Announcements

Fellowships Congressional Executive Committee on China Pickering

Guest speakers Read Zhu Keliang, et al., “The Rural Land Question in

China,” NYU Journal of International Law & Policy Vol. 38 (2005), pp. 768-800 (Sections II-III required; Sections I and IV-VII optional.)

Prepare one question (typed, with name) for the guests to be submitted at the beginning of class.

Announcements

“Pre-test” / “Post-test” Make sure first 4 questions are complete. Turn to the final 3 questions

Danwei (work unit)

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Cultural Revolution and the study of non-democratic regimes

Lack of institutional checks on political authority readily allows extreme policies

Lack of institutionalized mechanisms to address policy debates, leadership transitions, and mass participation in politics can lead to violence,

instability

Video clip

Video clip (10, 01:05:53-01:18:50) Cultural Revolution

China: A Century of Revolution Part II: The Mao Years, 1949-1976

produced in 1994

Points to pay attention to: Policy conflict Tensions among the top leadership How ordinary people used the Cultural

Revolution for their own purposes.

Cultural Revolution: Mass participation(Reading by Perry)

What motivates ordinary people? Economism

Explained by group characteristics and interests

Especially excluded groups Example: temporary vs. permanent SOE workers

Review on your own the other Conservatism

Explained by party networks Rebellion

Explained by psychological factors Gap between ambition and achievement

Cultural Revolution: Policy Conflict

struggle over correct vision/policies “Capitalist tendencies”

Free markets, private agricultural plots Maoist policies

Eliminate market signals, communal ownership, egalitarianism

Cultural Revolution: Policy conflict

Series of campaigns to reassert Maoist values and developmental priorities Socialist Education Movement, 1963-66

revive commune system in agriculture

Mao perceived that campaigns failed because of obstructionism by Communist party apparatus

Contrast moderate rural policy post-GLF

Learn from Dazhai Radically egalitarian agricultural policies (Chen Village)

Other campaigns in health, education, and culture Health: ex—doctors to the countryside Education: ex—integrating manual labor into curriculum Culture: Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan

Cultural Revolution: Policy conflict

Series of campaigns to reassert Maoist values and developmental priorities Learn from the PLA under Minister of Defense Lin Biao,

1963 “red” (Cult of Mao—”Little Red Book”) and expert

(nukes)

Cultural Revolution: Policy conflict

Radical Maoist Vision for China “Socialist new born things”

education healthindustry cultureagriculture party affairs

Learn from Daqing (industry) Learn from Dazhai (agriculture) May 7th Cadre Schools (party affairs)

Cultural Revolution: Leadership succesion

Organization of CCP undermined Absence of institutionalized succession processes

dramatized Liu Shaoqi Lin Biao (Mao’s “close comrade-in-arms” and successor) Gang of Four Deng Xiaoping

Legitimacy of CCP undermined

Battle Lines Drawn:Overview of the Political Spectrum as of 1969

Mao

Radicals in Cult Rev Group

PLA

Surviving Moderates

Ousted Moderates

Mao’s secretary

Chen Boda Lin Biao

∕Zhou Enlai

Liu Shaoqi*

(d. 1969)

∕Jiang Qing

Deng Xiaoping*

Kang ShengTrained by NKVD

Chen Yun

Zhang ChunqiaoShanghai cult apparat

Others

Yao WenyuanShanghai lit crit

*1967 house arrest

Overview of the Political Spectrum as of 1969(*Gang of Four, arrested 1976)

Mao (d. 1976)

Radicals in Cult Rev Group

PLA

Surviving Moderates

Ousted Moderates

Chen BodaLin Biao (d.1971)

Zhou Enlai (d. 1976)

Liu Shaoqi (d. 1969)

Jiang Qing* Deng Xiaoping(V.Ch MAC’75)Mao brought back to

reorganize PLA

Kang Sheng Chen Yun

Zhang Chunqiao* Others

Yao Wenyuan* Mao Loyalists

Wang HongwenFactory sec guard

(Politburo 1973)*

Hua Guofeng (“Whatever Faction”)

Cultural Revolution and the study of non-democratic regimes

Risks of violating separation of civilian and military leadership Undermines military professionalism Increases threat of military coup

Demonstration of interplay between domestic politics and foreign policy

Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations

Address collapse of party authority Restore order, restore production,

govern 3-in-1 committees

1: PLA (army) 2: CCP (“uncorrupted” party cadres) 3: Representatives of “the masses”

Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations

PLA itself being drawn into conflictLocal commanders closer to CCP

Risk of splitting military—civil war?

Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations

1969-71: Civil-Military Conflict Struggle between PLA and CCP

CCP Seeks to rebuild itself Seeks to reassert primary of party over army

Soviet threat: “Brezhnev Doctrine” PLA, Lin Biao

Dual threats from US, USSR Aggrandizes PLA

CCP Talks with Kissinger (1971) PRC UN seat (1971)

Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations

1971-76: Party Conflict Phase US-China rapproachment

Shanghai Communique (1972) Struggle for dominance within CCP

Cultural Revolution:civil-military relations

Challenge norm of civilian control over military “party controls the gun”

9th CCP Central Committee (1969) 45% military 8th CCP Central Committee (1956) 29% military

1975 Mao brought Deng Xiaoping back to reorganize PLA PLA Chief of Staff Military Affairs Commission, V.Chairman Politburo Standing Committee, V. Chairman

Interplay of domestic and foreign policy Sino-US-Soviet relations

Doctrinal disputes Soviet threat (Brezhnev Doctrine, border clashes) bigger

PLA or turn to USA

The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) is considered a period of totalitarian rule

Totalitarianism defined Single charismatic leader Single dominant party Utopian, forward-looking ideology State control over all organized activity

Note absence of private sphere Example from

Chen Village? Video clip? danwei (work unit)?

Mobilized participation Popular fear instilled by arbitrary terror

The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) is considered a period of totalitarian rule

Totalitarianism defined Single charismatic leader Single dominant party Utopian, forward-looking ideology State control over all organized activity

Note absence of private sphere Example from Chen Village?

Private time (p. 80) Broadcasts about individual behavior

Example from video clip? Father and son “drawing a line”

Example from danwei (work unit)? Potential for monitoring

Mobilized participation Study sessions: had to speak up 1980s lax until Tiananmen Sq; used to estab “line”

Popular fear instilled by arbitrary terror Already Anti-Rightist Campaign

Quota of rightists for each unit