moorings with 16 sedimenttraps in the northern IndianOcean.

Results of the ongoing sedimenttraps study show that interannualvariability of particle fluxes in thenorthern Indian Ocean rangebetween 3.4 to 21% of totalannual fluxes. Maximumvariability was in the central Bayof Bengal (21%) while thenorthern Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea showed a variabilitybetween 17.2 and 18.8%.

In the western and centralArabian Sea, interannualvariability of particle fluxesresulted mostly due to variationsduring the SW monsoon period. Atthese sites, variations in monsoonintensity can be correlated withparticle fluxes. 1986, 1987 and1991 were the years of weakmonsoons with a monsoon indexof -12, -19 and -4 respectivelywhile the years 1988 and 1989

and 1990 had above averagerainfall with monsoon indexvalues of +16, +1 and +8respectively. Total annual fluxesmeasured in the western andcentral Arabian Sea during 1986and 1987 were much lowercompared to those measuredduring 1988 and 1990. However,fluxes measured in the westernArabian Sea during 1991, a weakmonsoon year, were only slightlyless than those measured during1988, a strong monsoon year.This may be partly due to the factthat there is a northward shift inthe area of maximum windstressduring a strong monsoon year.

Another factor affecting annualparticle fluxes is the duration ofthe SW monsoon. Normal onsetand retreat dates for the SWmonsoons over 15°N Lat. in theArabian Sea are 5th June and 1stOctober respectively. The highestannual flux recorded during thestudy period in the westernArabian Sea is during 1990. Inthis year the monsoon set in by20th May and lasted till 15thOctober, a total of 148 dayscompared to a normal of 119days. Fluxes recorded in theeastern Arabian Sea during theSW monsoon of 1990 were alsocomparatively higher.

Since seasonality of particle fluxesin the Bay of Bengal are related toriver discharge it is reasonable toexpect that interannual variabilitywill also be related to the intensityof the monsoon. In the northernBay of Bengal annual flux data isavailable for the years 1988,1989, 1991 and 1992. MonsoonIndex during 1988 and 1989 werepositive and negative during 1991and 1992. Annual fluxes alsoshowed a similar pattern, beinghigh during 1988 and 1989 andcomparatively low during 1991and 1992.

In the central Bay of Bengal thereseems to be no direct relationbetween annual fluxes andmonsoon strength. Fluxes during1990 and 1991 are similar inspiteof 1990 being a good monsoonyear and 1991 being a poormonsoon. Most of the variability isbetween August and November. In1988 fluxes during October andNovember accounted for 13.3% ofthe annual fluxes while in 1990they accounted for 34.4% of theannual fluxes. Factors controllinginterannual variability of particle

fluxes here is not very clear butmay be dependant among otherfactors on circulation pattern andwestern boundary current,direction of southerly flow of thefreshwater plume and lateraladvection of material from coastalupwelling areas, and number oftropical cyclones during the lateSW monsoon and post-SW monsoonperiod.

In the southern Bay of Bengaldata available for two years showsimilar fluxes although monsoonintensity varied considerablyduring these years. According toHaake etc al , (1993) particlefluxes here may be related tonorthward movement of the InterTropical Convergence Zone, whichmigrates from 5°S Lat. inFebruary to 15°N Lat. in July.

47

Appendix I

Contract ResearchProjects

During the year the external cash flow from contract research projects was Rs. 538.855 lakhs, a measurable rise ofRs. 138.249 lakhs over last year's cashflow. We took up 21 sponsored, 5 grant-in-aid and 6 consultancy projects, besides8 projects which were taken up earlier. Most of the projects were environmental impact assessment. Work on 12 projectsinitiated in previous years was completed and reports submitted to the sponsors.

A. Sponsored projects

New

Title Sponsors Cost(Rs. in lakhs)

• Directional wave measurement off Navinalnear Mundra during the southwest monsoonperiod.

• Bathymetric & Geophysical studies for effluentdisposal pipeline off Gandher (Dahej) in theGulf of Cambay.

• Marine environmental impact assessment.

• Rapid marine environmental impactassessment for the Refinery Complex at MotiKhavdi, Gujarat.

• Environmental studies off Positra.

• Site selection for SBM and Jetty.

• Marine environmental impact assessment ofcoastal water of Thal (Alibag) in relation torelease of waste water from a fertilizer industry.

• Survey of potential sites for mangroveafforestation along the coast of Sindhudurgdistrict, Maharashtra.

• Characteristics of existing Chilka Lake inletmouth.

• Wind studies at Gopalpur Port, Orissa.

• Wave studies at Gopalpur Port, Orissa.

• Coastal oceanographic studies off Mangalorefor liquid effluent discharge of JESCO SteelPlant.

• Feasibility studies for establishing anOceanarium near Madras.

• Movement of disposed dredged sediment atKavaratti Island.

• Monitoring of environmental conditions atAndroth and Kalpeni Islands (Lakshadweep).

• Oceanographic & environmental study inAndaman Sea for locating offshore fishfarm.

• Identification of safe zones for swimmers alongthe Goa beaches.

• Current characteristics off Mormugao.

• Studies on microfouling in relation to physico-chemical, biological and biochemicalparameters.

48

M/s Adani Chem. Ltd.Ahmedabad

Indian Petro-chem. Corpn. Ltd.Gujarat

- do -

Reliance Group of Industries

Tata Chem. Ltd., Mithapur

ESSAR, Bombay

Rashtriya Chem. & Pertz,Nagothane

Govt. of Maharashtra

Chilka Develop. Authority,Govt. of Orissa

Gopalpur Port, Orissa

- do -

JESCO, Bangalore

Govt. of Tamil Nadu

Andaman LakshadweepHarbour Works, Port Blair

Lakshadweep Harbour Works

M/s Cast Consultants, Cochin

Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of Goa

Fomento Resorts & Hotels. Ltd.,Goa

Indo-US

4.94

24.00

20.21

8.54

23.73

43.39

14.00

0.70

1.50

4.44

19.30

19.58

1.64

3.50

6.80

5.30

3.50

1.17

19.84

49

Title

• Comparative physiology of temperate andtropical marine wood-borers.

• Role of exo-polysaccharides in particlesedimentation

B. Consultancy Projects

New

• Current characteristics off Tuticorin.

• Evaluation of chemical and biological quality ofthe marine environs off Ennore (Madras) fordisposal of effluents from Tamil NaduPetroproducts Ltd.

• Preliminary technical feasibility of portconstructions of Gangavaram assessment ofdepth of hard strata below sea bed level.

• Release of waste water in Amba estuary.

• Method of replenishment & stability ofVainguinim beach, Goa.

• Initial marine environmental examination of theRefinery Complex at Moti Khavdi, Gujarat.

C. Grant-in-aid projects

New

• Integrated Data Acquisition System for SagarSampada.

• Development of potential drugs from the ocean

• Sea level variability in the coastal region of India.

• Investigation of the air-sea coupling over thewarm pool in the Bay of Bengal & its role insummer monsoon circulation.

• Training and joint marine archaeologicalexplorations at Dwaraka and Somnath.

Ongoing projects

• Ocean-atmosphere studies in relation to upperocean dynamics and marine atmosphericboundary layer over the head of Bay of Bengalduring southwest monsoon.

• Monitoring of thermal structure in Indian Oceanalong Bombay- Mauritius shipping route.

• Tidal circulation in the Mandovi-Zuari estuarinesystem.

• Distribution of foraminifera in surface andsubsurface sediments from shelf region of thewest coast of India: Assessment of paleoclimates.

• Joint global ocean flux studies — biologicalprogramme

• Application of natural and recombinant micro-organisms to biosurfactant production, oil spilldegradation and pollution control.

• Marine biotechnology information — distributionsub-centres

Sponsors

Indo-US

- do -

Mitech Engg. Pvt. Ltd., Madras

M/s Tamil Nadu Petroprod. Ltd.,Madras

Visakhapatnam Port Trust,Visakhapatnam

Supreme Petrochem Ltd.,Bombay

Fomento Resorts & Hotels Ltd.,Goa

Reliance Group of Industries,Bombay

Dept. of Ocean Develop.,New Delhi

- do -

- do -

- do -

Birla Archaeol. Res. Institute,Hyderabad

Dept. of Sci. & Tech., New Delhi

- do -

Dept. of Ocean Develop.,New Delhi

Council of Sci. and Industr. Res.(Young Scientist Project)

- do -

Dept. of Biotech., Govt. of India,New Delhi

- do -

Cost(Rs. in lakhs)

18.80

19.53

0.53

5.80

0.64

2.02

0.69

2.50

22.00

48.46

40.10

5.68

5.00

Title

• Demonstration/transfer of technology of floatingcage culture of finfishes in Goa waters

• Development of Marine Remote SensingInformation System

• Coastal Ocean Monitoring and PredictionSystem (COMAPS).

• Toxicology of petroleum hydrocarbons in marineecosystems, marine food chain and marine livingresources.

• Transfer of technology and pilot scaledemonstration of floating cage culture

Completed

• Evaluation of chemical and biological quality inthe marine environs off Ennore (Madras) forpossible disposal of effluents from Tamil NaduPetroproducts Ltd., Madras through existingsubmarine pipeline.

• Resource potential of juvenile marine prawns inthe estuaries of Goa.

• Environmental impact analysis and assessmentof prevailing pollution in the Mormugao Portand suggestions for measures for improvement.

• Directional wave measurements off Navinal, Gulfof Kachchh during southwest monsoon 1993.

• Current, wave and tide studies off Navinal,near Mundra, Gulf of Kachchh.

• Seabed surveys off Navinal Point near Mundra,Gujarat

• Environmental impact assessment of deepeningthe navigational channels in Cochin harbourarea.

• Environmental and oceanographic studies offMangalore for effluent disposal from JESCOsteel plant.

• Measurement and analysis of tides at Gopalpur.

• Toxicology of petroleum hydrocarbons in marineecosystems, marine food chain and marineliving resources

• Marine pollution monitoring and modelling.

Sponsors

Dept. of Biotech., Govt. of India,New Delhi

Dept. of Ocean Develop.,New Delhi

Dept. of Ocean Develop.,New Delhi

Dept. of Environment,New Delhi.

Govt. of Goa

M/s Tamil Nadu PetroproductsLtd., Madras

Dept. of Sci. Tech. and Environ.,Govt. of Goa

Mormugao Port Trust, Mormugao

Adani Chem., Ahmedabad.

Adani Exports Ltd., Ahmedabad

M/s STUP Consultants/AdaniExports Plan, Bombay

Cochin Port Trust, Cochin

M/s. Jayaprakash Engg. SteelCorpor., New Delhi

Gopalpur Port, Gopalpur, Orissa

Min. of Environ. & Forests, Govt. ofIndia, New Delhi

Dept. of Ocean Develop.,New Delhi

50

Appendix n

CruiseProgrammes

Internal participation

Cruise Dates Chief Scientist Area Objectives ParticipantsNo. (Port - from/to) from other

organisations

R V Gaveshani

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

23.4.-12.5.93

7.7.-28.7.93

8.8.-3.9.93

30.9.-9.10.93

12.10.-16.10.93

29.10.-10.11.93

18.11.-28.11.93

2.12.-20.12.93

28.12.-20.1.94

29.1.-14.2.94

23.2.-15.3.94

V.T. Paulinose(Cochin-Madras)

D.P. Rao(Visakhapatnam)

D.P. Rao(Visakhapatnam-Cochin)

N.B. Bhosle(Mormugao)

Y.V.B. Sarma(Mormugao)

Z.A. Ansari(Mormugao)

S.C. Goswami(Mormugao)

M.K. Anthony(Mormugao)

M. Veerayya(Mormugao)

K.H. Vora(Mormugao)

N.B. Bhosle(Mormugao)

Central IndianOcean Basin

-do-

Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

Off Goa

Atolls ofLakshadweep

Arabian Sea

West coast of India

Central westerncontinentalmargin of India

Lakshadweep

West coast of India

Bulk sampling of polymetallicnodules and collection ofenvironmental data in thepioneer area.

To study the watermass and heattransport across the central Bayof Bengal.

To study river runoffs heatbudget and transport watermassstructure and nutrient distributionalong 88°E.

To assess variation inmicrofouling and developmolecular biomarkers.

To collect sea truth data onsurface and internal wavescoinciding with ERS-1 satellitepass over the region.

Biological studies of atolls ofLakshadweep and survey of thesubmerged bank at Lat.l2°50'N& Long.71°32'E.

To study the aspects ofmicrofouling corrosionmicrobiology and zooplankton inthe continental shelf.

To study the process ofdownwelling during the postmonsoon season.

To collect bathymetry andseismic data.

To trace evidences of the earlyhistory of Lakshadweep groupof islands and preliminaryoffshore survey for ship wrecks.

As of cruise 236.

2

4

5

1

5

2

51

82

Cruise Dates Chief Scientist Area Objectives ParticipantsNo. (Port - from/to) from other

organisations

ORV Sagar Kanya

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89A

89

90

17.3.-22.4.93

27.4.-15.5.93

5.7.-1.8.93

6.8.-20.8.93

26.8.-7.9.93

10.9.-22.9.93

11.10.-9.11.93

4.12.-7.12.93

14.12.-21.1.94

22.1.-11.3.94

M.V. Ramana(Mormugao)

S. Prasanna Kumar(Mormugao)

V.K. Banakar(Mormugao-Cochin)

P.S. Rao(Cochin-Mormugao)

L.V.G. Rao(Mormugao)

M. Madhupratap(Mormugao)

M.S.S. Sarma(Mormugao)

Ch. M. Rao(Bombay-Goa)

Ch. M. Rao(Mormugao-Madras)

C.S. Murty(Madras)

Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

Vema FractureZone in the IndianOcean

Central IndianBasin

Southern ArabianSea & equatorialIndian Ocean

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Off Ratnagiri

WesternContinental shelfAndaman Sea

Eastern IndianOcean

To collect magnetic data foridentification of mesozoicmagnetic anomalies of (M11-MO) and gravity data forestimation of sedimentoverburden in the Bay of Bengal.

To carry out acoustictransmission/tomographyexperiment by mooringtransceiver systems along12.5°N Lat.

Geological and geophysicalstudies to understand the ridgesegmentation processes and todelineate the morphometricfeatures. To understand variousmineralisation processes relatedto hydro-thermal activity in thevicinity of active transform fault.

Test cruise for collection ofnodules.

To deploy multiparameterdrifting buoys for seatruth datacollection.

To collect CTD data at intervalsof 1°

To collect temperature/salinitydata under Indian TOGAprogramme, conduct synopticstudies for internal wave studies,collect sea truth data forvalidation of satellite data and todeploy a drifting buoy.

Test cruise for coring.

To explore the occurrence ofphosphorites on the bank ofQuilon and the structure andtectonics of the Andaman Seaand hydro-thermal activity inthe Andaman Basin.

To collect data on the thermaland saline structure of theocean water column along twoacoustic paths connecting theIndian shores to Point CapeLeeuwin SW Australia.

5

4

4

2

9

1

53

Participation of other organizations

R V Gaveshani

Cr. 234 - V.S. Prasad (NRSA, Hyderabad), R. Raghuprakash (Andhra University, Waltair)

Cr. 235 - Ch. Chinasatyanarayana, A. Venkateswara Rao, P. Yedukondala Rao andB.V. Shyam Prasad (Andhra University, Waltair)

Cr. 238 - S.C. Pathak (Jabalpur Univ., Jabalpur), P.K. Saraswati (IIT, Bombay), C.U. RivonkarMeenal Sawant & Aparna Patankar (Goa Univ., Goa)

Cr. 240 - B. Prasad Kumar (Kurukshetra Univ., Haryana)

Cr. 242 - B.B. Chaugule & Peter D'Souza (Poona Univ., Pune), Vijendra Patil, Ram Yadhav &Kamruddin Saikh (Education Media Research Centre, Pune)

Cr. 242 - Manish Bharadwaj & Neil Fernandes (Goa Univ., Goa)

ORV Sagar Kanya

Cr. 82 - C. Subrahmanyam & Thyagarajan (NGRI, Hyderabad), T.K.S. Prakasa Rao& M. Subrahmanyam (Andhra Univ., Waltair), Satyajit Biswas (Jadavpur Univ., Calcutta).

Cr. 83 - B.L.K. Somayajulu, J.P. Bhavasar & Ravi Bhushan (PRL, Ahmedabad)R. Mahadevan (IIT, Madras)

Cr. 84 - C. Subrahmanyam (NGRI, Hyderabad), L. Elango & S. Sanjeevi(Anna Univ., Madras), H. Wagle (CMC)

Cr. 87 - Shyam Lal (PRL, Ahmedabad), Tadashi Yoshinari (USA)

Cr. 88 - R.C. Gupta, D. Joardar, K. Nayak, M.G. Yadav, M.V. Guhan &H.R. Mahayan (IMD), P. Sitaramayya (HTM, Pune), Jane Mitra & S. Santosh(Andhra Univ., Waltair)

Cr. 89 - T. Malwankar (CMC, Goa)

Appendix III

Seminar /Workshops/Lectures Organised

Workshops• The first national workshop on

Databases and Networking inMarine Biology was held at theinstitute under the sponsorship ofthe Department of Biotechnology(DBT). This 5-day workshop whichcommenced on 9 March, wasattended by twenty members fromresearch and academicinstitutions concerned with marinebiology.

The workshop included lectures,demonstrations and reviews oncomputerisation in marinebiology, importance ofbibliographic & numeric databases,use of multimedia techniques,ERNET, NICNET and INTERNETfacilities.

• A workshop on "Traditional BoatBuilding Technology in India asPractised Today" was organisedjointly by the Society for MarineArchaeology and MarineArchaeology Centre of the instituteduring 29-30 June. Delegates fromKuvempu, Tamil, Mysore andCalicut Universities, DeccanCollege, Pune, ArchaeologicalSurvey of India and NIO attended.

• A two day national seminar on"Environmental ManagementPolicies for Indian ExclusiveEconomic Zone" was held from 20-21 January, sponsored by CSIR,

DOD, DST and British HighCommission.

• A Group discussion and technicalsession on Monsoon and TropicalClimate (MONTCLIM) sponsored bythe Department of Science andTechnology, Govt. of India wasorganised during 6-8 December,under the DST project TOGA-I andMONTBLEX.

• A familiarization course onMangrove Ecosystem, Afforestation& Aquaculture Techniques forForest Rangers sponsored by theGovt. of Maharashtra wasconducted during 20-22 December.

Special lectures4 May

Oceanographic and fisheries researchin Egypt by Dr. A.K. Hamza,Scientist, Egypt.

17 Aug.

Bioinformatics in Protein Research byProf. A.S. Kolaskar, Dept. of Zoology& Biotechnology, Poona University,Pune.

9 Sept.

Probable areas for Reliance/NIO JointProgrammes by Shri B.S.J. Swamy,Dy. General Manager, RelianceIndustries Ltd. Bombay.

29 Sept.

Some aspects of bio-chemistry andphysiology of marine algae by Prof.David Chapman, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles, USA

17 Dec.

Composition and molecular architectureof phospholipid membranes inrelation to thermal adaption by Dr.Tibor Farkas, Dy. Director, Instituteof Biochemistry, Biological ResearchCentre, Hungary Academy ofSciences, Hungary.

30 Dec.

Metamorphosis and Vitellogenesis byDr. J.R. Tata, FRS, NationalInstitute of Medical Research,London, U.K.

30 July

The following lectures were organisedunder the sponsorship ofDepartment of Biotechnology forschool/college/ research students :

Aquaculture/Seafarming by Dr. A.H.Parulekar, NIO, Goa.

Food production and biotechnology byDr. D. Chandramohan, NIO, Goa.

10 Sept.

Hybridoma and biotechnology by Dr.U.M.X. Sangodkar, Goa University,Goa.

54

88

Appendix IV

Awards &Honours

Dr. J.P. Royan

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi

Dr. Rajiv Nigam -

Dr. R. Mukhopadhyay -

Shri R.A. Sreepada

Ph.D

INDAQUA award from MPEDA (Ministry of Commerce) in appreciation to his contribution toAquaculture (Artemia culture)

MAAS Young Scientist Award in Physical Sciences (1991-92).

"National Mineral Award" (1991- 92) instituted by the Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India for hiscontribution in Geology (fundamental aspects) and Vigyan Prabha Award (1992) by K.P.Memorial Trust, Lucknow for outstanding contribution in science.

Asiatic Society Medal for significant contributions in the field of Economic Geology.

External Examiners Prize (1992-1993) for the best thesis by the Institute of Aquaculture,University of Stirling, UK.

Title of the thesis University Guide

1993

Shri R. Banerjee

Shri V.N. Kodagali

Shri C. Mohandas

1994

Shri R. Vijayakumar

Smt. L. D'Souza

Bulk chemical compositions,primary growth patterns andpost-depositional changes offerro-manganese nodules fromdifferent sediment provinces ofthe Central Indian Basin, IndianOcean.

Geomorphology of the CentralIndian Basin and influence oftopography on distribution ofpolymetallic nodules

Studies on immobilization ofbacteria

Ecology and biology of horse-shoe crab of the Indian coast

Chemistry of marine naturalproducts

Jadavpur University,Calcutta

Goa University, Goa

Cochin University ofScience &Technology, Cochin

Karnataka UniversityDharwad

Goa University, Goa

Shri R.R. Nair, NIO, Goa &Prof. Supriya Roy, JadavpurUniv. Calcutta

Shri R.R. NairNIO, Goa

Dr. M. Chandrasekar,Cochin Univ. of Sci. &Technol., Cochin

Dr. A.H. ParulekarNIO, Goa

Dr. S.Y. Kamat,NIO, Goa

Appendix V

DeputationsAbroad

Country Duration Purposevisited

Meetings

Dr. B.U. Nayak

Dr. C.S. Murty

Dr. A.G. Untawale

Shri M.R. Nayak

Dr. B.N. Desai

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi

Mauritius

Australia

France

Japan

Australia

Geneva

Costa Rica

Germany

USA

Sri Lanka

20-30 Apr.

3-10 May

20-22 Jun.

27 Jun.-4 Jul.

2-17 Aug.

1-3 Sept.

7-10 Dec.

8-14 Mar.

3-9 Dec.

14-17 Feb.

Under ITEC programme

End Pre-ATOC (Acoustic Thermometry of OceanClimate) Meet, sponsored by ATOC, San Diego, USA.at CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania as a part of the Southern Hemispherestudy.

ATOC Meeting sponsored by SCOR/WG 96 (Scientific Committee onOcean Research/World Group) held at IFREMER.

(i) End General Assembly of the International Society forMangrove(ii) Ecosystem VII Pacific Science Inter Congress and(iii) UNEP/UNESCO Task Force Meet on Impact of Expected

Climate Change on Mangroves.

Under CSIR-DITAC Agreement.

First Planning Meeting of IPCC.GOOS Meeting on Module for monitoring andassessment of living resources.

Tripartite Meeting at the University of Hamburg to discuss theCo-ordination and Future Plans of JGOFS Arabian Sea Programmeof India, Germany and USA.

First meeting of the JGOFS/IGAC Task Team for BiogeochemicalOcean-Atmosphere Interaction.

First regional planning meeting of START.

Workshop on Management and operation of marine research andsurvey vessels.

Vth International Conference on Copepoda at University ofMaryland.

SCOPE/UNEP workshop on Particle Flux in the Ocean.

I0C-UNEP-WM0-SAREC Planning workshop on anintegrated approach to coastal erosion, sea levelchanges and their impacts, at the Institute of Marine Sciences.

To identify the site for Mangrove Germplasm Preservationand to participate in the Symposium on 'Mangroves'.

Workshops/Conferences

Dr. A.B. Wagh

Dr. M. Madhupratap

Dr. B.N. Desai andShri R.R. Nair

Dr. S.R. Shetye

Dr. A.G. Untawale

Seychelles

USA

Germany

Tanzania

Cameroon &Senegal

26 Apr.-4 May

6-12 Jun.

18-24 Aug.

17-21 Jan.

20 Apr.-4 May

56

Country Duration Purposevisited

Training

Shri V. Subramaniam

Dr. V.N. Kodagali &Shri G. Ranade

Shri R. Venkatesan

Dr. P.V. Narvekar

Dr. M.R. RameshKumar

Shri V. Ramesh Babu

USA

Germany

Germany

U.K.

U.K.

U.K.

18-24 May

22-27 Nov.

15 Dec-12 Jan.

21 Mar.(6 months)

28 Mar.(1 year)

30 Mar.(6 months)

Operation and maintenance of profiling ultra-violetradiometer at M/s Biospherical Instruments Inc.

Training on Hydromap and Hydrosweep softwaremodifications at the Atlas Electronic, Bremen.

To study hydrodynamic effect on moored sediment trapsampler under Indo-German collaborative programme.

Technical co-operative training programme on "ClimateChange" under British Govt. at the School of OceanScience, University of Wales.

Technical co-operative training programme on "ClimateChange" under British Govt. at University of Bristol.

Technical co-operative training programme on "ClimateChange" under British Govt. at the Institute of MarineStudies, University of Plymouth.

Presentation of Papers/Invited Lecture

Dr. M.R. RameshKumar

Shri J.S. Sarupria

Consultancy

Dr. J.P. Royan

Japan

China

Jamaica

11-23 July

6-13 Mar.

31 May, 93(1 year)

IAMAP-IAHS Conference; presented a paper on"Precipitablewater from NIMBUS-7 SMMR data — a case study".

Regional workshop on Global Ocean Data Archaeologyand Rescue (GODAR) organised by IOC/UNESCO;presented a paper entitled "Management of BiologicalOceanographic Databases".

As a consultant to SRC of Jamaica on the Artemiaprojectunder ITEC programme of Govt. of India.

Cruise participation on board foreign vessels

Shri D. Sundar —

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi USA

Shri V.V. Mauritius

Gopalakrishna

Dr. P.A. Lokabharathi Antarctica

Shri V.V. MauritiusGopalakrishna &Shri V.B. Gawas

3-27 Aug.

6-23 Aug.

4-22 Sept.

Dec-April

6-28, Feb.

Cruise S089 of F.S. Sonne organised by Kiel University,Germany.

Cruise of R.V. Barnes organised by the University ofWashington.

Vth TOGA-XBT voyage.

XIII Antarctic Expedition.

VIth TOGA, XBT voyage on board MV Hex.

57

88

Country Duration Purposevisited

Fellowships

Shri Rahul Sharma

Dr. R. Banerjee

Dr. B. Chakraborty

Dr. M. Madhupratap

Dr.(Mrs.) U. Goswami

Japan

Japan

Germany

Germany

Ireland

19 Mar.-19 Dec.

Sept.(6 months)

Jan.(1 year)

16 Mar.(6 months)

29 Mar.(6 months)

At the National Institute for Resources and Environment (NIRE),Tsukuba, Ibaraki.

As visiting scientist to the University of Hokkido.

CEC Post-Doctoral Fellowship offered by DST at theAlfred Wegner Institute for Polar Research, Germany.

CEC Post-Doctoral Fellowship offered by DST at theUniversity of Kiel.

CEC Post-Doctoral Fellowship offered by DST at the NationalUniversity of Ireland.

Appendix VI

Visitors

• A High Level Russian delegation ledby Deputy Prime Minister &President of Russian Academy ofSciences, Academician Juri S.Osipov visited on 3 and 4November, 1993. The visit was toreview the various ongoing bilateralprogrammes in Science &Technology particularly inoceanology and monsoon circulation.The institute has been activelyinvolved in various Indo-Russiancollaboration programmes co-ordinated by the Department ofScience & Technology and Council ofScientific & Industrial Research.New Delhi. Other members of thedelegation included Academician G.I.Marchuk, Co-Chairman, ILTP JointCouncil. Prof. I.M. Bortnik, Dy.Minister of Science. TechnologyPolicy and Prof. A.S. Sarkisyan.Academician Osiopov. whileappraising the staff of the Instituteof working of Institute in Russia,traced back the history of theRussian Academy of Sciences. Heindicated that despite politicalchanges in his country, the 270years old Academy of Sciencescontinue to perform its tasks. Heexpressed happiness over theprogress made in the collaborativeresearch programmes particularly inocean-atmosphere interactionsstudies. Academician Marchuk, whoheaded a similar delegation wayback in 1987. indicated that thehuge amount of data collected byIndia on Indian Ocean region hasproved very useful in model studies.

Fig 40. Dr. B.N. Desai. Director. NIO appraising Dr. Kullenberg on Institute's activities.

• Dr. Gunnar Kullenberg, Secretary,Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission (IOC), Paris visited theinstitute during 1-2 December 1993.His visit was to explore thepossibilities of future co-operation inIOC sponsored programmes. Hevisited all the departments and

acquainted himself with theactivities of the Institute. He alsodelivered a talk on the activities ofIOC.

• 29th June(and again on 24 January)Dr. B. Zahuranec, Office of NavalResearch, USA and Mr. S. K. Dutt.US Embassy, New Delhi under PL-480 Project.

• 14-17 July

Shri Parmesh Dwivedi, ComputerServices Division, NODC, USA toexplore the possibilities of dataexchange and collaborativeprogrammes between NODC, USAand INODC, India.

• 18-27 July

Dr. C. R. Murthy from the NationalWater Research Institute. Canadavisited under UNDP/TOKTENProgramme.

• 17 August

Dr. H. K. Arora, Director,Department of Biotechnology. Govt.of India, New Delhi and Prof. AshokS. Kolaskar, Prof. & Head, Zoology& Biotechnology, PoonaUniversity, Pune in connection withBioinformatics and MarineBiotechnology.Fig 39. Dr. A.H. Parulekar highlighting biological activities to the Russian delegation.

59

60

• 26 November

Dr. J. Markussen, Scientist, Norwayto discuss the Indo-NorwegianCollaboration in marine sciences andmanganese nodule mining technologydevelopment.

• 15-20 December

Dr. Tibor Farakas, Deputy Director,Institute of Biochemistry, BiologicalResearch Centre, HungarianAcademy of sciences ScizealHungary under INSA-Hungaryscientific collaboration.

• 16-17 January

Dr. Roy, Scientist, CGCRI,Calcutta to explore collaboration fortesting the wear resistantceramic coating developed at CGCRIfor its effectiveness in the marineenvironment.

• 3 1 JanuaryMs. Sripa Pietiteainem, Minister ofEnvironment, Finland.

• 25 February

Dr. Lenny K. Saith, Minister ofPlanning and Development ofTrinidade & Tobago.

• 21-22 March

Mr. M. G. Hadfield, University ofHawaii and Dr. Dan Rittschof, DukeUniversity, USA.

• 23 March

Shri S. K. Chatterjee, Member,Atomic Energy Commission (Govt. ofIndia) & Managing Director and ShriA. S. Warudkar, Engineer SG (Civil),Nuclear Power Corporation.

Appendix VII

Manpower & Budget

ManpowerThe staff as on 31 March, 1994totalled 656. This consisted of 220scientific, 283 technical and 153administrative. During the year 4employees retired, 2 resigned and 3passed away.

61

BudgetConsolidated budget (1993-94) wasRs. 981.211 lakhs of which 39% wenttowards salaries. Exterenal cashflow wasRs. 538.85 lakhs

Non-plan Plan Total

Recurring (A) 466.974. 390.750 857.724Capital (B) 15.000 108.487 123.487

Total 981.211

68

• Papers in referredjournals

Achuthankutty, C.T. S.R. SreekumaranNair & L. Krishnakumari, 1993.Growth of juvenile shrimpMetapenaeus monoceros fed withsquid and mussel. Indian J. mar.Sci. 22 : 283-286.

Ansari, Z.A. and A.H. Parulekar, 1993.Distribution, abundance and ecologyof the meiofauna in a tropicalestuary along the west coast ofIndia. Hydrobiologia. 262 : 115-126.

Ansari, Z.A., R.A. Sreepada, S.G.P.Matondkar and A.H. Parulekar,1993. Meiofauna stratification inrelation to microbial food in atropical mangrove mud flat. TropicalEcology. 34(2) : 63-75.

Ansari, Z.A. and A.H. Parulekar, 1994.Ecological energetics of benthiccommunities of an estuarine systemof the west coast of India. Proc.Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. B60: 99-106.

Antony. M.K. and S.S.C. Shenoi, 1993.On the flow, thermal field and windsalong the western continental shelfof India. Cont. Shelf Res.13(4) : 425-439.

Ashok Kumar. K. and S.G. Diwan,1993. Real time Aanderaa currentmeter data collection system. IndianJ. mar. Sci. 22 : 155-156.

Bhat, K.L. R.A. Sreepada and Z.A.Ansari, 1993. Biochemicalcomposition of zooplankton from thenorthern Arabian Sea. Pakistan J.mar. Sci. 22 : 17-22.

Bhosle, N.B., L.V. Evans and R.G.J.Edyvean, 1993. Carbohydrateproduction of Amphoracoffeaeformis. a marine foulingdiatom. Biofouling. 7 : 81-91.

Bhosle, N.B. L.V. Evans and R.G.J.Edyvean, 1993. Effects of cathodicpolarisation on carbohydratemetabolism in Amphoracoffeaeformis, a marine foulingdiatom. Biofouling. 7 : 171-185.

Borole, D.V., 1993. Late Pleistocenesedimentation : a case study of theCentral Indian Ocean Basin. DeepSea Res. 40(4) : 761-775.

Borole, D.V., 1993. Deposition of Mn-Cu-Ni enriched sediments duringGlacial period in the Central IndianBasin. Curr. Sci. 65 : 778-782.

Chandramohan, P., B.U. Nayak andN.M. Anand, 1993. Wave vane: adevice to measure the breakerangle. Coastal Engineer. Amsterdam,20 : 173-181.

Chandramohan, P., N.M. Anand andB.U. Nayak, 1993. Shorelinedynamics of Lakshadweep Islands.Indian J. mar. Sci. 22 : 198-202.

Chandramohan, P., V. Sanil Kumar,B.U. Nayak and K.C. Pathak, 1993.Variation of longshore current andsediment transport for the southMaharashtra coast, west coast ofIndia. Indian J. mar. Sci. 22 : 115-118.

Chandramohan, P., V. Sanil Kumar andB.U. Nayak, 1993. Coastal processesalong the shorefront of the Chilkalake, east coast of India. Indian J.mar. Sci. 22 : 268-272.

Charyulu, R.J.K., Y.V.B. Sarma, M.S.S.Sarma and L.V.G. Rao, 1994.Temperature oscillations in theupper thermocline region - a casestudy on internal waves off KalpeniIsland in the Southern Arabian Sea.Indian J. mar. Sci. 23(1) : 14-17.

Chatterji, A. R. Vijaykumar and A.H.Parulekar, 1993. Seasonalvariations in the volume of thehaemolymph and body weight of thehorse shoe crab. Tachypleus gigas(Muller). Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res.35 : 495-498.

Chatterji. A. and S.A.H. Abidi, 1993.The Indian horseshoe crab - a livingfossil. J. Indian Ocean Studies.1(1) : 42-48.

Chaubey, A.K., G.C. Bhattacharya.G.P.S. Murty and Maria Desa, 1993.Spreading history of the ArabianSea : some new constraints. Mar.Geol. 1 12 : 343-352.

Chauhan. O.S., D.V. Borole, A.R. Gujar,A. Mascarenhas, P.G. Mislankar andCh. M. Rao, 1993. Evidences ofclimatic variations during LatePleistocene-Holocene in the easternBay of Bengal. Curr. Sci. 65 : 558-562.

Chauhan. O.S. and F. Almeida, 1993.Influence of Holocene sea levelregional tectonics and gravity, slopecurrent induced sedimentation onthe regional geomorphology of thecontinental slope off NW India.Mar. Geol. 112 : 313-328.

Chauhan, O.S., F. Almeida and C.Moraes, 1993. Regionalgeomorphology of NW continentalmargin of India : delineation of thesignature of deep seabed structures.Mar. Geodesy, 15 : 283- 296.

Chavan, V.S. 1993 Databases formarine biologist andbiotechnologists : The state of artand Prospects. Online & CDROMReview, 22(4) : 77-82.

PublicationsAppendix Vm

Chavan, V.S., D. Chandramohan andA.H. Parulekar, 1993.Computerizing marine biota : Arational approach. BiologyEducation, 8(2) : 252-254.

Den Hartog, J.C. and V. Jaya Sree,1993. Some Actimaria (Cnidaria :Anthozoa) from the west coast ofIndia. Zoologische Mededelenigen.Leiden. 67(42) 24. XII : 601-637.

Fernandes. A.A., P. Chandramohan andB.U. Nayak, 1994. Observedcurrents at Bombay High during awinter. Mahasagar. 26(2) : 95-104.

George. M.D., 1993. Speciation andbehaviour of Cd. Pb and Cu in Zuariestuary, west coast of India. IndianJ. mar. Sci. 22 : 216-220.

Goswami. U., 1993. Induction ofgynogenetic haploidy in the oysterCrassostrea gigas using UVirradiated sperms. Indian J. Mar.Sci. 22 : 140-146.

Gouveia. A.D., 1993. An aid to two-dimensional contouring usingnonuniform orthogonal grids - aFortran algorithm. Computers andGeosciences. 19 : 1071-1076.

Harkantra. S.N. and A.H. Parulekar,1994. Soft sediment dwelling macro-vertebrates of Rajapur Bay. Centralwest coast of India. Indian J. mar.Sci. 23 : 31-34.

Ingole. B.S., 1994. Influence of salinityon the reproductive potential of alaboratory cultured harpacticoid.Copepod Amphiascoides subdebilisWilley. 1935. Zool. Anz. 231 : 31-40

Ingole. B.S. and A.H. Parulekar, 1993.Limnology of freshwater lakes atSchirmacher Oasis, east Antarctica.Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad..59(6) : 589-600.

Iyer. S.D. and R. Banerjee, 1993.Mineral chemistry of CarlsbergRidge basalts at 3°35' - 3°41'N. Geo.Mar. Lett. 13 : 153-158.

Iyer. S.D. and M. Sudhakar, 1993.Coexistence of pumice andmanganese nodule fields - evidencefor submarine silicic volcanism inthe Central Indian Basin. Deep SeaRes. 1123-1129.

Iyer. S.D. and M. Sudhakar, 1993. Anew report on the occurrence ofzeolites in the abyssal depths of theCentral Indian Basin. Sediment.Geol. 84 : 169-178.

Jagtap, T.G., 1992. Marine flora ofNicobar group of islands inAndaman Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci.56-58.

Jagtap, T.G., 1993. Studies on littoraland sublittoral macrophytes aroundMauritius Coast. Atoll Res. Bull.382 : 1-12.

63

64

Jagtap, T.G., V.S. Chavan and A.G.Untawale, 1993. Mangroveecosystem of India : a need forprotection. Ambio, 22 : 252-254.

Jaya Sree, V., R.A. Sreepada and A.H.Parulekar, 1993. An unusualPycnogonid (Pycnogonida -Colossendeidae), Decolopoda qasimisp. nov. from Antarctic waters.Curr. Sci. 25(2) : 179-181.

Jaya Sree, V., A.H. Parulekar, S.Wahidullah and S.Y. Kamat, 1994.Seasonal changes in the biochemicalcomposition of Holothurialeucospilots (Brandt). Indian J. Mar.Sci.23 : 117-119.

Jayalakshmy, K.V. and K.K. Rao,1993. A multivariate statisticalstudy with a factor analysis ofRecent planktonic foraminiferaldistribution in the Coramandel coastof India. J. Ind. Fish. Ass. 1991,21 : 36-40.

Jiyalal, Ram, M., 1993. Algae andwater pollution in Mahi estuary.J. Indian Fish. Assoc. 21 : 31-37.

Jiyalal Ram, M. and S.C. Goswami,1993. Observation on phytoplanktonpigments, zooplankton and physico-chemical parameters in the surfacewaters from southern Indian oceanand Antarctic region. Mahasagar,26(2) : 123-131.

Kadam, A.N. and V.P. Bangale, 1993.Petroleum hydrocarbon in north-west coastal waters of India. IndianJ. mar. Sci. 22 : 227-228.

Kamesh Raju, K.A., T. Ram Prasad,V.N. Kodagali and R.R. Nair, 1993.Multibeam bathymetric gravity andmagnetic studies over 79°E fracturezone, Central Indian Basin. Geophy.Res. B98 : 9605-9618.

Klein E. J. Karsten, R. Batiza and R.Mukhopadhyay, 1993. Results fromthe 1993 southern CROSSexpedition: Morphological variationsalong the Southern Chile Ridge. Eos,AGU, 24 : 686.

Krishnakumari, L. and S.C. Goswami,1993. Biomass and biochemicalcomposition of zooplankton fromnorth west Bay of Bengal duringJanuary 1990. Indian J. mar. Sci.22(2) : 143-145.

Krishnakumari, L. V.R. Nair and S.N.Gajbhiye, 1993. Biochemicalcomposition of zooplankton from theoffshore oil fields of Bombay. Proc.Natn. Acad. Sci. India, 63(B)11 :161-167.

Kumar, M.D. M.D. George, and M.D.Rajagopal, 1993. Intertidal zones ascarbon dioxide sources to the coastaloceans. Indian J. mar. Sci. 22 :221-224.

Kunte, P.D. and B.G. Wagle, 1993.Remote sensing approach todetermine net shore drift direction -

a case study of central east coast ofIndia. J. Coastal Res. 9(3) : 663-672.

Kunte, P.D. and B.G. Wagle, 1993.Determination of net shore drift ofcentral west coast of India. J.Coastal Res. 9(3):811-822.

Kunte, P.D. and B.G. Wagle, 1991.Spits evolution and shore driftdirection along south Karnatakacoast, India. Giornale di Geologia,53(2) : 71-80.

Kureishy, T.W. R. Sen Gupta, A.Mesquita and S. Kaisary, 1993.Heavy metals in some parts ofAntarctica and the Southern IndianOcean. Mar. Poll. Bull. 26(11): 651-652.

Madhupratap, M., S.R. Shetye, K.N.V.Nair and S.R.S. Nair, 1994. Oilsardine and Indian mackerel : theirfishery, problems and coastaloceanography. Curr. Sci. 66(5) :340-348.

Mascarenhas, A., A.L. Paropkari and C.Prakash Babu, 1993. On thepossibility of allochithonam peat onthe inner shelf off Karwar. Curr.Sci. 64 : 684-687.

Mascarenhas, A., 1993. Gramolometricanalyses of pelites rising asedigraph : examples from avolcano sedimentary environment.J. Geol. Soc. India, 42 : 392-404.

Meenakumari, Ranu R. Gupta and N.Balakrishnan Nair, 1993. Fungifrom the glass slides submerged inCochin backwaters. FisheriesTechnol. 30(2) : 109.

Menezes, M.R., S. Naik and M. Martins,1993. Genetic characterization infour scianeid species from theArabian Sea. J. Fish Biol. 43(1) :61-67.

Menezes, M.R., 1994. Little geneticvariation in the Oil Sardine,Sardmella longiceps Val. from theWestern Coast of India. Aust. J.Mar. Freshwater Res. 45(2) : 257-264.

Mishra, J.K., A. Chatterji and A.H.Parulekar, 1993. A freak twintrilobite larva of the Indianhorseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas(Muller). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.90 : 115-117.

Mokashe, S.S., A. Garg, A.C. Anil andA.B. Wagh, 1994. Growth inhibitionof periphytic diatoms by methanolextracts of sponges andholothurians. Indian J. mar. Sci.23(1) : 57-58.

Mudholkar, A.V., J.N. Pattan and G.Parthiban, 1993. Geochemistry ofdeep sea sediment cores from theCentral Indian Ocean Basin. IndianJ. mar. Sci. 22 : 241-246.

Mukhopadhyay, R. and S.D. Iyer,1993. Petrology of tectonically

segmented Central Indian Ridge.Curr. Sci. 65(8) : 623-628.

Murthy, K.S.R., 1993. Exploring theOceans - the geophysical way. Curr.Sci. 65(7):532-536.

Murthy, K.S.R., T.C.S. Rao, A.S.Subrahmanyam, M.M.M. Rao and S.Lakshminarayana, 1993. Structurallineaments from the magneticanomaly maps of the easterncontinental margin of India and NWBengal Fan. Mar. Geol. 114(1-2) :171-183.

Murthy, K.S.R., Yu P. Neprochnov, O.V.Levchenko, T.C.S. Rao, V.E.Milanovsky and S.Lakshminarayana, 1993. Some newobservations in the intraplatedeformation in the Central IndianBasin. Mar. Geol. 114(1-2) :185-193.

Nair, K.K.C., 1993. Metalycaea globosaStephensen, a valid species ofOxycephalidae (Amphipoda,Hyperiidea). J. Plankton Res.15(10) : 1171-1176.

Nair, Shanta, P.A. Lokabharathi and D.Chandramohan, 1993. Effect ofheavy metals on marine Bacillus sp.and Flavobacterium sp.Ecotoxicology, 2 : 220-229.

Nair, S.R.S., C.T. Achuthankutty andA.H. Parulekar, 1993. Maturation ofthe penaeid prawn Metapeneusmoyela in Mandovi estuary, Goa.Indian J. mar. Sci. 22 : 151-152.

Naqvi, S.W.A. 1993. Enigma of thenegative 18° pulse at LGM. Curr.Sci. 65 : 512-514.

Naqvi, S.W.A. and M.S. Shailaja, 1993.Activity of the respiratory electrontransport system and respirationrates within the oxygen minimumlayer of the Arabian Sea. Deep-SeaRes. II, 40:687-695.

Naqvi, S.W.A., M.D. Kumar, P.V.Narvekar, S.N. De Sousa, C. D'Silvaand M.D. George, 1993. Anintermediate nepheloid layerassociated with high microbialmetabolic rates and denitrification inthe northwest Indian Ocean. J.Geophys. Res. 98 : 16469-16479.

Naqvi, S.W.A., Christopher D. Charlesand Richard G. Fairbanks, 1994.Carbon and oxygen isotopic recordsof benthic foraminifera from thenortheast Indian Ocean, implicationson glacial-interglacial atmosphericCO2 changes. Earth & Planet. Sci.Lett. 121 : 99-110.

Narvekar, P.V. and S.Y.S. Singbal,1994. Dissolved aluminium in thesurface microlayer of the easternArabian Sea. Mar. Chem.42 : 85-94.

Nigam, R., 1993. Foraminifera andchanging pattern of monsoonrainfall. Curr. Sci. 64 : 935-939.

65

Nigam, R. and A. Sarkar, 1993. Meanproloculus size, 13C and 18Ovariations in recent benthicforaminifera from the west coast ofIndia and their climatic implications.Indian J. Earth Sci. 20(1) : 1-6.

Panampunnayil, S.U. 1993. Two newspecies of Anisomysis (Mysidacea)from the Lakshadweep Archipelago.J. Plankton Res. 15(10) :1141-1148.

Pankajakshan, T., M. Shikauchi, Y.Sugimori and M. Kubota, 1993. Astatistical method to get surfacelevel air temperature from satelliteobservations of precipitable water.J. Oceanography, 4(5) : 551-558.

Parameswaran, P.S., B. Das and S.Y.Kamat, 1994. Lipid contents of thesponge Haliclona sp. Indian J.Chem. 33B : 99-101.

Paropkari, A.L., C. Prakash Babu andA. Mascarenhas, 1993. Newevidence for enhanced preservationof organic carbon in contact withoxygen minimum zone on thewestern continental slope of India.Mar. Geol. 111 : 7-13.

Paropkari, A.L., A. Mascarenhas and C.Prakash Babu, 1993. Comment onlack of enhanced preservation oforganic matter in sediments underthe oxygen minimum on the Oceanmargin. Geochemica et CosmoChemica Acta, 57 : 2399-2401.

Pattan, J.N., 1993. Manganesemicronodules: A possible indicator ofsedimentary environments. Mar.Geol. 113 : 331-344.

Pattan, J.N. and V.K. Banakar, 1993.Rare earth elements distribution andbehaviour in buried manganesenodules from the Central IndianBasin. Mar. Geol. 112 : 303-312.

Pattanshetti, S.S., O.S. Chauhan andK.M. Sivakholundu, 1993.Quantification of changes in seabedtopography with special reference toHansthal creek, Gulf of Kachchh,India. J. Coastal Res. 9(4) :934-943.

Raghukumar, S. and K. Schauman,1993. An epifluorescencemicroscopy method for directdetection and enumeration of thefungi like marine protists, thethraustochytrids. Limnology andOceanography, 38:182-187.

Ramaiah, Neelam and V.R. Nair, 1993.Population abundance and speciescomposition of chaetognaths in theBombay harbour - Thana andBassein creek estuarine complex.Indian J. Mar. Sci. 22 : 89-93.

Ramaiah, Neelam and V.R. Nair, 1993.Developmental stages of chaetognathsin the coastal environs of Bombay.Indian J. Mar. Sci. 22 : 94-97.

Ramaiah, N. and D. Chandramohan,1993. Ecological and laboratory

studies on the role of luminousbacteria and their luminescence inthe coastal pollution surveillance.Mar. Poll. Bull. 26:190-201.

Ramana Murty, T.V., Y.K. Somayajulu,P.V. Chodankar and C.S. Murty,1993. Acoustic characteristics of thewaters of the Bay of Bengal. IndianJ. mar. Sci. 22 : 263-267.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., P.M.Muraleedharan and P.V. Sathe,1993. Precipitable water fromNIMBUS-7 SMMR data, a case study.Boundary Layer Meteorol. 66 : 325-330.

Rao, M.M., S. Lakshminarayana, K.S.R.Murthy and A.S. Subrahmanyam,1993. Two computer programs forthe analysis of marine magneticdata. Computers and Geosciences,19(5) : 657-672.

Rao, V.P.C. M. Lambay and P.A.Dupenble, 1993. Verdine and otherassociated authigenic (Glaucony,phosphate) facies from the surficialsediment of the southeasterncontinental margin, India. Mar.Geol. 111 : 133-158.

Raveendran T.V. and A.B. Wagh, 1993.Variation in biofouling on differentspecies of Indian timbers.Mahasagar, 26(1) : 27-31.

Revichandran, C., K.K. Balachandran,Jose K. Xavier and N.C. Rajendran,1993. Residual fluxes andsuspended sediment transport in thelower reaches of Muvattupuzhariver, southwest coast of India.Indian J. mar. Sci. 22 : 291-293.

Revichandran, C. and K.K.Balachandran, 1994. Suspendedsediment fluctuation on asemidiurnal timescale in the lowerreaches of Muvattupuzha river,southwest coast of India. Proc. 6thKerala Science Congress.Trivandrum, 431-432.

Rivonkar, C.U., Z.A. Ansari and A.H.Parulekar, 1993. Culturing of greenmussel Perna viridis L. on a floatingraft in an estuary along the westcoast of India. Aquaculture. 112 :47-56.

Rivonkar, C.U., R.A. Sreepada and A.H.Parulekar, 1993. Growth parametersin the cultured green mussel, Pernaviridis L. from the Zuari estuary,Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci. 22 : 72-74.

Sadhuram, Y., B. Prabhakara Rao andD.P. Rao. 1994. Alongshore windstress and heat flux divergence offVisakhapatnam, east coast of India.Indian J. mar. Sci. 23 : 18-21.

Santhakumari, V., 1993. Zooplanktonstanding stock and communitystructure production along theKarnataka coast, west coast ofIndia. J. Indian Fish. Ass. 21 : 21-30.

Santhakumari, V., 1993. On theoccurrence of endoparasites from

copepods of the west coast of India.Mahasagar, 26 : 55-58.

Sardessai, S., 1993. Dissolvedparticulate and sedimentary humicacids in the mangroves andestuarine ecosystem of Goa, Westcoast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci.22 : 54-58.

Sarkar, A., S.Y.S. Singbal and S.P.Fondekar, 1994. Pesticide residuesin the sediments from the lakes ofSchirmacher Oasis, Antarctica. PolarRecord, 30(172) : 33-38.

Sarma, V.V., U. Sudhakar and S.J.D.Varaprasad, 1993. Behaviour offluoride and dissolved silicon inGouthami-Godavari estuarineenvironment. Mahasagar, 26 :105-113.

Sarupria, J.S. and R.M.S. Bhargava,1993. Seasonal primary productionin the different sectors of the EEZof India. Mahasagar, 26 : 20-26.

Sathe, P.V., S. Raghukumar, SumitaSharma and C. Raghukumar, 1993.Thraustochytrid and fungalcomponent of marine detritus; I.field studies on decomposition of thebrown alga Sargassum cinereum. J.Ag. Indian J. mar. Sci. 22 :159-167.

Sawant S.S., K. Venkat and A.B. Wagh,1993. Corrosion of metals andalloys in the coastal and deepwaters of the Arabian Sea and Bayof Bengal. Indian J. Tech. 31 : 862-866.

Sen Gupta, R., S.P. Fondekar and R.Alagarsamy, 1993. State of oilpollution in the Northern ArabianSea after the 1991 Gulf oil spill.Mar. Poll. Bull. 27 : 85-91.

Sharma, S., C. Raghukumar, S.Raghukumar, V.S. Pathak and D.Chandramohan, 1994.Thraustochytrid and fungalcomponent of marine detritus: II.Laboratory studies on decompositionof the brown alga Sargassumcinereum. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.175 : 227-242.

Sila Tripati, 1993. Megaliths off thecoast of Tranquebar. Man andEnvironment, XVIII(l) : 147-150.

Sila Tripati, 1993. Ancient ports ofOrissa and probable causes ofdecline : A over view point.Puratatva, XXIII : 50-53.

Somayajulu, B.L.K., J.M. Martin, D.Eisma, A.J. Thomas, D.V. Boroleand K.S. Rao, 1993. Geochemicalstudies in the Godavari estuary,India. Mar. Chem. 43 : 83-93.

Sreepada, R.A., K.L. Bhat and A.H.Parulekar, 1993. Particulate organicconstituents of surface waters ofeast coast of India. Indian J. mar.Sci. 22 : 132-134.

Subrahmanyam, V. M., Gangadhara Raoand L.V. Subba Raju, 1993.

66

Subsurface Precambrian Ridge onthe continental shelf of westernIndia between Coondapur andKasargad. Mar. Geol. 112 : 329-341.

Suresh, T., 1993. Digitizing geophysicaldata. Indian Cartographer, XI : 61-65.

Suresh, T. and G. Prabhu, 1993.Improving performance of programsusing monitor calls. J. CSICommunication, 4-8.

Suryanarayana, A., C.S. Murty and D.P.Rao, 1992. Characteristics of coastalwaters of western Bay of Bengalduring different seasons. AustralianFreshwater & Mar. Res. 43(6) :1517- 1533.

Suryanarayana, A., G.N. Swamy and Y.Sadhuram, 1993. Current andtemperature structure of Rihandlake. Mahasagar, 26(2) : 59-72.

Tiwari, L.R. and V.R. Nair, 1993.Zooplankton standing stock andfishery potential of Dharamtarcreek. J. Indian Fish. Assoc. 21 :15-19.

Valsangkar, A.B. and S.M.Karisiddaiah, 1993. Evidence for theformation of different-size nodulesby different accretionary processes.Mar. Georesources and Geotechnol.11 : 87-99.

Vethamony, P. and J.S. Sastry, 1993.Significance of relative velocity inthe estimation of drag force of atethered spherical float. OceanEngineering, 20(4) : 449-457.

Wafar, M.V.M., S. Wafar and R.Rajkumar, 1993. Nitrogen uptakekinetics of freshly isolatedzooxanthellae. Indian J. Mar. Sci.22 : 83-88.

Wagle, B.G., K.H. Vora, S.M.Karisiddaiah, M. Veerayya and F.Almeida, 1994. Holocene submarineterraces on the western continentalshelf of India. Implication for sea-level changes. Mar. Geol. 117(1-4) :207-225.

• Papers in proceedingsand books

Al Sayed, A. and K.J. Peter, 1993.Distribution of chlorophyll 'a' andphosphate in the waters of Gulf ofAden. Proc. Symposium on MarineChemistry held at Suez, Egypt. 20-23, April 1991, UNESCO, p. 5.

Antony, J.B., E. Desa, V.B. Peshwe,Vijay Kumar, M.M.V. Prasad and A.Bismark, 1993. Water levelmeasurements using a quartzdifferential pressure sensor deployedat Zuari estuary. Proc. SYMPOL-93,Conf. held at Cochin University ofScience & Technology, 61-67.

Bhosle, N.B., 1993. Some aspects ofmicrofouling and corrosion ofmaterials in the tropicalenvironment. In: MonsoonBiogeochemistry, V. Ittekot and R.R.Nair (Eds.), SCOPE/UNEP,Sonderbund, Hamburg, 157-185.

Chavan, V.S., D. Chandramohan andA.H. Parulekar, 1994.Bioinformatics in sustainableexploitation of marine environmentwith special reference to ExclusiveEconomic Zone of India. Proc.Symposium on EnvironmentalBiotechnology held at NEERI,Nagpur, during 28-29 March, 1994,VV-1-12.

Desa. E.S., B.A.E. Desa, and R.G.Prabhu Desai, 1994. Spectralirradiance measurements in theEquatorial Indian Ocean. Proc. ofPacific Ocean Remote Sensing Conf.,281-287.

Goswami, U. and F. Nazarine, 1993.Chromosome number in Pernaviridis Linnaeus (Bivalvia :Mytilidae) from Goa waters.Chromosome Information Service,Tokyo, 54:21.

Gupta, Ranu R. 1993. Fungal decay oftraditional fishing craft. Proc. ofNational Seminar on Low EnergyFishing by SOFTI, Cochin, 102-104.

Jagtap, T.G. 1994. Marine macrophytesfrom Andaman and Nicobar groupof Islands. Challenges ofDevelopment, V. Suryanarayan andSudarshan (Eds), KonarkPublishers, New Delhi, 133-143.

Joseph, Theresiamma, V.N.Sankaranarayanan, K.K.Balachandran and Maheswari Nair,1994. Status of pollution along theKerala coast. Proc. 6th KeralaScience Congress, Trivandrum,102-103.

Madhupratap, M. and A.H. Parulekar,1994. Biological processes of thenorthern Indian Ocean. In: MonsoonBiogeochemistry, V. Ittekot and R.R.Nair (Eds.), SCOPE/UNEP,Sonderbund, Hamburg, 51-72.

Nair, Maheswari, K.K. Balachandran,V.N. Sankaranarayana andTheresiamma Joseph, 1994. Heavymetal concentration in differenttissues of fishes from coastal watersof Cochin. Proc. 6th Kerala ScienceCongress, Trivandrum, 97-98.

Nair, K.N.V. and P.M. Muraleedharan,Pattern of spatial and seasonalfluctuations in temperature profilein Indian EEZ and its influence ontuna fishing. In: Tuna Research inIndia, edited by D. Sudarshan andM.E. John, FSI Publication, 167-180.

Nair, S.R.S., V.P. Devassy and M.Madhupratap, 1993. Blooms ofphytoplankton along the west coastof India associated with nutrientenrichment and the response ofzooplankton. Science of the Total

Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam,819-828.

Nair, V.R. 1993. Distribution ofchaetognaths in some tropicalesturies of India. Proc. InternationalWorkshop Chaetognaths, J. Mareno(Ed.), Universitat de les IllesBalears, Palma, 1-6 September,1992, 85-98.

Nair, V.R. and L. Krishnakumari,1993. Pollution induced variations inthe ecology of the molluscsSaccostrea cucullata and Cerethiumrubus from Bombay coast, India. In:Science of the Total Environment,Supplement 1993, Elsevier SciencePublishers B.V. Amsterdam, 263-273.

Naqvi, S.W.A., R. Sen Gupta and M.Dileep Kumar, 1993. Carbon dioxideand nitrous oxide cycling in theArabian Sea. In: Interactionsbetween Global Climate Subsystems,the Legacy of Harm, G.A. McBeanand M. Hantel (Eds.), Geophys.Monograph, 75, IUGG, 15 : 85-92.

Parulekar, A.H. 1993. Biotechnologyfor harvesting marine livingresources. In: EnvironmentalProblems and Prospects, M.Balakrishnan (Ed.), Oxford & IBHPubl. Co. New Delhi, 313-320.

Raghukumar, C. 1993. Endolithicmarine cyanobacteria. Proc. Natur.Sem. Cyanobacterial Res. IndianScene, G. Subramanian (Ed.),National Facility for MarineCyanobacteria, Tiruchirapalli, 12-23.

Rajamanickam, G.V. and A.R. Gujar,1993. Depositional process inferredfrom the log probability distribution.In: Recent Researches inSedimentology, V. Zingran (Ed.),Hindustan Publishing Corporation,New Delhi, 154-164.

Rajendran, A., M. Dileep Kumar, N.Ramaiah, V. Ittekkot and B.N.Desai, 1993. Variable relationshipsof DOC with oxygen in theNorthwestern Indian Ocean andtheir ecological implications. In:Monsoon Biogeochemistry, V.Ittekkot and R.R. Nair (Eds.),SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband Heft, 76 :73-83.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R. 1993. Air-seainteraction during summer monsoonperiod of 1979. In: Satellite RemoteSensing of the Oceanic Environment,Johns Sugimori and Steward (Eds.),Seibutsu Kenkyushu Co. Ltd. Tokyo,Japan, 261-265.

Sarala Devi, K., V.N. Sankaranarayananand P. Venugopal, 1994. Benthos ofBeypore and Korapuzha estuaries ofnorth Kerala. Proc. 6th KeralaScience Congress, Trivandrum,64-67.

Sarupria, J. S., 1993. Marine BiologicalData and Information ManagementSystem. Proc. BIG-93 Conf. R.K.Aeron (Ed.), CSI Udaipur Chapter,15-24.

67

Zingde, M.D., 1993. Studies on impactof release of liquid industrial wastefrom soda ash industry in thenearshore water of North Gujarat,In: Environmental Impact onAquatic and Terrestrial Habitats,V.P. Agrawal, S.A.H. Abidi and G.P.Varma (Eds.). Society of Bioscience,Muzaffarnagar, 9-30.

• Technical reportsVaithiyanathan, R., S. Santhanam and

P.V. Sathe. Microvax-II Primer.NIO/TR-3/95.

Mandal, S., V. Sanil Kumar, N.M.Anand, B.U. Nayak and P.Pednekar. Deep water wavecharacteristics off Karwar, westcoast of India.NIO/TR-4/93.

Ramprasad, T., G.C. Bhattacharya, A.K.Chaubey and K.V.L.N.S. Sarma.Computation of internationalgeomagnetic reference field fromspherical harmonic expansions.NIO/TR-5/93.

Geological Oceanography Division,N.I.O. Goa and Regional Centre ofNIO, Waltair. Magnetic anomalymaps of the continental shelf areasof India. NIO/TR-6/93.

Charyulu, R.J.K., Y.V.B. Sarma andL.V.G. Rao. Processing andinterpretation of the thermistorchain data for the study of internalwave structure in the sea.NIO/TR-7/93.

Peshwe, Vani B. and E. Desa. Designand development of a drifting buoy.NIO/TR-8/93.

Peshwe, Vani B. An acquisition andtransmission algorithm for a mooreddata buoy. NIO/TR-9/93.

Ramana Murty, T.V., K.M.Sivakholundu, G.S. Navelkar, Y.K.Somayajulu and C.S. Murty, 1993.An algorithm for determination ofgeodetic path for application in longrange acoustic propagation.NI0/TR-10/93.

Antony, J.K. and G. Narayana Swamy.On the feasibility of spatiallyintegrated measurement of flow inthe Surf-zone. NIO/TR-11/93.

Antony, J.K., Ehrlich Desa and ElgarDesa. Probable error of pressuresensing tide gauges - a criticalappraisal. NI0/TR- 12/93.

Santanam, K., R. Vaithiyanathan andP.V. Sathe. Dipix image analysissystem hardware perspective.NI0/TR-13/93.

Sharma, Rahul, Interpretation ofseafloor environment fromphotographic observations in thenodule areas of Central IndianBasin. NI0/TR-14/93.

Prabhu Desai, R.G., G. Bhat, E.S. Desaand E. Desa. Monte Carlo simulation

of light field in stratified water.NIO/TR-1/94.

Somayajulu, Y.K., T.V. Ramana Murty,G.S. Navelkar, S. Prasanna Kumar,A.K. Saran and A.M. Almeida.Reconstruction of sound speedprofile using signal travel timesmeasured during AcousticTransmission Experiment (ATE-93)in the Arabian Sea. NIO/TR-8/94.

Subrahmanyam, B., T. Ram Prasad andP. Vethamony. A software for theretrieval of Geosat Altimeter datafrom CD-ROMs. NIO/TR-3/94.

Paropkari, A.L., A. Mascarenhas, Ch.M.Rao, C. Prakash Babu and P.S.N.Murty. Elemental distribution insurficial sediments and potentialoffshore mineral resources from thewestern continental margin of India.NIO/TR-4/94.

Fernandes, A.A. and S.M. Gupta.Statistical prediction of late mioceneclimate. NIO/TR-5/94.

• AtlasesRamesh Kumar, M.R., P.V. Sathe, P.M.

Muraleedharan and L.V. GangadharaRao. An atlas of mean distributionof monthly precipitable watervapour over tropical Indian Oceanfor the year 1979.

Reddy, G.V. and M.V. Kumari. Atlas ofthe Indian Ocean SurfaceTemperature. Ref. No. 1321.

Sarupriya, J.S. and S.C. Goswami.Zooplankton Atlas of the northernIndian Ocean. NIO, Ref. No. 1317.

• Data reportsGopalakrishna, V.V. and A.J. Luis.

Report on XBT data collected underIndian TOGA programme alongBombay-Mauritius route during1993; No. BM 2/93.

Harikrishnan, M., B. Subramanyam andL.V. Gangadhara Rao. Data onsurface meteorological andoceanographic parameters fromresearch vessels and survey shipsfor the period 1990-93.

Kunte, P.D. and A. Ezhilarasan.Magnetics Data Report (EasternArabian Sea), Vol. I, Ref. 2303.

Luis, A.J., V.V. Gopalakrishna andM.S.S. Sarma. Report on XBT datacollected under Indian TOGAprogramme along Bombay-Mauritiusroute during 1992; No. BM 1/93.

Pankajakshan, T., K.A. Ghosh, R.Lasitha, and M.V. Kumari,Expandable Bathythermograph DataReport, INODC, Ref. 1322.

Reddy, G.V. and M.V. Kumari. C/STDData Report of O.R.V. Sagar Kanya(1984-88) Cruises. Ref. No. 1318.

Reddy, G.V. and M.V. Kumari. C/STDData Report of ORV Sagar Kanya(1991) Cruises. Ref. No. 1320.

Sarupriya, J.S. and R.M.S. Bhargava.Zooplankton Biomass Data Report ofR.V. Gaveshani & O.R.V SagarKanya cruises during 1976 to 1991.Ref. 1319.

• Sponsored project& other reports

Sankaranarayana, V.N., V. Josanto, V.Santhakumari and P. Venugopal.Environmental impact assessment ofdeepening the navigational channelsfor Cochin Port Trust. No. NIO/SP-1/93.

Parulekar, A.H., C.T. Achuthankuttyand S.R. Sreekumaran Nair.Resource potential of juvenilemarine prawns in the estuaries ofGoa (June 1993). No. NIO/SP-2/93.

Marine Archaeological Explorations offPoompuhar. No. N10/SP-3/93.

Parulekar, A.H., S.Y.S. Singbal, M.D.Rajagopal, X.N. Verlencar, D.Chnadramohan, S.G.P. Matondkar,N. Ramaiah, S.N. Harkantra, N.Mhamal. C.G. Naik, K. Sawkar, R.Nagarajan, C.F.M. Dias and A. Rao.Evaluation of chemical and biologicalquality in the marine environs offEnnore (Madras) for possibledisposal of effluents from TamilnaduPetroproducts Ltd. Madras, throughexisting submarine pipeline. No.NIO/SP-4/93.

Bahulayan, N. 1993. Annual progressreport of the DST sponsored projectentitled "Development of a coupledair-sea model for Arabian Sea".N.I.O. Goa, 39 pp.

Coastal oceanographic studies offMangalore for liquid effluentdischarge of JESCO Steel Plant.Interim report, sponsored by JESCO,Bangalore.

Currents and tides off Navinal, nearMundra (Gulf of Kachchh). Reportsubmitted to Adani Exports Pvt. Ltd.Ahmedabad.

Directional wave measurements offNavinal near Mundra, Gulf ofKachchh during southwest monsoon1993. Report submitted to AdaniChemicals Ltd. Ahmedabad.

Initial marine environmentalexamination of the refinery complexof Moti Khavdi, Gujarat.

Marine environmental studies :environmental quality along theAndhra Coast (1989-91 results).

Marine environmental studies:environmental quality along theAndhra Coast (1991-93 results).

Marine environmental studies:environmental quality along the

north-west coast of India (COMAPS)1992 results.

Marine environmental studies:environmental quality along thenorth-west coast of India (COMAPS).

Mersk Navigator oil spill in greatchannel (Andaman Sea), Part I &Part n.

Premonsoon directional wavemeasurements off Navinal, nearMundra (Gulf of Kachchh). Reportsubmitted to Adani Exports Ltd.Ahmedabad.

Gopalakrishna, V.V., V.S.N. Murty, A.J.Luis and G.S. Navelkar. Report onXBT observations along Madras-PortBlair-Madras shipping route voyageNo. 14.

Gopalakrishna, V.V., V.S.N. Murty, A.J.Luis and G.S. Navelkar. Report onXBT observations along Madras-CarNicobar-Madras shipping routevoyage No. 15.

Parulekar, A.H., A. Chatterji, X.N.Verlencar, R. Vijaykumar and B.S.Ingole. Demonstration/transfer oftechnology of floating cage culturein Goa waters - Interim Report.

Parulekar, A.H., S.Y.S. Singbal, M.D.Rajgopal, S.N. Harkantra, X.N.Verlencar, N. Ramaiah, S.G.P.Matondkar, Sheelu Rao, N. Mhamal,K. Sawkar, C.F.M. Dias and A. Rao.Environmental impact analysis andassessment of prevailing pollutionin the Mormugao port andsuggestions for measures forimprovement - Interim Report.

Sarkar, A., Raj Kumar, R.M. Goiralaand B.S. Gohil (SAC) and L.V.G.Rao, P. Vethamony, K. Santanam,A.M. Almeida and R. Vaithiyanathan(NIO). Sea-surface winds and wavesover north Indian Ocean fromGeosat Altimeter data, ISROScientific Report.

Santanam, K., R. Vaithiyanathan, andP.V. Sathe. Dipix image analysissystem: A hardware perspective.

Acoustic Transmission Experiment(ATE-93).

Report on XBT observations during 29Oct.-5 Nov. 1992 along Madras-CarNicobar-Port Blair-Madras shippingroute for Voyage 15 in the Bay ofBengal under Indian TOGAprogramme.

Status Report on Marine Pollution Vol.I and II.

• Book reviewSarkar, A. 1993. On In-flow, levels and

the fate of some persistentchlorinated hydrocarbons in theRijeka Bay area of the Adriatic Seaby N. Picer and M. Picer. WaterResearch, 27(4) : 733-734.

68

Appendix IX

Staff list(as on 31 March, 1994)

DIRECTOR

Dr. Desai BN

A. Headquarters

Physical Oceanography Division

Remote Sensing Section

Sc.F (Head of the Division)

Shri Rao LVG

Sc.EIIDr. Varkey MJShri Gopinathan CKDr. Shetye SR

Sc.EIDr. Bahulayan NShri Ramesh Babu VShri Sathe PVShri Gouveia ADShri Krishnacharyulu RJ

Sc.CShri Gopalkrishnan WDr. Shenoi SCDr. Ramesh Kumar MRDr. Murty SuryanarayanaShri Sarma YVBShri Fernandes AAShri Sharma MSSShri Nampoothiri GEDr. Unnikrishnan ASDr. Muraleedharan PM

STAShri Sundar DamodarShri Babu MTShri Selvam Michael GShri Santanam K

JTAShri Vaithiyanathan R

SLAShri Gawas Vasant BShri Monteiro Antonio

Sr.StenoSmt. Vaz Sheila

Jr.StenoKum. Alphonso Pelecidade

Marine Acoustics & AcousticTomography Section

Sc.F (Scientist-in-Charge)Dr. Murty CS

Sc.E IDr. Somayajulu YK

Sc. CDr. Prasana Kumar SDr. Ramanamurthy TVSc.BShri Saran AK

Shri Navelkar Gajanan S

STAShri Almeida Michael A

Coastal Ocean SpaceUtilisation Section

Sc.E I (Project Coordinator)Shri Swamy GN

Sc.E IDr. Anthony MK

Sc. CDr. Suryanarayana ADr. Vethamony PSTAShri Krishnakumar V

Chemical Oceanography Division

Sc.F (Head of the Division)Dr. Joshi LU

Sc.EIIDr. Singbal SYS

Sc.E IDr. Rajendran ADr. Kamat SYDr. Naik CGDr. George MDDr. D'Souza SNAGDr. Naqvi SWADr. (Smt.) Wahidullah SShri Rajagopal MDDr. Poi Pondekar SNSmt. D'Silva Classy

T.O.(E)Shri Manoharan M

Sc. CSmt. Sardesai SugandhiniSmt. Kaisary SujataDr. Dileep Kumar MShri Parameshwaran PSDr. Narvekar PVSmt. Mesquita AMDr.(Smt.) D'Souza Lizette MDr. Sarkar AnupamDr. Sawkar KalidasDr.(Smt.) Shailaja MSSc.BDr. Shirodkar PVShri Durga Prasad PVSSShri Nagarajan R

T.O.(B)Smt. Das BSmt. Dias Caroline

T.O.(A)Shri Fernandes Blasco

STAShri Amal Jaya Kumar DShri Algarswamy RSmt. Rao Anuragini K

JTAShri Ravishankar R

SLAShri Bhobe Datta PrasadShri Gauns FotuSmt. Date VaijayantiShri Gilbert MJM

JLAShri Dalvi Hanumant S

Geological Oceanography DivisionSc.F (Head of the Division)Shri Nair RR

Sc.EIIDr. Rao Madhusudhan ChDr. Rao Gopala DDr. Veerayya MSc.E IShri Gujar ARDr. Nigam RajivDr. Gupta MVSNDr. Bhattacharya GCShri Subbaraju LVShri Almeida FMSDr. Ramana MVDr. Hashimi NHDr. Paropkari ALDr. Valsangkar ABDr. Karissidiah SMDr. Wagle BGSc. CDr. Mascarenhas ADr. Subramanyam VShri Ramaswamy VDr. Rao Purnachandra VDr. Banakar VKDr. Sudhakar MDr. Mukhopadhyaya RShri Sharma Rahul KDr. Kodagali VNDr. Banerjee RDr.(Kum.) Jauhari PratimaDr. Pattan JNShri Rama Prasad TShri Nagender Nath BShri Ranade GHShri Afzalpurkar SDr. Gupta SMShri Shyam Prasad MShri Rao Prattipati SDr. Borole DVShri Kamesh-Raju KAShri Iyer Shridhar DDr. Chauhan OSShri Mudholkar AVShri Naidu Divakar PDr. Chakraborty BShri Sree Krishna KShri Chaubey Anil KShri Khadge NHDr. Sharma KVLNS

T.O.(C)Shri Kotnala KLShri Pathak MCShri Dias ECA

69

Sc.BShri Naik Gajanan PShri Murty GPSShri Pathak DBShri Ambre NV

T.O.(B)Shri Marathe PrakashShri Nanyasi SK

T.O.(A)Shri Sonawane AVShri Muralinath ASShri Mislankar PG

STAShri Janakiraman GShri Phadte GMShri Tata SudhakarShri Fernando VijayanShri Venkatesan RShri Prabhakaran NShri Khedekar VDShri Gracias DGShri Vijayakumar BShri Rajaraman VSShri Rao Lingeswara BRShri Satyanarayana RYShri Gaonkar SSShri Parthiban GShri Pattanshetti SSShri Srinivas KarlapatiShri Walker Gavin AShri Prakash Babu CShri Ganesan PShri Sivakholundu KMShri Naik DK

JTAShri Luis RAAShri Gowthaman VShri Sardar Areef ASmt. Desa Maria AnaShri Prabhu Girish AnandShri Jai Sankar SShri Sivakumar DShri Ramani KShri George PShri Sukumaran NPShri Senthil Kumar GShri Moraes Ceasar NR

SLAShri Naik Kamlakant LShri Desai Gajanan

Tech. Gr.IIKum. Fernandes Aida

Jr.StenoSmt. Fernandes MariaSmt. Alison SudhakarPeonShri Gauns Nanu

Biological Oceanography Division

Sc.E II (Head of the Division)Dr. Parulekar AH

Sc.E IIDr. Untawale AGDr. Devassy VPDr. Goswami SCDr. Chandramohan DDr. Bhattathiri PMA

Sc.E IDr. Harkantra SNDr. Achuthankutty CTDr. Madhu Pratap M

70

Dr.(Smt.) Goswami UshaDr. Royan Joseph

Sc.CDr. (Kum.) Loka BharathiShri Nair Sreekumaran SRDr. Ansari ZADr.(Smt.) Krishnakumari LDr. Wafar MVMDr. Chatterji Anil KDr. Ramaiah NDr. Raghukumar SDr.(Smt.) Raghukumar CDr. Dhargalkar VKDr.(Smt.) Wafar SayeedaDr. Verlenkar XNDr.(Kum.) Menezes MariaShri Ingole BSDr. Prabhu Matondkar SGDr. Jagtap TGDr.(Smt.) Achuthankutty ShantaDr. Rathod Vijayakumar PSc.BShri Goes JoaquimDr. Mohandas C

T.O.(B)Shri Subramanian V

JTAShri Anantha Sreepada RSmt. Gurrala SheeluSLASmt. Ramaswamy PhilominaShri Naik Laxman BShri Thalkatnal YSShri Gauns Madhu OShri Sajjad Hussain Mir

Jr.StenoSmt. Alfonso Bella

Marine Corrosion & Materials ResearchDivision

Sc.F (Head of the Division)Dr. Wagh AB

Sc.E IDr. Bhonsle NB

Sc.CDr. Anil Chandrashekar ADr. Raveendran TVDr. Sawant SSSc.BShri Venugopal C

T.O.(B)Shri Paneer Selvam

JTAShri Krishnamurthy PVSmt. Garg Anita

SLAShri Nagvenkar ShyamShri Prabhu N Sitaram

Jr.StenoKum. Subhashini S

Ocean Engineering Division

Sc.F (Head of the Division)Dr. Nayak BU

Sc.E IIDr. Anand NM

Sc.E IDr. Chandramohan PShri Diwan SG

Sc.CDr. Mandal SShri Rao Suryavanshi AKShri Ashok Kumar K

Sc.BShri Bhat Subraya ShankarShri Illangovan DShri Jayakumar SelvamShri Sanil Kumar

STAShri Mandal HCShri Pednekar PSShri Pathak KCShri Raju NSN

JTAShri Gowthaman R

SLAShri Mochemadkar MVShri Naik RLShri Naik Ganesh NShri Tari MKShri Mochemadkar S

Sr.StenoShri Bhinge RS

Marine Instrumentation & ComputerDivision

Sc.F (Head of the Division)Dr. Desa EhrlichSc.E IIShri Nayak MR

Sc.E IDr. Desa Elgar SShri Desai Prabhu RGSc. CShri Suresh TShri D'Sa EJShri Antony Joseph

Sc.BShri Mascarenhas Antonio AMQShri Menezes Andrew AShri Madhan RShri Mehra Prakash

T.O.(C)Smt. Peshwe Vani B

T.O.(B)Shri Tengali Suryakant B

T.O.(A)Shri Chodankar VN

JTASmt. Nagvenkar Surekha GShri Afonso Surendranath BShri Prasad MMVShri Vijayakumar KannojiaTech. Asst.Shri Madaswamy BFine Mech.Shri Rodrigues DennisShri Surlekar ManoharSLAShri Mascarenhas Luis SSmt. Prabhu Beena SShri Ramdasan KSmt. Prabhu Geeta S

71

Jr.FitterShri Monteiro Robert

KPOShri Dias MathewSmt. Rodrigues Ancy

Sr.Mech.(AC)Shri Fernandβs Milton

Sr.Mech.Shri Pednekar SS

TurnerShri D'Silva EO

FitterShri Fernandes Peter P

Tech.(Inst.)Smt. Vimalakumari D

Jr.Tech.Shri Shirgaunkar Anil V

Model Maker (Gr.VI)Shri Kalangutkar Shyam D

Lab. BearerShri Sheikh YacubShri D'Souza Francis

Workshop Asst.Shri Naik Vasudev BShri Sawant Raghunath

Jr.Steno

Smt. Veliath Linda

Helper Gr. A

Shri Jogle Arjun H

WatchmanShri Desai KB

Data & Information Division

Sc.E II (Head of the Division)Dr. Bhargava RMS

Sc.E IShri Sarupria JS

Sc.CShri Reddy Venkata GShri Ghosh Arvind KolliShri Pankajakshan T

Sc.BShri Kunte PD

JTASmt. Lasitha RatnakaranShri Ezhilarasan A

KPOShri Naik Suryakant RShri Prabhu RK

Lab.Att.Shri Dongrekar ST

LDCKum. Fernandes Terezinha

Helper Or. AShri Oza Jayaram G

Training Division

Sc.EII (Head of the Division)Dr.(Smt.) Sumitra R

SLAShri Naik Gurudas A

Librarian

Shri Fernandes Cajetan

Jr.StenoSmt. Martins Fatima

Publication & Reprography Section

Sc.E I (Scientist-in-Charge)Shri Kesava Das V

Sc.CShri Bhat SR

T.O.(B)

Shri Sharma SPSmt. Thomas RosyShri Wahidullah Md

Photo. Off.(B)

Shri Date VM

Sr.D/ManShri Punj HD

JTAShri Mahale Arun Y

SLASmt. Ribeiro ChristalinaShri Fernandes BrunoSmt. Duggal Vijaya

Printing Mech.Shri Naroji Subhash S

Compositor (Gr.II)Shri Mochemadkar MM

TracerShri Akerkar SGShri Uchil RShri Pawaskar PramodShri Javali UdaykumarShri Chavan RLShri Chitari KG

Photo. Asst. (Gr. VI)Shri Sirsat Umesh

Photo. Asst.Shri Shaikh Ali SK

Lab. BearerShri Parulekar Atmaram S

Private SecretaryKum. Cardoz Milagrine

ReceptionistSmt. Almeida Shanti

Book BinderShri Sirvoikar Chandrakant

Helper Gr.AShri Gonsalves Graciano Z

Marine Archaeology Section

So.E I (Project Coordinator)Shri Vora KH

T.O.(B)Shri Tripati SilaShri Sundaresh TShri Gaur Aniruddh Singh

Diver Arch.Shri Puttaswamy Gudigar

STA

Shri Bandodkar Shrinivas N

TracerShri Chitari Satish B

Planning Section

Sc.EI (Project Coordinator)Dr. Dalai SG

T.O.(B)

Smt. Singh Kavita

Sc. AShri Sarma PVSSR

STASmt. Simon Soja

JTAShri Patil Manohar P

KPOShri Jakhi SPN

Machine Oper.Shri Pednekar Babuso H

Library

Doc. Off.

Shri Tapaswi MP

Lib. Off. (A)

Smt. Oka SH

Sr. Lib. Asst.Shri Sainekar GH

CataloguerShri Gawas Atmaram K

LDCShri Pereira Edward

Helper Gr.A

Shri Gauns Dinu P

Ship/Boat Management Section

JTAShri Reddy Sreenivasulu ChShri Mangalorekar G

Tech.Asst. (Gr. VIII)Shri Rodrigues Lucano

Bosun

Shri Garudi RR

Sr.DeckhandShri Toreskar Namdev BShri Kankonkar PJShri Sasi EKShri Dhavjekar Maheshwar VShri Mandrekar Uday DR

Jr.Deckhand

Shri Gonsalves Rosario

Engine Dr. C1.II

Shri Kurle PR

Peon

Shri Arlekar Pradeep

Establishment & General Section

COA

Shri Thomas Joseph

AOShri Ramamoorthy KR

72

SOShri Dalvi MGShri D'Souza PaulShri D'Silva Peter IAsst.(Gen)Shri Duggal RKShri Fernandes TCSmt. Mascarenhas NancyShri Fernandes AgneloSmt. D'Silva ReginaShri Lourenco Francis GSmt. Subramaniam SusheelaKum. Shahapurkar MeenaPrivate SecretarySmt. Remedies JulianaHindi TranslatorShri Paliwal PJr.StenoSmt. Korde Vanamala PUDCSmt. D'Mello VilmaShri Sirvoikar OnuSmt. D'Souza Anna JKum. D'Mello Pia GracindaShri Vernekar RGSmt. Mochemadkar MamtaSecu. Asst.Shri James PLDCSmt. Rego Sacramento MShri Cota CaitaninhoSmt. Upadhye Susheela VLDC (Hindi)Shri Sawant RRLab. SupervisorShri Patil MNJr. Garden ChowdharyShri Gawali Dhondu BShri Ali MohmadDr. Cum Mech.Shri Fernandes BernardShri Surlekar SonuShri Nadar KasiShri Lawrence PeterShri Chorat BGSr. Gest. OperatorShri Shettigar RBTech. Gr.IISmt. Joseph GraceStaff Car DriverShri Martins VasuShri Naik Baboi NShri Shet RPShri Poi RTJLAShri Goudar RGK

FarashShri Gauns KeshavGuest House Att.Shri Kamat DSSPA (Gr.V)Shri Hasanawale Ashraf

KhalasiShri Fernandes AquinhoShri Lemos C

MaliShri Kamble GCShri Estrocio VithobaShri Kunkolkar DinkerSmt. Shirodkar SusheelaSmt. Shinde AmbubaiShri Sirvoikar ShamuShri Sirvoikar HanumanShri Gaunco Anant MShri Jamal SahibPeonShri Gonsalves JosephShri Gauns NaniShri Martins DakuShri Gauns DigambarWatchmanShri Gawas PundalikShri Parsekar SBShri Poi NTShri Gaikwad EknathShri Mahale Jaidev GShri Gaonkar HNShri Gunjal Daji KShri Kalelkar EknathShri Sebastian BabyShri Kerkar MadhavShri Pereira RFShri Nair SanalkumaranShri Gaikwad Kashinath SSafaiwalaSmt. Begh SubedraSmt. Fernandes Luis MSmt. Sirvoikar MinaxiSmt. Sirvoikar JaiwantiShri Pereira LaximanShri Khedekar HVShri Satelkar SabajiShri Naik Mahadev HShri Gauns BoduShri Viegas CaitanShri Tang DevichandaShri Khade Ramesh MSmt. Braganza MariaSmt. D'Souza Maria QuiteriaSmt. Sapateiro ShantiSmt. Dias Noli MinguelShri Gauns DattaramSmt. Ratos SantanaShri Gauns Mukund

Finance & Accounts Section

F&AOShri Muthukaruppan AShri Dias CMSO(F&A)Shri D'Mello JLAsst.(Gen)Shri Fadte SRShri Shreenath JenaShri Ghanti ShivappaAsst.(F&A)Shri Gonsalves JohnJr.StenoSmt. Cardoz CletaUDCSmt. Fernandes MFShri Kurtarkar RatnakarShri Narvekar Dileep KShri Vijayakumar GLDCSmt. Fernandes Ita MLStore BearerShri Gaunco Vasu

Stores & Purchase Section

Dy.SPOShri Ramankutty TKShri Wase RCSPA (Gr.III)Shri Gopinathan PShri Naik KashinathShri Sanke SGShri Mascarenhas JohnyShri Rao Siva PVShri Chodnekar BLSPA(Gr.IV)Shri Muzawar YSmt. Peshwe MelitaShri Sukumaran AShri Maijikar HarishShri Tardelkar SurendraSPA(Gr.V)Shri Lopes CraveiroUDCShri Naik Umesh BShri Verenkar Madan JSmt. D'Costa EdithSr.StenoSmt. D'Souza Lucinda VRecord KeeperShri Gad Surya VKhalasiShri Vaz Antonio XPeon (Higher Gr.)Shri Pereira PeterStore BearerShri D'Souza CaitanoShri Manickan SShri Barreto MahadeoShri Gawas Bhiku

Civil Engineering Section

Civil Engg.Shri Philip GeorgeAsst.Exe.Engg. (Elect.)Shri Kulkarni KBAsst.Exe.Engg. (Civil)Shri Kubsad RBA.E.(Civil)Shri Mathew Chacko PSLAShri Parmar UAShri Amaral Jose ANPump OperatorShri Patil MLJr.ElectricianShri Mahajan SNMechanicShri Goudar MGKPlumberShri Karelkar Laxman RCCarpenterShri Naik Gurudas PElectricianShri Cruz RuzarWorks MlstryShri John PP

73

Shri Krishnaiah KShri Sardessai RB

LDCSmt. Amaral Vijaya A

Helper Gr.AShri Gawas Laxman BShri Gawas Monu GShri Martins Nagesh

KhalasiShri Kotharkar ShantaShri Jogle Vithal A

Khalasi (W/C)Shri Shariff MdShri Vijayan P

Mason

Shri Gawas Mohammad

Director's Office

Sr.StenoShri Simon TPJr.StenoShri Khanapuri Mahadev

SLAShri Naik Suresh N

Helper Gr.A

Shri Gawade Shivaji D

Dispensary

RMODr.(Smt.) Bhandari LVM.O.Dr. Netravalkar MGNursing SisterSmt. Menezes ThelmaSisterSmt. Mochemadkar Kanchan PCompounderSmt. Fernandes Maria Angela

PeonShri Shirodkar Govind

Canteen

SLAShri Rebeiro MelwinAsst. ManagerShri Toraskar DTBearerShri Kharde Ramesh TShri Coelho ReginaldoShri Pernandes CeriloShri Dias GhanashamShri Varghese Thomas

Asst. HalwaiShri Tervankar Rama BTea/Coffee MakerShri Parab Nanu G

SafaiwalaSmt. Dias Ana Conceicao

B. Regional CentresBombaySc.E II(Scientist-in-Charge)Dr. Zingde MDSc.E IIDr.(Smt.) Nair VijayalakshmiSc.E IDr. Govindan KDr. Sabnis MMShri Sharma RVSc. CDr. Gajbhiye SNDr. Kadam ANDr. Jiyalal Ram MJT.O.(A)Shri Sharma PrashantKum. Gore PDShri Mandalia AVShri Rokade MAJTAShri Mehta PNSLAShri Patel Babu GShri Chauhan Gopal KShri Anirudh RamShri Bagde DSSmt. D'Souza RosariaAsst.(Gen)Shri Tharawal RSr.StenoShri Nair PBSPA (Gr.IV)Smt. Fernandes CarminaJr.StenoSmt. Subramanian GeetaUDCShri Date ASLDCSmt. Priolkar AlkaDriver MechanicShri Chopra VAStaff Car DriverShri Dige Anant ShankerShri Sable Baban VShri Sawant Subhash SHelper Gr.AShri Ilyas MdWatchmanShri Singh Omkar R

CochinSc.E II(Scientist-in-Charge)Dr. Sankaranarayanan VNSc.E IIDr Sivadas PSc.E IDr. Gopalan UKDr. Peter KJShri Josanto VDr. Nair KKCDr. Paulinose VTDr.(Smt.) Devi Lalithambika CBDr. Gopalakrishnan TCDr.(Smt.) Santhakumari VDr. Balachandran TShri Arvindakshan PNShri Rao Kameshwara KSmt. Rosamma StephenSmt. Saramma UPSmt. Jayalakshmy KVSmt. Meenakshi KunjammaDr. Haridas P

Sc.CDr.(Smt.) Devik SaralaShri Balasubramanian TShri Dinesh Kumar PKShri Ravichandran CSc.BSmt. Tressiamma JosephDr.(Smt.) Gupta RanuT.O.(C)Shri Venugopal PT.O.(B)Shri Pylee AbrahamShri Mohanan VNShri Raveendran 0Shri Narayanan BSTAShri Tony Joseph TShri Balachandran KKShri Kumaran SShri Vijayan PRNLib. Asst.Shri Thampi KEJTAKum. Nair MaheswariPre.Mech.(Gr.I)Shri Valson TRSLAShri Nair Sivaraman KKShri Shaji AKShri Sudhakaran TKShri Xavier KPDr. Cum Mech.Shri Chakkapan CPStaff Car DriverShri John LuisFitterShri Gopalan KJr. DeckhandShri Thakkappan KJr.Gest. OperatorShri George ThomasLab. Att.Shri Peter KPLab. BearerSmt. Geethakumari PGSPAShri Gopinathan KKAsst.(Gen)Shri Manoharan VDSmt. Pillai SwarnakumariUDCShri Sivadasan KPeonShri Hamza KHWatchmanShri Kurup PrabhakarShri Prabhakaran KRSafaiwalaSmt. Clara AMMaliShri Keshavappa T

VisakhapatnamSc.E II(Scientist-in-Charge)Dr. Rao TCSSc.E IIDr. Rao DPSc.E IDr. Murthy KSRDr. Sarma WSc.CShri Rao Malleswara MMDr. Sadhuram YShri Rao Narasimha TVShri Prasad Vara SJDShri Subramanyam ASShri Reddy Purnachandra N

74

AcronymsAE - Assistant Engineer

AEE - Assistant Executive Engineer

AO - Administrative Officer

Asst. - Assistant

COA - Controller of Administration

Doc. Off. - Documentation Officer

Dr. Cum Mech. - Driver Cum Mechanic

F&A - Finance & Accounts

Fine Mech. - Fine Mechanic

JLA - Junior Laboratory Assistant

Jr. Steno - Junior Stenographer

JTA - Junior Technical Assistant

Jr. Tech - Junior Technician

KPO - Key Punch Operator

Lab. Att. - Laboratory Attendant

LDC - Lower Division Clerk

Lib. Asst. - Library Assistant

Lib. Off. - Library Officer

MO-Medical Officer

Photo. Asst. - Photographic Assistant

Photo. Off. - Photographic Officer

Pre. Mech. -Precision Mechanic

PS. - Private Secretary

RMO - Resident Medical Officer

Sc. - Scientist

Secu. Asst. -Security Assistant

SLA - Senior Laboratory Assistant

SO-Section Officer

SPA - Stores & Purchase Assistant

Sr. Steno. -Senior Stenographer

Sr.D/Man -Senior Draughtsman

STA - Senior Technical Assistant

Tech. Gr. II- Technical Grade II

TO - Technical Officer

UDC - Upper Division Clerk

Shri Rao Prabhakara BShri Rao Mohan MSc.BShri Sudarshan RShri Chander Shaker DVT.O.(A)Shri Premakumar MKShri Venkateshwarlu KDr. (Smt.) Devi PadminiShri Lakshimi Narayana LSTAShri Raju YSN

JTAShri Jawahar Kumar ChSLAShri Rao Koteswara AShri Prasad Ranga TVShri Babu Suri ADrl. Cum Mech.Shri Polichetti NLab. Att.Shri Sheik Mustafa BSr.StenoSmt. Radhakrishna K

UDCSmt. Rao SyamalaShri Rao Rama Krishna ChHelper Gr.ASmt. Kondamma MMaliShri Rao Subha KTea MakerShri Rao Rama DWash BoyShri Appala Raju K

REGIONAL CENTRES

# Scientist-in-ChαrgeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional Centre, P. B. No. 1913Vidyaniketan Annexe BuildingHouse No. 41/591-BProvidence RoadErnakulam, Cochin - 682 018.

Telephone : 360306, 351814,351535Grams : Oceanology, ErnakulamTelex : 885-6399 NIO INFax : 91(0)022-6276426

# Scientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional CentreSea Shell BuildingSeven BangalowsVersova, Bombay - 400 061

Telephone : 6270419,6263773Grams : Oceanology, BombayTelex : 011-78419 NIOB INFax : 91(0)22-6270426

# Scientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional Centre, 176, Lawsons Bay ColonyVisakhapatnam - 530 017

Telephone : 554180,543595Grams : Ostechlab, VisakhapatnamTelex : 495-580 NIOW IN

HEADQUARTERS

* Director,National Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa - 403 004

Telephone : 226253 to 56Grams : Oceanology, PanajiTelex : 0194-216 NIO IN

0194-316 MGG INFax : 91(0)0832-223340

91(0)0832-221360 (BTIS)e-mail : ocean@bcgoa.ernet-in

ehrlich@bcgoa.ernet.inNICMAIL 400 : NIOGOANICNET : 40440551094200

NIO (Goa, India). ANNUAL REPORT 1993-94