announcements oil policies and the future of indigenous territories in the ecuadorean amazon dr....
TRANSCRIPT
Announcements OIL POLICIES and the
FUTURE of INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES IN THE ECUADOREAN AMAZON Dr. Pablo Ortiz
Andean University
Thurs., Feb. 5th, 4:00 Hagey Hall
150 POSTPONED!POSTPONED!
Waterloo-Germany Exchange Open to all students. Receive UW credits-
language fluency-International experience!
Info session from 12:30-1:30 p.m. Thursday, Feb. 5, 2004, ML 245
Check out the web site at: http://germanicandslavic.uwaterloo.ca/exchange/.
Mid-Term Exam
short answer (paragraph) 60% three sections – each worth equal weight each section will present choice of two
questions Section A – Axioms of Political Science
and Introduction to Globalization Section B – Global Institutions I
• WTO, NAFTA, EU Section C – Global Institutions II
• World Bank, IMF, UN
Globalization & Third World Development
World Bank and the IMF
February 3rd, 2004
The IMF -- Function functions – to promote...
international monetary cooperation expansion of trade exchange rate ($$) stability allow member countries to correct maladjustments in
balance of payments balance of payments=exports-imports to allow countries to continue paying for imports without
imposing import controls provides short-term loans at market-related rate of interest
• lower interest rates for poor countries (as of mid-1980s)– requires structural adjustment plan
The IMF -- Programs Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF)
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers concessional lending (i.e. low interest) http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/prsp.htm
Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HPIC) Initiative debt relief (joint IMF/World Bank) http://worldbank.org/hipc/about/about.html “eligible HPIC countries undertake sustained
implementation of integrated poverty reduction and economic reform programs”
The IMF -- Structure all loan arrangements must be approved by
Executive Board fund is based on quotas on members
based on the relative size of their economies in the world economy
votes based on size of quota contribution IMF and the US --
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08/business/08FUND.html?ex=1075525200&en=2e26ea5a76a51764&ei=5070
IMF, Votes by Country, 2002
US17%
Japan6%
Other61% France
5%
Germany6%
UK 5%
The Washington Consensus principles underlying the policies of World Bank and
IMF new model of neo-liberal economic development
market liberalization privatization economic stabilization deregulation
World Bank and IMF structural adjustment policies (SAPs)
argument that loans were ineffective in fostering development without changes to ensure a healthy economy
countries had to be able to pay loans back countries had “to get the basics right” SAPs -- conditional loans issued to countries to
pursue policy reforms in keeping with 4 goals above
The World Bank, IMF and Structural Adjustment
the critique “In who’s interest? Just ask...who set it up?”
former Jamaican President, Michael Manley
World Bank allows rich western industrialized countries to dictate the path of
development in their own interests project their preferred model of development on the domestic policies of
developing countries wield imperialistic power over developing countries through the
mechanism of debt IMF
as above, plus... allows rich western industrialized countries to expand their markets ensures that debts of developing countries (to interests in developed
countries) are paid
The World Bank, IMF and Structural Adjustment
the defense what is the alternative?
would anyone argue that poor countries be denied IMF and World Bank loans?
capital (necessary for development) would not otherwise be available on the open market
however, cannot simply give money away... countries must be able to show that they will be able to pay it back best way to do so is to “get the basics right” – create conditions for
economic development• to some significant degree, this is where the difference lie
basic problems of poverty and underdevelopment are not created by World Bank and IMF
The World Bank, IMF and Structural Adjustment
the counter-critique international institutions (e.g. IMF, World Bank) would be more
sensitive to needs of developing countries if they had stronger representation of developing countries
there are other alternatives e.g. debt relief
International Relations
Managing Interdependence
February 3rd, 2004
International Political Framework
states are the main playersare sovereign exist in international systemare interdependent
to manage interdependence, states can: devise rules, mechanisms for peaceful co-existence
foundation for international law, institutions international regime: regularized pattern of
interaction between countries, through law, institutions, diplomacy
resort to force or threat of force
International Political Framework managing interdependence is difficult
different preferences re. domestic politics, international order
international inequalities of power domestic concerns about loss of sovereignty
International Political Framework – Major Changes
end of the Cold War interdependence is increasing
“Globalization...means an ever larger and more demanding international agenda, more engagement by countries in each other’s affairs over matters farther and farther behind each other’s borders, and, even among friends, more collisions of interest.” Jessica Matthews, Estranged Partners
domestic politics are more and more affected by politics at the international level and vice versa
America’s War on Terrorism Sept.11th contributed to erasing the line between
foreign policy and domestic politics for the US war on terrorism -- main US foreign policy
challenge is defined as homeland security ensuring homeland security is a project firmly
embroiled in domestic politics• Office of Homeland Security• civil liberties
homeland security depends on successful foreign policy
requires maintaining an international coalition (despite having pushed US towards military unilateralism)
avoiding creating new threats in addressing existing threats
International Organizations
Security -- The United Nations
February 5th --2004
Managing Interdependence -- The United Nations establishment
precursor – League of Nations (1919)
established 1945 primary objective – peace and
security preamble of the UN Charter
WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED... to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our
lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the
human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and
to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,AND FOR THESE ENDS... to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good
neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that
armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social
advancement of all peoples,HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS.
The United Nations – What is It? Chpt.1, Article 2, 1: The Organization is based on the
principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. organization of voluntary member countries
"Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace-loving states which accept the obligations of the Charter and, in the judgement of the Organization, are willing and able to carry out these obligations.”
51 countries in 1945• including US and Iraq!
191 countries in 2003 based on the “sovereign equality” of each of its
member
The United Nations – Aims and Functions primary objective – peace and security
recognition of the interrelated nature of various spheres of interdependence
security dependent upon other aspects (rights, social progress, etc.)
multiple areas of focus security (UN Security Council) economic development (UN Development Program) health (World Health Organization) human rights (Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human
Rights) refugees (Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees) women (UN Development Fund for Women) children (UN Children’s Fund)
The UN and Security powers and functions (Security Council)
Chpt.5, Article 24, 1: ...its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.
Chpt.7, Article 43, 1: All Members of the United Nations...undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call...armed forces...necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.
main difference with former League of Nations
The UN Security Council organizational structure
15 members 5 permanent
US, Great Britain, France, Russia, China each holds veto power
10 rotating members elected from UN General Assembly two year terms Germany, Guinea, Mexico, Pakistan, Spain, Syria, Angola,
Bulgaria, Cameroon, Chile decisions on substantial matters
requires nine votes votes of all five permanent nations
The United Nations – What is It? different from “government”
no direct relationship with people of member countries not directly elected by the people or accountable to them link between “the people” and the UN in some cases is through
non-democratic governments has no ability to tax or raise revenues
dues on each member country based on country’s share of the world economy
29% of countries not paying dues in full or on time largest share (38%) of unpaid dues attributed to US (UN
Wepbage)• however, US pays highest dues (22% of UN budget)
has no independent military no way to independently enforce its decisions
The United Nations – What is It? result?
can only undertake activities that its members agree to and only to the extent that they provide the resources to do so
especially dependent on those that provide the most resources
only wields influence to the degree that membership broadly or individual members of specific importance (e.g. US) accept its legitimacy
The UN and the Iraq Situation
UN Security Council & the Iraq Situation
challenge for Security Council – avoid irrelevance balance between...
rubber-stamping US foreign policy goals obstructing US foreign policy goals (forcing US to act
unilaterally) Resolution 687 (1991)
Iraq shall unconditionally accept removal of weapons of mass destruction, ballistic missiles, and related production facilities
provides for establishment of a system of ongoing monitoring and verification of Iraq’s compliance
Resolution 1441 (November 2002) finds Iraq in material breach of SC Res687 provides “final opportunity” to comply with
disarmament obligations Security Council to convene if Iraq fails to comply warns that Iraq faces “serious consequences”
UN Security Council & the Iraq Situation
proposed resolution US, UK, Spain “...Iraq has failed to take the final
opportunity afforded to it in resolution 1441.”
memorandum opposing use of force France, Germany, Russia
• conditions for using force against Iraq have not been fulfilled
• calls for “reinforced inspections”
UN Security Council & the Iraq Situation
US, UK and Spain rescind proposed resolution on March 17th
Why?• would not pass
– France vows to veto
– also unclear if support sufficient to pass even in absence of French veto
• if the resolution is defeated, use of force would be clearly contrary to the wishes of UN Security Council
US argues that use of force legal under Resolution 687
48 hour warning issued Monday, March 17th
first missiles launched March 19th
The UN Charter and the Iraq Situation
Chpt.1, Article 2, 4: All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state...
Chpt.5, Article 25: The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.
Chpt.7, Article 39: The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken...to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Article 51: Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations...
UN Security Council & the Iraq Situation
implications for UN Security Council US clearly signaled its belief that the
Security Council has failed its responsibility
challenge for Security Council – avoid irrelevance balance between...
rubber-stamping US foreign policy goals obstructing US foreign policy goals (forcing
US to act unilaterally) UN Security Council will be irrelevant
to future US military action unless reformed
UN Security Council Members (Freedom House Freedom Rating)
Angola – Not Free (6/5) Bulgaria – Free (1/2) Cameroon – Not Free (6/6) Chile – Free (2/1) China – Not Free (7/6) France – Free (1/1) Germany – Free (1/1) Guinea – Not Free (6/5) Mexico – Free (2/2) Pakistan – Not Free (6/5) Russia – Partly Free (5/5) Spain – Free (1/1) Syria – Not Free (7/7)
• among top 9 worst rated countries in the world UK – Free (1/1) US – Free (1/1)