announcements on the class web siteon the class web site –revised schedule of lectures –revised...
TRANSCRIPT
AnnouncementsAnnouncements
• On the class web siteOn the class web site– revised schedule of lecturesrevised schedule of lectures– revised schedule of quizzesrevised schedule of quizzes– clicker usage data (through 5-10). Please check clicker usage data (through 5-10). Please check
and report to me any corrections that need to be and report to me any corrections that need to be made.made.
RemindersReminders
• OpenOpen– mid-quarter survey about the class (closes mid-quarter survey about the class (closes
Fri May 19, 5 pm)Fri May 19, 5 pm)– sociolinguistics quiz (closes Wed May 17, sociolinguistics quiz (closes Wed May 17,
noon)noon)
• Sociolinguistics homework to be posted Sociolinguistics homework to be posted after classafter class– will be due next Thurs in sectionwill be due next Thurs in section
Japanese Socio-SemanticsJapanese Socio-Semantics
LING 200LING 200
Spring 2006Spring 2006
Prof. Toshiyuki OgiharaProf. Toshiyuki Ogihara
Topics to be covered todayTopics to be covered today
• Male vs. female languageMale vs. female language
• Honorifics and politeness indicatorsHonorifics and politeness indicators
• (Non-)use of pronouns(Non-)use of pronouns
using names (plus suffixes)using names (plus suffixes)
using “definite NP” (plus suffixes)using “definite NP” (plus suffixes)
their connotationstheir connotations
• Kinship terms and how to use themKinship terms and how to use them
Which group of English words Which group of English words does not consist of pronouns?does not consist of pronouns?
him
, them
hav
e, d
o
I, y
ou
him
self,
them
selv
es
0% 3%0%
97%1.1. him, themhim, them
2.2. have, dohave, do
3.3. I, youI, you
4.4. himself, himself, themselvesthemselves
Which is NOT an example of a Which is NOT an example of a (proper) name?(proper) name?
Geo
rge
Bush
Toky
o
John’s
house
Sher
lock
Holm
es
3% 0%
97%
0%
1.1. George BushGeorge Bush
2.2. TokyoTokyo
3.3. John’s houseJohn’s house
4.4. Sherlock HolmesSherlock Holmes
Male vs. Female LanguageMale vs. Female LanguageMales and females speak in different ways in Males and females speak in different ways in
Japanese. This is deemphasized recently, Japanese. This is deemphasized recently, but the difference is still there.but the difference is still there.
1st person pronouns: ore, boku (male) atashi 1st person pronouns: ore, boku (male) atashi (female)(female)
Sentence-ending particles: -ze (male) -wa Sentence-ending particles: -ze (male) -wa (female) -naa (neutral)(female) -naa (neutral)
Kirei-na kesiki-da ze. ‘It is a nice view.’Kirei-na kesiki-da ze. ‘It is a nice view.’pretty scenery-be ending (male)pretty scenery-be ending (male)Kirei-na kesiki-da wa. ‘It is a nice view.’Kirei-na kesiki-da wa. ‘It is a nice view.’pretty scenery-be ending (female) pretty scenery-be ending (female)
blowfish
Honorifics and Humble FormsHonorifics and Humble Forms• Japanese distinguishes between honorific Japanese distinguishes between honorific
forms of verbs and humble forms of verbs in forms of verbs and humble forms of verbs in some cases.some cases.
• Honorifics (raise the status of the subject)Honorifics (raise the status of the subject)• Humble Forms (lower the status of the subject)Humble Forms (lower the status of the subject)Fugu-o Fugu-o mesiagat-tamesiagat-ta. ‘(honorable person) ate.’. ‘(honorable person) ate.’blowfishblowfish-ACC eat (honorific)-PAST-ACC eat (honorific)-PASTFugu-o Fugu-o itadai-taitadai-ta. ‘(humble person) ate.’. ‘(humble person) ate.’blowfishblowfish-ACC eat (humble)-PAST-ACC eat (humble)-PASTFugu-o Fugu-o tabe-tatabe-ta. ‘(no honorific) ate.’. ‘(no honorific) ate.’blowfishblowfish-ACC eat-PAST-ACC eat-PAST
Honorifics and Humble FormsHonorifics and Humble FormsIn most cases, we only have one verb for each action/state type.In most cases, we only have one verb for each action/state type.• yomu ‘read’yomu ‘read’• o-yomi-ni naru ‘read’ (honorific)o-yomi-ni naru ‘read’ (honorific)• yom-are-ru ‘read’ (honorific)yom-are-ru ‘read’ (honorific)• Sensei-wa ano-hon-o yom-are-masi-ta ka?Sensei-wa ano-hon-o yom-are-masi-ta ka? teacher-TOP that-book-ACC read-HON-POLITE-PAST Qteacher-TOP that-book-ACC read-HON-POLITE-PAST Q
‘ ‘Did you read that book, teacher?’Did you read that book, teacher?’
We also have “polite forms”:We also have “polite forms”:• Watasi-wa sono hon-o yomi-masi-ta.Watasi-wa sono hon-o yomi-masi-ta.
I-TOP that book-ACC read-polite-PASTI-TOP that book-ACC read-polite-PAST
‘ ‘I read that book.’I read that book.’
How not to use pronouns in JPHow not to use pronouns in JP
Jp has many 1st and 2nd person pronouns, but Jp has many 1st and 2nd person pronouns, but when they are used (esp. 2nd person when they are used (esp. 2nd person pronouns), you have to be very careful. You pronouns), you have to be very careful. You usually avoid using them.usually avoid using them.
1st: 1st: (w)ata(ku)shi, boku, ore, oira (male only)(w)ata(ku)shi, boku, ore, oira (male only)
2nd: 2nd: an(a)ta ‘that place’, omae ‘in front of’ an(a)ta ‘that place’, omae ‘in front of’ (+honorific), kimi ‘lord’, kisama (see below)(+honorific), kimi ‘lord’, kisama (see below)
Note: kisama ‘honorable person’ can only be Note: kisama ‘honorable person’ can only be used when you are ready to fight.used when you are ready to fight.
Then what is used to refer to addressees?Then what is used to refer to addressees?
Easiest SolutionEasiest Solution
• Just avoid pronouns!Just avoid pronouns!
Waitress: Nani-ni nasaimasu-ka?Waitress: Nani-ni nasaimasu-ka?
what-DAT do(honorific)-Qwhat-DAT do(honorific)-Q
‘‘What would (you) like?’What would (you) like?’
Customer: Kake soba-ne.Customer: Kake soba-ne.
buckwheat noodle-endingbuckwheat noodle-ending
‘‘Buckwheat noodle soup, please’Buckwheat noodle soup, please’
How not to use pronouns in JPHow not to use pronouns in JP3rd: kare ‘he’, kanozyo ‘she’, ano-hito ‘that person’, 3rd: kare ‘he’, kanozyo ‘she’, ano-hito ‘that person’,
ano-ko ‘that child’ ‘that girl’ano-ko ‘that child’ ‘that girl’
kare ‘he’ and kanozyo ‘she’ were introduced only kare ‘he’ and kanozyo ‘she’ were introduced only recently and still sound unnatural in some contexts.recently and still sound unnatural in some contexts.
Instead of pronouns, “empty pronouns” or names are Instead of pronouns, “empty pronouns” or names are used in most cases.used in most cases.
A: Kinoo Zyon-ni at-ta yo. ‘I met John yesterday.’A: Kinoo Zyon-ni at-ta yo. ‘I met John yesterday.’
yesterday John-DAT meet-PAST endingyesterday John-DAT meet-PAST ending
B: don-na hito? ‘What is he like?’B: don-na hito? ‘What is he like?’
what-type-of personwhat-type-of person
Names used for AddresseesNames used for AddresseesNames (plus some ending) are used more often in Names (plus some ending) are used more often in
Japanese sentences than in English sentences.Japanese sentences than in English sentences.
You can even use names in place of 2nd person You can even use names in place of 2nd person pronouns. (In fact, using names is usually more pronouns. (In fact, using names is usually more appropriate/polite.) This is not possible in English.appropriate/polite.) This is not possible in English.
Mary is talking to Mr. Jones.Mary is talking to Mr. Jones.
Mary: Jones-san wa nani-o bennkyo-si te imasu ka?Mary: Jones-san wa nani-o bennkyo-si te imasu ka?
Jones-Jones-HONHON TOPTOP what- what-ACCACC study- study-PROG-PRES-QPROG-PRES-Q
‘‘What do you major in?’What do you major in?’
Literally: ‘What does Mr. Jones major in?’Literally: ‘What does Mr. Jones major in?’
Suffixes used with NounsSuffixes used with Nouns
We use suffixes such as -sama (very polite), -We use suffixes such as -sama (very polite), -san (polite), -kun (used to refer to someone san (polite), -kun (used to refer to someone not older than the speaker), -tyan not older than the speaker), -tyan (diminutive), -dono (only in written discourse; (diminutive), -dono (only in written discourse; obsolete in modern colloquial Japanese), -obsolete in modern colloquial Japanese), -sensei ‘professor’ (for professors, physicians, sensei ‘professor’ (for professors, physicians, artists, politicians, etc.).artists, politicians, etc.).
They indicate the status of the addressee and They indicate the status of the addressee and various relationships between the speaker various relationships between the speaker and the addressee.and the addressee.
Language as a Loaded WeaponLanguage as a Loaded WeaponIt is true that one must be very careful when addressing others It is true that one must be very careful when addressing others
in Japanese.in Japanese.
The general rule is roughly this:The general rule is roughly this:Use -san or better (e.g. sensei ‘professor’) when talking to Use -san or better (e.g. sensei ‘professor’) when talking to
someone older or someone higher in social statussomeone older or someone higher in social statusUse of -kun Use of -kun mustmust be avoided when talking to someone older or be avoided when talking to someone older or
someone higher in social status.someone higher in social status.Use of “bare last name” is ok only with same-age peers.Use of “bare last name” is ok only with same-age peers.
POSSIBLE SCENARIO: The victim was the assailant’s superior POSSIBLE SCENARIO: The victim was the assailant’s superior and talked like a superior (possibly with -kun or with “bare and talked like a superior (possibly with -kun or with “bare last name”). The assailant did not like that since they are of last name”). The assailant did not like that since they are of the same age.the same age.
““Definite NPs” for AddresseesDefinite NPs” for AddresseesWe can use “definite NPs” as well as names (normally w/ one We can use “definite NPs” as well as names (normally w/ one
of the above suffixes) in place of second person pronouns. of the above suffixes) in place of second person pronouns. E.g. ‘customer’, ‘president’, ‘chief’, ‘professor’E.g. ‘customer’, ‘president’, ‘chief’, ‘professor’
John is talking to a (prospective) customer.John is talking to a (prospective) customer.
John: Okyaku-sama-wa dotira-ga okonomi desuka?John: Okyaku-sama-wa dotira-ga okonomi desuka?
customer-SAMA-TOP which-NOM preference be-Qcustomer-SAMA-TOP which-NOM preference be-Q
‘‘Which would you prefer, sir/ma’am?’Which would you prefer, sir/ma’am?’
Literally: ‘As for Mr/Ms customer, which is the preference?’Literally: ‘As for Mr/Ms customer, which is the preference?’
Which English kinship term is Which English kinship term is gender neutral?gender neutral?
gra
ndfath
er
cousi
n
dau
ghter
nep
hew
0% 0%0%
100%1.1. grandfathergrandfather
2.2. cousincousin
3.3. daughterdaughter
4.4. nephewnephew
Kinship TermsKinship TermsInsider forms vs. outsider formsInsider forms vs. outsider formsIn-Group FormsIn-Group Forms (-san can be replaced by -chan) (-san can be replaced by -chan)(o)too-san ‘dad’, (o)kaa-san ‘mom’, (o)nii-san ‘elder (o)too-san ‘dad’, (o)kaa-san ‘mom’, (o)nii-san ‘elder
brother’, (o)nee-san ‘elder sister’, (o)zii-san brother’, (o)nee-san ‘elder sister’, (o)zii-san ‘grandfather’, (o)zi-san ‘uncle’, etc.‘grandfather’, (o)zi-san ‘uncle’, etc.
Used within the family like pronouns.Used within the family like pronouns.They can also be address terms.They can also be address terms.Out-Group FormsOut-Group Formstiti ‘father’, haha ‘mother’, ani ‘elder brother’, ane ‘elder titi ‘father’, haha ‘mother’, ani ‘elder brother’, ane ‘elder
sister’, otooto ‘younger brother’, imooto ‘younger sister’, otooto ‘younger brother’, imooto ‘younger sister’sister’
Used outside the family circle.Used outside the family circle.They cannot be address terms.They cannot be address terms.
Upward vs. Downward TermsUpward vs. Downward TermsNote that only “upward kinship terms” can be used as Note that only “upward kinship terms” can be used as
address terms/quasi-second-person-pronouns. address terms/quasi-second-person-pronouns. “Downward terms” cannot be.“Downward terms” cannot be.musuko ‘son’, musume ‘daughter’, mago musuko ‘son’, musume ‘daughter’, mago ‘grandchild’, oi ‘male nephew’, mei ‘female nephew’, ‘grandchild’, oi ‘male nephew’, mei ‘female nephew’, otooto ‘younger brother’, imooto ‘younger sister’otooto ‘younger brother’, imooto ‘younger sister’
They can only be descriptive terms.They can only be descriptive terms.
Watasi-wa musuko-to sun-de i-masu.Watasi-wa musuko-to sun-de i-masu.I -TOP son-with live-PROG-politeI -TOP son-with live-PROG-polite‘‘I live with my son’I live with my son’* Musuko-wa doo omou? Lit. ‘What does son think?’* Musuko-wa doo omou? Lit. ‘What does son think?’ son -TOP how think son -TOP how think
Upward vs. Downward TermsUpward vs. Downward TermsThere seem to be some interesting differences There seem to be some interesting differences
between JP and ENG here.between JP and ENG here.
Mom/dadMom/dad can be used like a name/quasi-3rd person can be used like a name/quasi-3rd person pronoun, but not as an address term.pronoun, but not as an address term.
John (to his daughter): (ok) Mom said you should work John (to his daughter): (ok) Mom said you should work harder.harder.
John (to his wife): # Mom, do you have a minute?John (to his wife): # Mom, do you have a minute?
SonSon can be used as an address term, but not as a can be used as an address term, but not as a quasi-2nd-person pronoun.quasi-2nd-person pronoun.
John (to his son): (ok) I believe you, son.John (to his son): (ok) I believe you, son.John (to his son): # What does son think?John (to his son): # What does son think?
Kinship Terms used with Strangers Kinship Terms used with Strangers Upward kinship terms (but not downward ones) are Upward kinship terms (but not downward ones) are
used as address terms/quasi-pronouns when used as address terms/quasi-pronouns when dealing with strangers (getting obsolete and can be dealing with strangers (getting obsolete and can be rude, but still used by older people)rude, but still used by older people)
15~30ish male: onii-san ‘elder brother’15~30ish male: onii-san ‘elder brother’ female: onee-san ‘elder sister’female: onee-san ‘elder sister’30~60ish male: ozi-san ‘uncle’, female oba-san ‘aunt’30~60ish male: ozi-san ‘uncle’, female oba-san ‘aunt’40~70ish male: otoo-san ‘father’, female okaa-san 40~70ish male: otoo-san ‘father’, female okaa-san
‘mother’‘mother’65~ male: ozii-san ‘grandfather’, female obaa-san 65~ male: ozii-san ‘grandfather’, female obaa-san
‘grandmother’‘grandmother’