Annotations of The Complete Peanuts

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March 15, 2015

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Contents0.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

1 Contributors 53

List of Figures 55

2 Licenses 592.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.2 GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.3 GNU Lesser General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Figure 1 Charles M. Schulz, creator of Peanuts .

Since 2004, Fantagraphics Books has been republishing the complete run of the comic stripPeanuts1 in hardcover form, starting from the origin of the strip in October 1950.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts

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Charles M. Schulz2 made frequent topical references within the strip to the events andpopular culture of the time, which would have required no explanation for a contemporaryreader. Some of these references are now rather obscure, and might not be understood bysomeone not versed in the popular culture of the period. These annotations aim to providebackground for such references, and explain their significance.

Each chapter corresponds with a separate volume from the Fantagraphics series, corre-sponding to two years of the published strips. The original publication dates of the stripsare given in addition to the page numbers of the collection, so this reference work can alsobe used by people with access to the original archives.

==1950−1952== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1950 to 1952 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2004. ISBN 156097589X)

• p. 9 (October 31, 1950). One of the games of marbles3 involves shooting one marble outof a ring with another.

• p. 11 (November 17, 1950). Although Peanuts is famous for its complete absence ofadults, they were occasionally seen and heard in the earliest years of the strip (see June3, 19524).

• p. 24 (December 21, 1950). First appearance of Charlie Brown’s famous zig-zag stripedshirt. (See p. 278, December 8 1952, for the ”negative” of this shirt.)

• p. 25 (December 25, 1950). ”Through the woods to grandmother’s house” is from LydiaMaria Child’s 1844 song ”Over the River and Through the Woods5”, which the childrenalso sing at the end of the 1973 television special A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving6 .

• p. 30 (January 11, 1951). A filibuster7 is an attempt to delay the proceedings of alegislature. Shermy is stalling for time to get his homework done.

• p. 38 (February 9, 1951). George Washington8, Thomas Jefferson9, and Abraham Lin-coln10 were three of America’s greatest presidents. (Along with Theodore Roosevelt11,they are the faces on Mount Rushmore12.)

• p. 46 (March 8, 1951). Patty is using a typewriter13.

• p. 49 (March 21, 1951). ”Mad dog” refers to a dog with rabies14. Rabid dogs are usuallykilled by local authorities (c.f. To Kill a Mockingbird15 ).

2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20M.%20Schulz3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marbles4 Chapter on page 25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%20the%20River%20and%20Through%20the%20Woods6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Charlie%20Brown%20Thanksgiving7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/filibuster8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Jefferson10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Roosevelt12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Rushmore13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/typewriter14 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rabies15 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Kill%20a%20Mockingbird

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• p. 67 (May 23, 1951). ”Second childhood” refers to mental impairment as a result ofold age. It was a euphemism16 for such things as what we now know to be Alzheimer’sdisease17.

• p. 71 (June 4, 1951). In the early 20th century, people unhappy with the squalor andcrime of big cities went ”back to the soil” and became farmers. It was an attempt tore-connect with nature and enjoy ”the simple life.” What Charlie Brown was referring towas playing in his sandbox.

• p. 79 (July 4, 1951). It is generally thought that the convention of a man walking nearestthe curb is so that he and not the lady would be splashed by passing carriages or bysomeone above emptying a chamber pot18.

• p. 84 (July 21, 1951). In the early part of the 20th century, when a young lady went outon a date, she didn’t need to bring any money since the man would pay for everything.But it was recommended that she carry some ”mad money”, in case the man did somethingthat angered her (made her mad), so she could end the date and have her own money totake a street car19 or taxi20 home.

• p. 91 (August 13, 1951). ”Comic magazine” and ”comic book21” are used interchangeablythroughout the early days of the strip, with the former eventually dropping out of use.(See p. 17, November 29, 1950 for the first use of ”comic book”.)

• p. 93 (August 21, 1951). Neptune22 is the ancient Roman god of the seas.

• p. 103 (September 26, 1951). Charlie Brown misunderstood; it’s the New York Philharmonic23, one of America’s finest symphony orchestra24s.

• p. 105 (October 2, 1951). Schroeder is playing the slow movement (Grave) fromBeethoven’s25 Piano Sonata No. 8 op. 13, ”Pathetique.”

• p. 108 (October 13, 1951). In a less politically sensitive time (white) children would play”Cowboys and Indians,” a game in which they would chase and pretend to shoot eachother, with either imaginary guns—a child’s index finger being the gun’s barrel and thethumb the hammer (See Volume 2’s August 7 1954, p. 250, for Lucy’s clever take onthis ”hand gun”) -- or using toy weapons. (See p. 148, February 10 1952, for a full-scaleproduction of the game.)

• p. 114 (November 1, 1951). Children in the United States used to ask for money or candyon Halloween26. In the 21st century, it’s become almost exclusively candy.

16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/euphemism17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s%20disease18 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chamber%20pot19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tram20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/taxicab21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/comic%20book22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune%20%28mythology%2923 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Philharmonic24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orchestra25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven26 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween

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• p. 124 (December 6, 1951). The proper technique for ice fishing27 is to cut a hole in theice—which is what Charlie Brown does six days later in the December 13, 1951 strip, p.126.

• p. 125 (December 10, 1951). Someone else has drawn a picture of Charlie Brown onthe sidewalk. He adds the legend ”Don’t Tread on Me” so that people won’t scuff up hispicture (scuffing him in effigy). The phrase ”Don’t Tread on Me” along with the imageof a rattlesnake became popular during the American Revolution28 and is seen on theGadsden flag29. It remains a symbol of defiance against oppression.

• p. 135 (January 12, 1952). Charlie Brown is ”driving” a soapbox car30, a car made ofwooden boxes, with no motor, that only goes downhill due to gravity.

• p. 136 (January 13, 1952). Alexander Graham Bell31 is generally credited with theinvention of the telephone.

• p. 137 (January 15, 1952). The expression ”Born on the wrong side of the (railroad)tracks” means to be poor, but Charlie Brown is using it here to mean unlucky. The snowman was unlucky enough to be born where it’s sunny (because it’s melted him).

• p. 137 (January 16, 1952). Prelude in C major from Johann Sebastian Bach32’s Well-Tempered Clavier33 (Book 1), BWV84634.

• p. 140 (January 23, 1952). This musical piece is more commonly referred to asBeethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 29 in B flat major 35. This is also the music for March25 and April 14. A Hammer-Klavier (in correct German, Hammerklavier ) is simplythe German word for piano. Schulz lettered those German words in blackletter script36,which was still in use in Germany at the time. (See also p. 206, June 24, 1952, below).

• p. 144 (February 1, 1952). The large disc they are listening to is a phonograph record37,the precursor to a compact disc38.

• p. 146 (February 4, 1952). Albert Payson Terhune39 was the author of many stories andnovels about dogs, most notably Lad, a Dog .

• p. 148 (February 10, 1952). Charlie Brown is mis-singing Stephen Foster40’s ”Old Folksat Home41” (More commonly know by its first line, ”Way down upon the Swanee River”).

27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice%20fishing28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Revolution29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden%20flag30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapbox%20%28car%2931 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Graham%20Bell32 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach33 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-Tempered%20Clavier34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV35 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20Sonata%20No.%2029%20%28Beethoven%2936 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackletter37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone%20record38 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compact%20disc39 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Payson%20Terhune40 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Foster41 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Folks%20at%20Home

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”Old Chisel Home Trail” is the Chisholm Trail42, a cattle drive route from Texas to Kansasin the 19th Century.

• p. 159 (March 7, 1952). Charlie Brown and Snoopy are playing William Tell43, thelegendary Swiss hero who shot an apple from his son’s head with an arrow.

• p. 160 (March 9, 1952). The joke is that in the three hours they played (a commonlength of time for a round of golf44), they only made it as far as the 1st (of 18) holes.

• p. 162 (March 13, 1952). Banbury Cross45 is a real place in England, but Charlie Brownis undoubtedly thinking of the nursery rhyme ”Ride a Cock Horse to Banbury Cross46.”

• p.169 (March 30, 1952). The songs Lucy wants to hear are ”Three Blind Mice47” and”Twinkle Twinkle Little Star48.”

• p. 171 (April 3, 1952). Charlie Brown is delivering the traditional whistle of appreciationfor feminine beauty (though it usually has two notes: WEEEET-WOOO49), and Pattytakes offense. Schroeder, being more musical, delivers a mini-concert to Violet and getsto walk off with her. It is the melody to ”Traumerei” from Schumann’s50 ”Scenes fromChildhood” for piano.

• p. 179 (April 21, 1952). ”Rubbers” is another term for galoshes51.

• p. 182 (April 29, 1952). Charlie Brown thinks they need him to play the card gamebridge52, which requires four people. (Six months later, p. 257, October 22 1952, that iswhat he’s needed for.)

• p. 194 (May 27, 1952). Snoopy’s first words in the strip, as opposed to ”Smack Smack”(see p. 2,1 December 11, 1950, 2nd panel) and other animal noises.

• p. 197 (June 3, 1952). The first time that adults (except for Beethoven53) are seen inthe strip, even if only on TV. (See Volume 2, pp. 215, 218, and 221 for whole crowds ofadults as Lucy plays in a golf tournament.)

• p. 201 (June 14, 1952). ”Sweetmeats” is just another term for confectionery54 products,including candy.

• p. 202 (June 15, 1952). Patty is misquoting William Congreve55’s line from his 1697 playThe Mourning Bride : ”Musick has Charms to sooth a savage Breast . . .”

42 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisholm%20Trail43 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Tell44 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/golf45 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury46 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride%20a%20cock%20horse%20to%20Banbury%20Cross47 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Blind%20Mice48 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle%20Twinkle%20Little%20Star49 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-whistling50 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Schumann51 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/galoshes52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract%20bridge53 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven54 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/confectionery55 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Congreve

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• p. 203 (June 17, 1952). ”The Gay Nineties56” refers to the economic expansion andrapid wealth gains experienced in parts of America in the 1890s. Likewise, ”The RoaringTwenties57” refers to American in the 1920s, a period of rapid social change and economicprosperity that only ended with The Great Depression58.

• p. 205 (June 22, 1952). The violent names and nature of some comic books at thetime were epitomized by EC Comics59 and criticized by Fredric Wertham60 in his bookSeduction of the Innocent61 .

• p. 206 (June 24, 1952). ”Eine Kleine Nachtmusik62” is famous musical piece by WolfgangAmadeus Mozart63. Jawohl is German for an emphatic ”Yes” (similar to ”of course” or”you bet”).

• p. 206 (June 25, 1952). Both 33 and 20 are terrible scores for any hole in golf64.

• p. 218 (July 21, 1952). Because he wrote about collies, these are almost certainly AlbertPayson Terhune65 books again (see p. 146 above).

• p. 225 (August 7, 1952). Schroeder is playing the first movement of Beethoven’s66 PianoSonata No. 14 op. 27 No. 2, ”Moonlight.”

• p. 228 (August 15, 1952). A shutout67 is a game in which one team wins without allowingthe opposing team to score at all. So, yes, their opponents having scored 63 runs, CharlieBrown’s team has no chance of shutting them out.

• p. 231 (August 22, 1952). Lucy is confusing checkers with the card game bridge68, wherea coup and grand coup 69 are various sophisticated card plays. Charlie Brown doesn’tappear to know the difference either. But he soon learns to play (See p. 257, below).

• p. 243 (September 19, 1952). Linus’s first appearance (although his name wouldn’t bementioned until September 22). Schulz: ”[O]ne day I was doodling on a piece of paperand I drew this little character with some wild hair straggling down from the top of hishead and I showed it to a friend of mine... whose name was Linus Maurer. For no reasonat all I had written his name under it... [t]hen I thought, why not put this character inthe strip and make him Lucy’s brother?”70

56 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20Nineties57 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring%20Twenties58 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Depression59 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC%20Comics60 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric%20Wertham61 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction%20of%20the%20Innocent62 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eine%20Kleine%20Nachtmusik63 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart64 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/golf65 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Payson%20Terhune66 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven67 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shutout68 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract%20bridge69 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%20%28bridge%2970 Kenneth Wilson. A Visit with Charles SchulzA Visit with Charles Schulz. Christian Herald, Septem-

ber1967

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• p. 246 (September 25, 1952). Vasco Núñez de Balboa71 was the first European to seethe Pacific Ocean from the New World. Daniel Boone72 was an 18th century Americanfrontiersman and Indian-fighter.

• p. 248 (October 1, 1952). Perfect pitch73 (also called absolute pitch) is ability to singany individual note on command and/or recognize any individual note upon hearing itplayed. It is often thought to be a sign of musical genius. Charlie Brown is confusing itthe pitching74 in baseball75.

• p. 264 (November 7, 1952). The strip’s first use of ”fuss-budget”, a term seldom seenoutside of Peanuts. It means one who fusses over insignificant matters; a complainer.

• p. 267 (November 15, 1952). Note the use of ”deep focus76” on both Lucy and thetelephone. Quite dramatic. Right out of Citizen Kane77 , which the strip would refer tofrequently in later years.

• p. 268 (November 16, 1952). The first time Lucy pulls the football away from CharlieBrown.

• p. 278 (December 9, 1952). Schroeder is playing the Prelude in C major from Book Oneof J. S. Bach’s78 ”Well Tempered Clavier.”

• p. 282 (December 18, 1952). Carnegie Hall79 is one of the finest American venues forthe performance of classical music. In the 1950s and 60s especially it was considered theheight of musical accomplishment to perform there.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts80

==1953−1954== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1953 to 1954 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2004. ISBN 1560976144)

• p. 11 (January 25, 1953). Schroeder is playing the Piano Sonata No. 29 in B-flat, op. 106”Hammerklavier” by Beethoven81. This appears again on p. 110 (September 13, 1953).

• p. 16 (February 5, 1953). Bela Bartok82 was one of Hungary’s83 greatest composers.

• p. 52 (May 1, 1953). Schroeder is singing from the 4th movement of the Symphony No.9 in d, Op. 125 ”Choral” by Beethoven84.

71 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco%20N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez%20de%20Balboa72 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Boone73 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20pitch74 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pitching75 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/baseball76 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/deep%20focus77 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%20Kane78 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach79 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie%20Hall80 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts81 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Van_Beethoven82 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9la_Bart%25C3%25B3k83 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary84 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Van_Beethoven

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• p. 63 (May 26, 1953). ”Doggie in the Window85” was Patti Page’s86 #1 hit song in 1953.

• p. 122 (October 11, 1953). Ben Hogan87 was a famous professional golf player. (It isinteresting to note that in these pre-1960s strips, Charlie Brown can sometimes be quiteself-confident.)

• p. 130 (October 31, 1953). A contour sheet is a fitted bed sheet88.

• p. 133 (November 5, 1953). Lucy is exercising her rights as guaranteed by the FifthAmendment to the United States Constitution89.

• p. 149 (December 13, 1953). Schroeder is playing the waltz ”On the Beautiful BlueDanube90” op. 314 by Johann Strauss Jr.91.

• p. 207 (April 26, 1954). Schroeder is smiling, and has a candelabra92 on his piano, asLiberace93 did in his television show at the time.

• p. 215 (May 16, 1954). Sam Snead94 and Ben Hogan95 were famous professional golfers.”Ike” refers to President Dwight D. Eisenhower96, well-known for his love of golf.

• p. 225 (June 8, 1954). Miss Frances97 was the host of a popular children’s televisionprogram. She invented the approach of talking to her young viewers as if they were inthe room with her.

• p. 232 (June 24, 1954). Stan Musial98, Ted Williams99, Roy Campanella100 were popularbaseball players of the era.

• p. 274 (October 2, 1954). After Lucy does some meaningless graffiti101, Charlie Browncrosses the t.

• p. 280 (October 15. 1954). Handballs102 are quite small: 1⅞inches (4.8 centimeters) indiameter.

• p. 281 (October 17, 1954). Outing flannel103 is particularly soft, having a nap on bothsides.

85 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doggie_In_The_Window86 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti%20Page87 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Hogan88 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bed%20sheet89 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth%20Amendment%20to%20the%20United%20States%

20Constitution90 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Blue%20Danube91 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II92 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/candelabra93 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberace94 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead95 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Hogan96 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%20Eisenhower97 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Frances98 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Musial99 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Williams100 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Campanella101 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/graffiti102 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20handball103 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts104

==1955−1956== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1955 to 1956 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2005. ISBN 1560976470)

• p. 6 (January 11, 1955). A mambo105 is a very fast piece of dance music.

• p. 6 (January 12, 1955). A metronome106 is a device for keeping a regulated beat toassist in the playing of music.

• p. 7 (January 13, 1955). You break the sound barrier107 by traveling faster than thespeed of sound108: approximately 343 m/s109, 1,087 ft/s110, 761 mph111 or 1,235 km/h112in air at sea level. The person generally credited with first doing this is Chuck Yeager113on October 14, 1947.

• p. 10 (January 22, 1955). This may be inspired by the 1940 film, Edison, the Man ,which starred Spencer Tracy114 and told the story of the earlier years of inventor ThomasEdison115.

• p. 16 (February 4, 1955). An egotist is someone self-centered, who thinks they are ”thecenter of the universe.”

• p. 21 (February 15, 1955). In actual farming116, ”parity” was the ratio of farm income tofarm expenditure with 1910-1914 as a base. Farm interests from 1920s to 1960s wantedfederal programs to raise their income to parity.

• p. 33 (March 15, 1955). Lucy is playing with some famous sayings. ”There’s a suckerborn every minute,” (i.e. you can always find someone to con) is attributed to showmanP.T. Barnum117. ”Two’s company, but three’s a crowd.” ”If at first you don’t succeed, try,try again.”

• p. 45 (April 11, 1955). Davy Crockett118 was a 19th-century American folk hero andfrontiersman. The Walt Disney-produced television show about him119 launched Crockettmania in the U.S. and England. The show’s theme song, ”The Ballad of Davy Crockett120”was a number #1 hit record and children starting wearing coonskin cap121s.

104 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts105 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mambo106 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metronome107 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sound%20barrier108 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/speed%20of%20sound109 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metre%20per%20second110 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feet%20per%20second111 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20per%20hour112 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kilometre%20per%20hour113 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Yeager114 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%20Tracy115 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Edison116 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/farming117 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T.%20Barnum118 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett119 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett%23Television120 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20Davy%20Crockett121 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coonskin%20cap

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• p. 48 (April 19, 1955). Charlie Brown is reading a Pogo122 comic book.

• p. 57 (May 10, 1955) Buffalo Bill was an army scout and frontiersman who later wentinto the entertainment business, running his ”Wild West123” show. Annie Oakley124 wasa female sharpshooter125 and part of the show. She was so talented that she is generallyconsidered American’s first female superstar. Although she wasn’t actually part of thesettling of the West, she dressed in buckskins to play up that image. It would not be toofar a stretch to say that this strip is commentary on the rise of feminism126 that occurredafter World War II127.

• p. 60 (May 16, 1955) Almost all clovers have three leafs. Due to their rarity, a four-leafclover128 is considered a good luck charm.

• p. 66 (June 1, 1955). The first appearance of one of the 1950’s hottest fads, the DavyCrockett129 coonskin cap130.(See p. 45, above.) / Sam Snead131 was a professional golferfamous for his large straw hats.

• p. 69 (June 6, 1955). The song ”The Ballad of Davy Crockett132” claims many fantasticthings about the man, among them that he killed a bear ”when he was only three.”

• p. 69 (June 8, 1955). ”The Ballad of Davy Crockett133” begins, ”Davy! Davy Crockett,King of the Wild Frontier . . .” Modern readers may find it odd that Schulz devoted somany strips to such a trivial phenomenon, but Davy Crockett and coonskin caps reallywere seemingly everywhere at the time. (See p. 78, June 28, 1955)

• p. 70 (June 9, 1955). Minnesota134 is Chales Schulz’ home state.

• p. 73 (June 17, 1955). A white-collar worker135 is a professional, someone who’s work issupposedly more intellectual than physical. People in manufacturing are said to be bluecollar worker136s. The joke is that even Pig Pen’s white collar is bound to be dirty.

• p. 75 (June 21, 1955). ”But is it art?” is an age-old question that really has no answer.What makes a drip painting137 by Jackson Pollock138 worthy of the Metropolitan Museumof Art139, but not a similar painting by a chimp?

122 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogo123 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20West124 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Oakley125 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sharpshooter126 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feminism127 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II128 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/four-leaf%20clover129 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett130 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coonskin%20cap131 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead132 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20Davy%20Crockett133 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20Davy%20Crockett134 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota135 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/white-collar%20worker136 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blue%20collar%20worker137 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract%20Expressionism138 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Pollock139 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Museum%20of%20Art

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• p. 76 (June 25, 1955). Most recreation room140s in suburban homes are in the basementto keep the noise down.

• p. 79 (July 2, 1955). Willie Mays141 and Duke Snider142 were popular baseball players ofthe 1950s.

• p. 98 (August 14, 1955). To ”clear the table” in the game of 143 is to sink all the balls onone turn and thus win the game.

• p. 99 (August 15, 1955). The umlauts over the o’s would actually be pronounced ”boo-woo.” According the International Phonetic Alphabet144, the correct way to represent”bow wow” is: bau wau.

• p. 105 (August 30, 1955) Miss Frances145 was the host of a popular children’s televisionprogram. She inventing the approach of talking to the her young viewers as if they werein the room with her.

• p. 131 (October 31, 1955). The trick-or-treaters are, in order, Patty, Lucy, Shermy,Violet, Schroeder and Linus.• Lucy’s hair and shoes are visible on in panel #4, even though she had planned ondressing as a ghost on Oct 29/30.

• On November 14, Pig-Pen says he was ”away” on Hallowe’en, so he is not in this strip.• Linus is behind Schroeder in panel #9; even though Charlie Brown admired DavyCrockett earlier, Linus produces a Crockett snowman on December 12.

• p. 106 (November 2, 1955). This will be Sputnik146, the first artificial satellite, launchedby the then-Soviet Union147 on October 4, 1957, signaling the start of the Space Age148and the Space Race149.

• p. 117 (September 27, 1955). Charlie Brown is shown as ”small.” The expression ”to feelsmall” means to be embarrassed.

• p. 142 (November 26, 1955). Snoopy is imitating Mickey Mouse150.

• p. 147 (No date in strip, but is December 7, 1955). Lucy is reading a variation on theDick and Jane151 readers popular at the time. Schulz is being sarcastic. Not much reallyhappens in the stories, so they are far from ”fascinating.”

• p. 149 (December 11, 1955). The snow man is (who else?) Davy Crockett152.

140 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/recreation%20room141 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Mays142 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20Snider143 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight%20ball144 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet145 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Frances146 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik147 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20Union148 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Age149 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Race150 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%20Mouse151 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20and%20Jane152 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett

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• p. 156 (December 28, 1955). All fads pass, and so did Davy Crocket mania. (See p. 187,March 8, 1956, for what became of at least one old coonskin cap.)

• p. 159 (January 5, 1956). Nuclear fallout153 is radioactive contamination154 from anuclear attack.

• p. 162 (January 10, 1956). Private first class155 is the ”rank” immediately above Linus’current one. (See p. 159, January 4, 1956)

• p. 163 ( January 13, 1956). Juvenile delinquency156 is anti-social and criminal activityby those under the age of 18. It came into the public eye and interest in the 1950s (seeWest Side Story157 ).

• p. 166 (January 19, 1956). To ”read between the lines” means to understand the subtext158of something—not what is actually said, but rather implied.

• p. 167 ( January 22, 1956). Charlie Brown is putting sand (or maybe salt, if he’s tryingto melt it) on the ice to prevent anyone from slipping on it ¿ which is exactly what Snoopywants to do.

• p. 170 (January 30, 1956). A ”fair weather friend” is one who is your friend during goodtimes (”fair weather”), but abandons you when in times of trouble (”rough weather”).

• p. 178 (February 16, 1956). Rin-Tin-Tin159 and Lassie160 were the heroic canine stars ofpopular television shows and movies.

• p. 178 (February 18, 1956). Static electricity161 seems to build up more during wintermonths.

• p. 180 (February 20, 1956). Ding Dong School was the television program hosted by MissFrances162. Howdy Doody163 was arguably the pre-eminent children’s television show ofthe 1950s. Lassie164 was a very popular television program starring a dog.

• p. 184 (March 3, 1956). Lucy is describing a scene from Peter Pan165. Most likely thebook was read to her or she saw the 1954 musical starring Mary Martin166 on stage, sinceshe was too young to have seen the Disney film version167 in 1953.

153 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fallout154 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radioactive%20contamination155 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20first%20class156 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile%20delinquency157 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Side%20Story158 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/subtext159 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin-Tin-Tin160 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie%20%281954%20tv%20series%29161 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20electricity%23.27Static.27%20electricity162 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Frances163 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howdy%20Doody164 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie%20%281954%20tv%20series%29165 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Pan166 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Martin167 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Pan%20%281953%20film%29

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• p. 190 ( March 15, 1956). ”Asia minor168” the old term for Southwest Asia169 whichcorresponds today to the Asian170 portion of Turkey171. Lucy has confused the term with”Toccata and Fugue in D Minor172” by Johann Sebastian Bach173.

• p. 208 (April 26, 1956). In the 1950s the government paid farmers not to use their land.The idea was that this would prevent soil erosion174 and build up healthier soil whencrops were eventually planted.

• p. 210 ( April 30, 1956). Unlike the previous greens, which were all legitimate shades ofthe color, the ones in this panel are jokes. Evergreen175 and wintergreen176, are types ofplants. Herb Green was a cartoonist, and Graham Greene177 a novelist.

• p. 217 (May 18, 1956). Linus has transformed his blanket into an ascot tie178, a verysophisticated look in the 1950s, frequently worn by sporty celebrities.

• p. 226 (June 8, 1956). Stephen Foster179 was arguably the most popular Americancomposer of the 19th Century. His works include ”Oh! Susanna180,” ”Camptown Races181”and ”Beautiful Dreamer182.”

• p. 232 ( June 22, 1956). Elvis Presley183, ”the King of Rock and Roll” had just made hisfirst television appearances earlier that year and was a riding a huge crest of popularity. Atage 21, was also, arguably, at the height of his attractiveness. And, naturally, Schroedercares not a whit for rock music184.

• p. 233 (June 24, 1956). A dust bowl185 is an area where, due to drought and/or poor soilmanagement, the soil has lost all nutrients turned to dust, and blown away.

• p. 244 (July 19, 1956). The automatic dishwasher186 as we know it wasn’t invented untilthe 1920s. With the privations imposed by the Great Depression187 and then World WarII188, it didn’t become a common domestic appliance until the 1950s. And, so, of course,Violet’s great-grandmother, who was probably born in the 1880s or 1890s, didn’t haveone.

168 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%20minor169 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest%20Asia170 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian171 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey172 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor%252C_BWV_565%20173 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach174 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/soil%20erosion175 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen176 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wintergreen177 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Greene178 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ascot%20tie179 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Foster180 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%21%20Susanna181 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptown%20Races182 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful%20Dreamer183 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley184 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rock%20music185 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dust%20bowl186 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dishwasher187 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Depression188 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II

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• p. 247 (July 27, 1956). Usually, one sticks up for the underdog 189, the person or thingnot generally favored.

• p. 247 (July 28, 1956). The suburban190 population in North America exploded afterWorld War II191. Returning veteran192s wishing to start a settled life moved en masseto the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1956 the resident population of all U.S. suburbsincreased by 46%. And, since new suburbs were built from scratch, very few had maturetrees. (Though Charlie Brown’s kites never seem to have a problem finding large trees tocrash into.)

• p. 249 (July 30, 1956). The titles are all variations on popular books or types of books.From Rags to Fuss-Budget is a spin on any ”Rags to Riches193” tale (how someone startedout poor but became rich; see the Horatio Alger194 novels). The Power of PositiveFussing is from Norman Vincent Peale’s195 The Power of Positive Thinking , one ofmost popular inspirational books of the 1950s. Great Fuss-Budgets of Our Time : theare lots of ”of Our Time” books published every year. I Was a Fuss-Budget for theF.B.I. is a take on I Was a Communist for the FBI196, the radio show and, later, filmabout an undercover agent infiltrating communist197 organizations in order to disruptthem. The F.B.I.198 is the Federal Bureau of Investigations, America’s internal criminalinvestigation organization. In the 1950s America was particularly interested in huntingdomestic communists, something which was carried to the extremes199 by U.S. senatorJoseph McCarthy200.

• p. 253 (August 4, 1956). Dr. (Benjamin) Spock201 Was a leading pediatrician. The mainmessage of his best-selling The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care202 was forparents to be more affectionate with their children, and to treat them as individuals. (Seep. 300, November 26, 1956, below.)

• p. 271 (September 20, 1956). Compatible color was a television broadcast standard thatallowed color broadcasts to appear on black and white televisions without distortions orflickers (but still, of course, in black and white). Incompatible color was a previous colortelevision standard developed by CBS that would have rendered all existing televisionsobsolete.

• p. 275 (September 30, 1956). Schroeder is playing the Prelude in C major from Book Iof J. S. Bach’s203 Well-Tempered Clavier.

189 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog%20%28competition%29190 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/suburb191 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II192 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/veteran193 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rags%20to%20Riches194 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio%20Alger195 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Vincent%20Peale196 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Was%20a%20Communist%20for%20the%20FBI197 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communist198 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.B.I.199 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism200 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20McCarthy201 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock202 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child%

20Care203 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach

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• P. 283 (October 18, 1956). There’s no particular reason why Charlie Brown yelled thisexcept that it’s dog-related and in the movie Lassie Come Home204 it gets yelled, whichis what Charlie Brown is really after.

• p. 300 (November 26, 1956). Lucy is reading from Dr. Benjamin Spock’s205 The CommonSense Book of Baby and Child Care206 .

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts207

==1957−1958== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1957 to 1958 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2005. ISBN 1560976705)

• p. 4 (January 7, 1957) 3rd panel (and subsequent days). Stereo208 and Hi-Fi209 equipmentwere the latest innovations in home audio at the time.

• p. 6 (January 13, 1957) This is a reference to the nursery rhyme210 ”Three Little Kit-tens211.”

• p. 7 (January 16, 1957). Bastille Day212 is the French213 national holiday symbolizingthe start of French democracy.

• p. 20 (February 15, 1957). Hennepin county214 is in Charles M. Schulz215’s home stateof Minnesota216.

• p. 22 (February 19, 1957). Undoubtedly Lawrence Welk217, whose show first airednationally in 1955.

• p. 23 (February 21, 1957). Having ”both feet on the ground” means having a firm gripon reality. This pun is likely a reference to the fact that the accordion is played whilestanding, whereas the piano is played while seated and often with a foot on the pedals.(The accordion is also a less widely respected instrument than the piano, explainingSchroeder’s disgust at the remark.)

• p. 23 (February 22, 1957). This is the first reference in Peanuts218 to the name JosephShlabotnik219, later to be Charlie Brown220’s baseball221 hero.

204 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie%20Come%20Home205 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock206 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child%

20Care207 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts208 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo209 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi210 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nursery%20rhyme211 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Little%20Kittens212 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille%20Day213 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France214 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin%20County%2C%20Minnesota215 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20M.%20Schulz216 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota217 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Welk218 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts219 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Shlabotnik220 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Brown221 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/baseball

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• p. 33 (March 17, 1957) 1st panel and following. Charlie Brown is engaged in the ancientgame of hoop rolling222. It’s exactly what it looks like: rolling a hoop with a stick.

• p. 34 (March 20, 1957). Skywriting223 is when a small airplane, expelling special smokeduring flight, flies in certain patterns, creating ”writing” readable from the ground.

• p.41 (April 6, 1957). A fiscal year224 is a 12-month period used for calculating annual(”yearly”) financial reports in businesses and other organizations. It covers a full 365 days,but does not begin on January 1 nor end on December 31.

• p. 47 (April 20, 1957) 4th panel Casey Stengel225 was the manager of the New YorkYankees226 in the 1950s and led them to many World Series227 victories.

• p. 53 (May 4, 1957). Old fashioned roller skates228 did not have their own uppers. Theywere essentially mini skateboards that you attached to your shoes with a set of clampsthat you tightened using a skate key.

• p. 56 (May 10, 1957). Washboard229s, used to wash clothes, were, of course, hand-operated.

• p. 58 (May 13, 1957). Calypso music230 is Caribbean231 folk music232. It entered theAmerican mainstream in 1956 with Harry Belafonte233’s very popular rendition of the”Banana Boat Song234”, a traditional Jamaican235 folk tune.

• p. 62 (May 23, 1957). 33 1/3 and 78 rpm were common speeds for phonograph236 records.(The implication is that Lucy speaks very quickly indeed!).

• p. 77 (June 29, 1957). Buttons proclaiming ”I Like Ike237” were common in 1951-1952.They proclaimed support for Dwight D. Eisenhower238 for U.S. president. He was presi-dent from 1953 to 1961, during the time this panel ran.

• p. 82 (July 9, 1957). Barrel staves are curved, wooden parts that make up a barrel239.

• p. 83 (July 13, 1957). ”Slacker” is a term from World War I240 and World War II241describing men who were avoiding the military draft.

222 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hoop%20rolling223 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywriting224 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fiscal%20year225 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%20Stengel226 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Yankees227 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Series228 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/roller%20skates229 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washboard230 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso%20music231 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean232 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/folk%20music233 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Belafonte234 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana%20Boat%20Song235 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica236 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phonograph237 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Like%20Ike238 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%20D.%20Eisenhower239 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/barrel240 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20I241 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II

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• p. 89 (July 25, 1957). The quotation is from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam242 .

• p. 91 (July 29, 1957). Lucy has confused ”phonetic243” (word sounds) with ”psychic244”(having the ability to read minds).

• p. 98 (August 17, 1957). According to the U.S. Census Bureau 16.1 million men andwomen served in the U.S. armed forces from Dec. 1, 1941, and Dec. 31, 1946. Sopractically every U.S. family has a World War II245 veteran in it.

• p. 99 (August 18, 1957). ”Geronimo!” is the traditional cry of paratrooper246s and othersas they jump out of planes. It comes from a film about the Apache leader Geronimo247.

• p. 101 (August 23, 1957). ”Thar She Blows!” is the traditional yell of whale hunters248when they spot a whale or, more often, a whale spouting water from its blow hole.

• p. 112 (September 17, 1957). Snoopy is holding his fist in the air like Benito Mussolini249,suggesting that Lucy is behaving like the fascist250 dictator.

• p. 118 (October 2, 1957). Lucy makes this statement just two days before the launch ofSputnik251!

• p. 139 (November 18, 1957). According to Billboard252, the number one song in theUnited States253 that week was ”Jailhouse Rock254” by Elvis Presley255. Note: Schulzdrew his strip weeks in advance. Even though he didn’t know exactly which song wouldbe number one, he knew it would undoubtedly be a rock and roll256 tune, which Schroedernaturally dislikes.

• p. 151 (December 16, 1957). The first movement of Beethoven’s257 Piano Sonata No. 1,op. 2 No. 1.

• p. 152 (December 20, 1957). Pat Boone258 was a popular singer of the time. His songswere usually sweet love songs, more conventional and ”middle of the road” than theraucous rock and roll259 of Elvis Presley260. Boone had two number one songs in 1957,”Love Letters In the Sand” and ”April Love”.

242 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat%20of%20Omar%20Khayyam243 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phonetic244 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/psychic245 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II246 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paratrooper247 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo248 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/whaling249 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito%20Mussolini250 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fascism251 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik252 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number-one%20hits%20of%201957%20%28USA%29253 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States254 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse%20Rock255 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley256 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rock%20and%20roll257 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven258 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Boone259 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rock%20and%20roll260 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley

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• p. 157 (December 30, 1957). Snoopy’s ears are forming a square. ”Square261” is a slangterm for someone who is old fashioned and not ”hip262.” Schroeder’s love of classical musicmarks him as definite square.

• p. 160 (January 8, 1958). Another reading from the gentle and encouraging Dr. BenjaminSpock’s263 revolutionary book, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care264 .

• p. 164 (January 17, 1958). Peter Rabbit265 by Beatrix Potter266 and Alice in Wonder-land267 by Lewis Carroll268 are both children’s books, and so easy reads (though Aliceis actually a complex satire, although it is doubtful that Charlie Brown would get thereferences).

• p. 164 (January 18, 1958). ”Pioneer Days” would be the 1800s when the American OldWest269 was first settled by white men (”pioneers”). That would anywhere from 50 to 150years before World War II270.

• p. 170 (February 1, 1958). This appears to be a reference to the movie I Was a TeenageWerewolf271 from 1957.

• p. 172 (February 4, 1958). Another reference to Sputnik272, the first artificial satellite.

• p. 175 (February 10, 1958). Linus knows that carrying around a blanket makes him lookcrazy, and crazy people are not drafted into the army.

• p. 175 (February 11, 1958). Lucy is mis-quoting Karl Marx273 who said, ”Religion is theopium of the people274.” Like most people, she has mis-interpreted that saying to meanthat religion is a tool used by the bourgeoisie to keep the masses quiet and complacent.

• p. 181 (February 25, 1958). To be ”blackballed275” is to forbidden to join an organization.The Blue Birds were a children’s club, part of the Camp Fire Organization276 (similar toScouting277), and so, theoretically not that picky. (Blue Birds were started in 1913 as anorganization for girls. In 1989 the Blue Bird level became the ”Starflight” level servingboth boys and girls.)

261 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20%28slang%29262 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%20%28slang%29263 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock264 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child%

20Care265 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Rabbit266 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix%20Potter267 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20in%20Wonderland268 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Carroll269 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Old%20West270 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II271 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Was%20a%20Teenage%20Werewolf272 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik273 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Marx274 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/opium%20of%20the%20people275 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackball%20%28blacklist%29276 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Fire%20USA277 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting

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• p. 186 (March 9, 1958). The Asian Flu278 was a strain of influenza279 that caused apandemic280 in 1957-58.

• p. 188 (March 13, 1958). A strop281 is a piece of leather used to sharpen an old-fashionedstraight razor282. They were also used to spank children with when they misbehaved.Schroeder’s grandfather is arguing for more discipline. Electric razors don’t have strops.

• p. 190 (March 17, 1958). Jim Hagerty was President Eisenhower’s283 press secretary. Assuch, any reporter would love to interview him.

• p. 196 (March 31, 1958). The quotation is from the chlidren’s book Little Black Sambo284,which would now be considered racially offensive.

• p. 199 (April 8, 1958). A parasol can not be hi-fi285, but, like the term ”high tech286”, ”hi-fi” was bandied about in lots of inappropriate places in attempts to suggest that whateverwas being sold was on the cutting edge of science.

• p. 200 (April 10, 1958). See above.

• p. 221 (May 30, 1958). The Beat Generation287 refers to a group of American writers ofthe 1950s, most notably Jack Kerouac288. But here Charlie Brown is referring to himselfas beaten down by life in general.

• p. 222 (June 1, 1958). ”Dear Agnes” is a play on Dear Abby289, the advice columnist (or”agony aunt290”), whose column began running in 1956.

• p. 224 (June 6, 1958). A gila monster291 is a venomous lizard found in the SouthwesternUnited States and Northern Mexico.

• p. 238 (July 8, 1958). Fugue in C major from Johann Sebastian Bach292’s Well-TemperedClavier293 (Book 1), BWV846294.

• p. 239 (July 12, 1958). Van Cliburn295 was a well known classical pianist of the latefifties.

• p. 268 (September 17, 1958). See p. 232, June 25, 1958. Odd that Schulz recycles anidea not four months after he first uses it.

278 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian%20Flu279 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/influenza280 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pandemic281 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strop%23Disciplinary_strapping282 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/straight%20razor283 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower284 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Black%20Sambo285 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi-fi286 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/high%20tech287 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat%20Generation288 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Kerouac289 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear%20Abby290 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agony%20aunt291 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gila%20monster292 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach293 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-Tempered%20Clavier294 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV295 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Cliburn

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• p. 269 (September 19, 1958). ”The fastest gun in the west” was a claim made by manyan Old West296 gunslinger297. It literally meant that you were able to draw your gun andshoot faster than any opponent, thus killing them.

• p. 217 (September 22, 1958). ”I don’t pretend to be able to give advice.” All that wouldchange with the coming of her psychiatric advice booth (Vol. 5, p. 37, March 27, 1959).

• p. 274 (September 29, 1958) Hula hoop298s! The only thing more ubiquitous than DavyCrockett299 in the 1950s was hula hoops. Peanuts is a veritable index to the pop cultureof the second half of the 20th century.

• p. 275 (October 3, 1958). The ticking of a clock supposedly simulates the heartbeat ofthe mother, which a puppy would have heard in the womb and while snuggled up againstthe mother after birth, in order to reassure it.

• p. 289 (November 3, 1958). The underdog300 is the person or team not expected towin a contest. The word’s origin, in ship construction, actually does make its opposite”overdog.”

• p. 289 (November 4, 1958). Beethoven301 did not belong to a country club302, so he neverhad the chance to become ”club champion”: the member of the club who is the best at aparticular sport, usually golf303 or tennis304.

• p. 289 (November 5, 1958). Irving Berlin305 was a well known American composer andlyricist, author of, among other songs, ”God Bless America306,” ”White Christmas307,” and’ ”There’s No Business Like Show Business308.”

• p. 307 (December 16, 1958). Johann is the first name of classical composer (and, alongwith Mozart309, rival of Beethoven310’s for the title of greatest classical composer) Jo-hann Sebastian Bach311. Note: there are several Johann Bachs312 who were composers,including a Johann Ludwig Bach313.

• p. 310 (December 24, 1958). The age of accountability314 is the age at which a child knowsright from wrong and is responsible for his/her own actions. In the Catholic Church it’s7.

296 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20West297 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gunslinger298 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula%20hoop299 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett300 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/underdog%20%28competition%29301 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven302 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/country%20club303 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/golf304 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tennis305 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Berlin306 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%20Bless%20America307 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Christmas%20%28song%29308 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s%20No%20Business%20Like%20Show%20Business309 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart310 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven311 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach312 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%20%28disambiguation%29313 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Ludwig%20Bach314 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/age%20of%20accountability

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Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts315

==1959−1960== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1959 to 1960 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2006. ISBN 1560976713)

• p. 3 (January 6, 1959) 4th panel. Popular songs316 were the music that ”everybody” wasfamiliar with during the first half of the 20th century, until rock and roll replaced it asthe music of the general public.• ”Stardust317”, written by Hoagy Carmichael318, and recorded thousands of times, wasone of the most popular of these ”popular songs.” During the 1940s - 50s many olderpieces of music (including some classical) were jazzed up, given lyrics and became”hits.” For example, ”Stranger in Paradise319” from the 1953 musical Kismet320 is basedon Alexander Borodin321’s Polovetsian Dances322 and Tchaikovsky323’s Piano Concertoin B-Flat Minor became “Tonight We Love.” The joke is that the children are so youngthat they don’t know ”Stardust” has already been around a while and in fact startedout as a pop song.

• p. 18 (February 11, 1959) 3rd panel. ”Tennessee Ernie” is Tennessee Ernie Ford324, apopular singer and TV variety show host.

• p. 30 (March 9, 1959) 2nd panel. Deep focus325 again. (See also Vol. 1, p. 267, November15, 1952.)

• p. 34 (March 20, 1959). Joseph Haydn’s326 Symphony No. 94 is nicknamed the SurpriseSymphony327 due to the sudden appearance of a loud chord during the second movement.

• p. 37 (March 27, 1959). The first appearance of Lucy’s psychiatric help booth.

• p. 38 (March 29, 1959). Commercial use of jet aircraft in the United States began withthe Boeing 707328, first used in international service in October 1958 and for domesticflights in January 1959. Jets were louder than the propeller-driven aircraft they replaced,and in many places, people living near airports distributed petitions in an attempt toreduce the number of jet flights and/or reroute jet traffic away from their homes.

• p. 42 (April 6, 1959) 3rd and 4th panels. Almost certainly Peter Gunn329, which hadpremiered on TV the year before. Gunn was a cool detective, hip330 to all the lingo.

315 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts316 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20music317 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_%2528song%2529318 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagy%20Carmichael319 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger%20in%20Paradise320 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet321 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Borodin322 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polovetsian%20Dances323 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr%20Ilyich%20Tchaikovsky324 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Ernie%20Ford325 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20focus326 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Haydn327 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20No.%2094%20%28Haydn%29328 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20707329 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gunn330 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%20%28slang%29

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“Mommy-O” is a spin on ”Daddy-O”, what one cool331 cat might call another. The 1958film Daddy-O332 features a truck driver who turns detective.

• p. 60 (May 18, 1959). Telephone booth stuffing333, in which as many people as possibletried to cram into the same glass-walled phone booth, was a fad in the late 1950s, primarilyon college campuses.

• p. 67 (June 6, 1959). ”I was an only dog.” Schulz would later change his mind on this(or, he simply forgot the line). Over the years (see May 5, 1965), we would learn thatSnoopy had seven siblings334.

• p. 68 (June 7, 1959). The first movement of Beethoven’s335 Piano Sonata No. 1, op. 2No. 1.

• p. 79 (July 4, 1959) 4th panel. Charlie Brown is suggesting that his father will have todrastically raise the price of haircuts at his barber shop in order to cover the increasedcost of living that comes with an expanded family. At the time, haircuts typically costless than $2.00.

• p. 81 (July 6, 1959). The Soviet Union was well-known for sending dogs into space336,experiments which were continuing as of this date. The American space program hadactually sent mice into space in the early 1950s; by 1959, they had moved on to monkeys,with a pair surviving a flight in May of that year. Various other animals also made spaceflights337.

• p. 87 (July 20, 1959). The back sides of boxes of breakfast cereals338 aimed at childrenoften had brief stories or comic strips printed on them.

• p. 87 (July 22, 1959). The Continental League339 was proposed in 1959 as a competitorto the American340 and National341 baseball leagues. It was to have begun play in 1961,but the existing leagues soon announced plans for expansion teams342 in some of theContinental League cities, thus eliminating much of the new league’s reason for being.

• p. 99 (August 19, 1959). ”Hot summer nights”: the name given to racial riots of the 1950sand 60s.

• p. 101 (August 23, 1959). Note that it was three months between the first mention ofCharlie Brown’s new baby sister (May 26, 1959) and this, her first actual appearance inthe strip.

• p. 120 (October 6, 1959). First mention of ”Miss Othmar.”

331 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool%20%28aesthetic%29332 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy-O333 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonebooth%20stuffing334 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy%27s%20siblings335 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven336 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20space%20dogs337 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals%20in%20space338 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast%20cereal339 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20League340 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20League341 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20League342 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20team

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• p. 124 (October 16, 1959) 4th panel. The Brothers Grimm343 popularized the legend ofthe Pied Piper344, who is reputed to have used his pipe to play music to lure an infestationof rats out of the town of Hamelin, Germany; when he was not paid by the townspeople,he later returned and lured the town’s children away.

• p. 126 (October 21, 1959). Lucy is reading the mythological story of King Midas345.Linus is correct that things backfired for the king.

• p. 129 (October 26, 1959). First mention of ”the Great Pumpkin346.”

• p. 131 (November 1, 1959) 5th through 7th panels. Dr. Benjamin Spock’s347 bestsellingbook Baby and Child Care348, first published in 1946, advocated a more loving approach-- some would say ”permissive” -- to raising a baby than had previously been in vogue.

• p. 137 (November 15, 1959) 4th and 5th panels. The Soviet Union349 launched severalSputnik350 satellites between 1957 and 1960, apparently enough that Charlie Brown andLucy could use ”Sputnik” as a generic term meaning ”artificial satellite.”

• p. 138 (November 17, 1959) 1st panel. A score of 300351 -- 12 strikes in a row -- is thebest possible score in a single game of ten-pin bowling352.

• p. 142 (November 26, 1959) 3rd panel. Babylon353 was a city in ancient Mesopotamia354.

• p. 142 (November 27, 1959) 2nd panel. Solomon355 -- king of the United Kingdom ofIsrael356, approximately 970 to 928 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar357 -- more common name ofNebuchadrezzar II, ruler of Babylon (see previous strip) from about 605 to 562 BCE.Genghis Khan358 -- founder of the Mongol Empire359 circa 1206.

• p. 145 (December 5, 1959) 2nd and 3rd panels. Horsehide is another name for a base-ball360 and pigskin is another name for an American football361, in both cases due to thematerial traditionally used for each ball’s cover. Both are now much more commonlymade from either cow leather362 or synthetic materials.

343 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers%20Grimm344 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pied%20Piper%20of%20Hamelin345 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas%23Myth346 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Pumpkin347 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock348 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child%

20Care349 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20Union350 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik%20program351 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20game%20%28bowling%29352 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin%20bowling353 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon354 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia355 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Solomon356 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Monarchy357 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar%20II358 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis%20Khan359 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%20Empire360 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball%20%28ball%29361 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigskin%23American_and_Canadian_football362 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather

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• p. 150 (December 14, 1959) 4th panel. Beethoven’s first name was actually Ludwig363.

• p. 152 (December 20, 1959) 6th panel. Linus’s quote is Luke 2:10364 from the King JamesVersion365 of the Bible. He expands upon it in A Charlie Brown Christmas366, quotingverses 8 through 14.

• p. 160 (January 7, 1960) 4th panel. Indoor antennas intended primarily for receivingVHF367 television broadcasts were frequently in the form of a dipole antenna368 placedon top of the TV set, each pole a separate telescoping metal rod. Often set at a 45-degreeangle to the set and a 90-degree angle to each other, these antennas were nicknamed”rabbit ears.”

• p. 162 (January 12, 1960). ”Rabbit ears” antennas often had to be adjusted to a differentposition in order to improve the quality of the television picture, when changing to achannel that was transmitting from a different location than the previous channel, or asa result of changing atmospheric conditions.

• p. 164 (January 17, 1960). The first iteration of what would become a recurring theme:Snoopy and his doomed relationship with a snowman. See also February 2, 1961; January15−20, 1962; and, most memorably, February 18, 1962.

• p. 174 (February 8, 1960). Snoopy’s doghouse had not previously been shown as beingthis close to a house -- see January 2, 1960, for example.

• p. 189 (March 14, 1960). ”Whirlybird” is a nickname for helicopters369.

• p. 207 (April 25, 1960) 4th panel. The phrase ”happiness is a warm puppy” led to anexplosion in Peanuts merchandise and entered the consciousness of the public at large,even inspiring a Beatles song370. (Also see the April 27 and April 30 strips.)

• p. 224 (June 5, 1960). Linus starts singing the traditional spiritual ”Dem Bones371.”

• p. 240 (July 12, 1960). The picture tube372 is the main part of a traditional televisionset.

• p. 243 (July 18, 1960). Uncle Sam373 is the traditional personification of the UnitedStates. The elephant is a symbol for the Republican party374, and the donkey is a symbolfor its counterpart, the Democratic party375. A snake with the phrase ”Don’t tread onme” is an image from early American history, most notably seen on the Gadsden flag376.

363 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven364 http://www.bartleby.com/108/42/2.html365 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorized%20King%20James%20Version366 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Charlie%20Brown%20Christmas367 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20high%20frequency368 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antenna%23Set-top_TV_antenna369 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter370 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness%20Is%20a%20Warm%20Gun371 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%20Bones372 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode%20ray%20tube373 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20Sam374 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States375 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29376 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden%20flag

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All of this means that Lucy has crammed a bunch of symbols commonly used by editorialcartoonists into the same cartoon.

• p. 245 (July 24, 1960) 13th panel. Lucy’s microphone377 is a lavalier378-type condensermicrophone, commonly worn by television personalities who would have to move aroundtoo much to use a fixed microphone and didn’t need to use a handheld type. This typeof microphone later became much smaller, to the point where it can now be clipped to alapel or even hidden beneath a shirt.

• p. 253 (August 11, 1960). The spitball379 was banned in professional baseball in 1920.Schulz and/or his syndicate may have worried about some client newspapers’ acceptanceof the word ”spit” on their comics page, hence the use of the euphemism380 ”expectorateball.”

• p. 254 (August 14, 1960) 4th panel. British Honduras381 is now known as Belize382,after having become a self-governing colony in 1964 and fully independent of the UnitedKingdom in 1981.

• p. 257 (August 21, 1960) 6th panel. ”Rain Rain Go Away383” is a traditional nurseryrhyme that normally doesn’t work this quickly. (Also see the following two Sunday strips,August 28 and September 4.)

• p. 264 (September 6, 1960). This storyline may have been inspired by an upgrade of U.S.101384 through Sonoma County, California385, upgraded to a freeway386 in the 1960s.Since freeways are wider than traditional roads and require additional space for grade-separated interchanges at intersections, their construction often results in the need forthe local government to use eminent domain387 powers to purchase significant amountsof land on and around the route of the road.

• p. 273 (September 28, 1960). Comedian Mort Sahl388 took much of his material fromcurrent events.

• p. 282 (October 17, 1960). ”Population explosion” was a term commonly used to describeconditions that could be leading to overpopulation389, in the news at the time due to thebaby boom390 following World War II.

• p. 287 (October 30, 1960). This strip was rewritten, with Sally put in place of CharlieBrown, and used as the climax of It’s the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown391.

377 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone378 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalier379 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitball380 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism381 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Honduras382 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize383 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20Rain%20Go%20Away384 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Route%20101385 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma%20County%2C%20California386 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway387 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent%20domain388 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort%20Sahl389 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation390 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-World_War_II_baby_boom391 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20the%20Great%20Pumpkin%2C%20Charlie%20Brown

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• p. 305 (December 11, 1960), p. 308 (December 18, 1960), and p. 311 (December 25,1960). This year, Linus’s piece to memorize for the Christmas program is Luke 2:1392,and Charlie Brown has Luke 2:8.

• p. 313 (December 30, 1960). A container for restaurant leftovers393 is sometimes knownas a doggie bag.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts394

==1961−1962== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1961 to 1962 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2006. ISBN 1560976721)

• p. 1 (January 1, 1961). In ten pin bowling395, the bowler gets two tries to knock downten pins; if he/she gets the remainder of pins on the second roll, it is called a “spare”.Lucy is “picking up the spare” by knocking down Charlie Brown, the last boy standing.

• p. 2 (January 2, 1961). This strip begins what would be the longest continued narrativein Peanuts up to that time: three weeks.

• p. 3 (January 6, 1961). The end of this strip and the following three dailies are slyreferences to drug withdrawal, specifically heroin396—an amusingly mature theme for thecomics pages, especially at a time where comics were expected to have nothing to do withpolitical and social issues, although not surprising for Peanuts , as it would explicitlytackle those kinds of issues later on, such as the Vietnam War and tear gas at campaignprotests of the early 70’s and late 60’s, runaway licensing, and once in 1985, even triplebypass surgery.

• p. 4 (January 11, 1961). Hyannis Port (sometimes written “Hyannisport”) is an affluentresidential village southwest of Hyannis397. It is best known as the ancestral home of theKennedy family398, including then−President-elect John F. Kennedy399, who would beinaugurated nine days later, on January 20.

• p. 10 (January 22, 1961). A reference to the biblical story of David and Goliath400. Thediminutive Israeli shepherd David401 slew the giant Philistine warrior Goliath402 with arock hurled from a sling, as Linus does here with a snowball from his blanket.

• p. 11 (January 24, 1961403). Higher Criticism404, which in the context of this strip issynonymous to Source Criticism405, is a Bible study method that is based on pullingapart the traditional text into component pieces. Richard Elliot Friedman, a modern-day

392 http://www.bartleby.com/108/42/2.html393 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftovers394 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts395 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin%20bowling396 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heroin397 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyannis%2C%20Massachussetts398 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%20family399 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Kennedy400 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20and%20Goliath401 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David402 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath403 http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1961/01/24404 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Criticism405 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20Criticism

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practitioner of Higher Criticism, has published a book that reprints the Bible with eachsource distinguished by typeface and formatting406.

• p. 12 (January 28, 1961). The second appearance of Lucy’s psychiatric booth in the stripproper (the first was on March 27, 1959407, after appearing on the back cover of the stripcollection book You’re Out of Your Mind, Charlie Brown , published in February 1959),and the first time it is drawn with its familiar canopy. Also note the redundant “5¢” signat the bottom; this would later be replaced.

• p. 14 (January 30, 1961). Linus is tabulating the combined gifts from the song “TheTwelve Days of Christmas408”. The song has twelve verses, each listing the gifts given by“my true love”; the gifts cumulate with each day/verse. Linus’s math is correct; however,the song is more commonly sung to refer to “drummers drumming” rather than “fiddlersfiddling”.

• p. 17 (February 8, 1961). Pasteurization409 is the process of heating liquids for thepurpose of destroying viruses and harmful organisms, named for its inventor, chemistLouis Pasteur410 (1822−1895). It is most commonly used on milk, hence Lucy’s punhere. Puns of this sort would later be almost completely delegated to Snoopy once hebegan typing.

• p. 18 (February 11, 1961). Speculating on the effects of television on American culture,which Snoopy parodies here, was a common theme in the early days of the Kennedyadministration. It would culminate three months later with Federal CommunicationsCommission411 chairman Newton N. Minow412’s “Television and the Public Interest413”speech, where he famously argued that television was often a “vast wasteland” with detri-mental effects on the viewing public.

• p. 21 (February 16, 1961). For the rest of 1961, Linus and (less often) the other charac-ters will sometimes be wearing American Civil War414−style hats, due to its centennial(specifically referred to on July 8 and November 23, 1961).

• p. 21 (February 16, 1961). First instance of a note in Linus’ lunch.

• p. 29 (March 6, 1961). The first appearance of Frieda. Like Charlie Brown and Linus,she was named after one of Schulz’s fellow instructors at the Art Instruction School inMinneapolis415.

• p. 34 (March 19, 1961). A flannelgraph416 is a method of telling stories, used in real lifeas Lucy does here. It is generally associated with American evangelical Sunday schoollessons, as a means of telling Bible stories to young children. Schulz was undoubtedly

406 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_with_Sources_Revealed407 Chapter on page 21408 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Twelve%20Days%20of%20Christmas%20%28song%29409 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization410 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Pasteur411 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Communications%20Commission412 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20N.%20Minow413 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasteland%20Speech414 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Civil%20War415 Peanuts Jubilee: My Life and Art with Charlie Brown and Others. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, , 1975416 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flannelgraph

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aware of the practice from his own experiences teaching Sunday school. Christian writerJohn Fischer said, “[t]hough it has largely disappeared from the scene, flannelgraph mayvery well be the closest thing to a strictly evangelical art form, for I never encounteredit anywhere but in Christian endeavors, and I haven’t seen it anywhere else since. It wasan evangelical quirk of the 1950s that soon went the way of sword drills and the familyaltar”417.

• p. 36 (March 23, 1961). In 1961, a television small enough to be portable was still arelative novelty.

• p. 47 (April 17, 1961). National Library Week419 was started in 1958 amid concerns thattelevision was reducing reading by children420.

• p. 48 (April 21, 1961). Theodor “Dr. Seuss” Geisel422 (1904−1991) was a popularAmerican children’s book author, best known for his 1957 book The Cat in the Hat .

• p. 54 (May 4, 1961). Lucy’s psychiatrist booth takes on its final appearance with theaddition of the “The doctor is in” sign.

• p. 60 (May 19, 1961). The H-Bomb is the common form of referring to hydrogen bomb423s.

• p. 62 (May 23, 1961). Frieda’s cat Faron was the only cat that would ever appear inPeanuts . Schulz wrote later: “One day, while searching for some kind of new story towork on, I decided to have the character named Frieda... threaten Snoopy with bringinga cat into the neighborhood. Snoopy was horrified, and, when the cat arrived, did notlike it at all. Fortunately for him, I also discovered that I didn’t care much for the cat.For one thing, I realized that I don’t draw a cat very well, and secondly, if I were to keepup the relationship, I would have a traditional cat-and-dog strip, which was somethingI certainly wanted to avoid... the cat brought Snoopy back to being too much of a realdog. By the time the cat had come into the strip, Snoopy was drifting further and furtherinto his fantasy life, and it was important that he continue in that direction. To takehim back to his earlier days would not work, so I did the obvious and removed the cat.(My only regret was that I had named the cat after Faron Young, a country-and-westernsinger whom I admired very much...)”424 Schulz would later introduce an “offstage” cat.

• p. 63 (May 26, 1961). “Sandbagging425” is a term mainly used in gaming or sportingcontexts, meaning to feign weakness to obtain an advantage.

• p. 64 (May 28, 1961). “Just Before the Battle426” was an 1864 song written by George F.Root427; it was a pro-Union song but was popular throughout America, including in theConfederacy. Linus is singing it in keeping with his Civil War centennial428 interest. Hehas gotten the lyrics wrong slightly: the second line is actually “I am thinking most of

417 In Praise of Flannelgraph 418. Prison Fellowship Ministries . Retrieved 2007-05-18419 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Library%20Week420 National Library Week Fact Sheet 421. American Library Association . Retrieved 2007-05-18422 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Seuss423 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydrogen%20bomb424 Peanuts Jubilee: My Life and Art with Charlie Brown and Others. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, , 1975425 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbagging426 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20Before%20the%20Battle%2C%20Mother427 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Frederick%20Root428 Chapter on page 26

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you”. Schulz would often refer to this strip as one of his favorites, and also as one of thefew that was based on an idea he had gotten from his children: “We were at the dinnertable and Amy was talking away on a real talking streak and finally I said, ‘Can’t youplease be quiet?’ and she was silent for a moment and then picked up a piece of bread andbegan to butter it, saying, ‘Am I buttering too loud for you?’ ”429 The punchline wouldbe repeated by Schulz on August 5, 1998, in honor of Amy’s birthday430.

• p. 66 (June 1, 1961). See May 16, 1954432.

• p. 67 (June 4, 1961). In keeping with Schulz’s attention to detail, all of Lucy’s definitionsare accurate.

• p. 75 (June 22, 1961). The “little girl” referred to in this and the next two strips isPresident Kennedy’s daughter Caroline433, who was three years old at the time they werepublished.

• p. 80 (July 4, 1961). Shrimp Louie (or Louis) is a type of salad with shrimp and hard-boiled eggs. The recipe is based on the better-known Crab Louie434.

• p. 81 (July 8, 1961). Another reference to the Civil War Centennial. Charlie Brown issinging the “Battle Cry of Freedom435”, a pro-Union song written by George F. Root in1862; it was the most popular song of its day. Schroeder is singing “The Bonnie BlueFlag436”, a pro-Confederacy song written by Harry McCarthy437 in 1861. See also May28, 1961438.

• p. 83 (July 10, 1961). The Flabby American was a television program about the physicalfitness of Americans broadcast on May 30, 1961.

• p. 85 (July 16, 1961). Snoopy’s first appearance as a vulture439.

• p. 102 (August 25, 1961). ”Clam diggers” are pants that are longer than shorts but arenot as long as long pants.

• p. 121 (October 8, 1961). Blackbeard440 refers to the famous 18th century pirate EdwardTeach, best known as Blackbeard.

• p. 139 (November 19, 1961). The first reference to Charlie Brown’s unrequited love, TheLittle Red-Haired Girl. Schulz based her on Donna Johnson, a fellow teacher of his atthe Art Instruction School, whom he dated in 1950. He had wanted to marry her, butlater that year she married another man. Schulz said in 1997, “I was sitting home onenight with my kids, and I was listening to some Hank Williams songs, and I was listening

429 Barnaby Conrad. You’re a Good Man, Charlie SchulzYou’re a Good Man, Charlie Schulz. The New YorkTimes Magazine,

430 alt.comics.peanuts FAQ431. . Retrieved 2007-06-02432 Chapter on page 7433 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Kennedy434 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20Louie435 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20Cry%20of%20Freedom436 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bonnie%20Blue%20Flag437 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20McCarthy438 Chapter on page 26439 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture440 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard

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to Joni James singing, ‘Today I met you on the street, my heart fell at your feet,’ youknow, and those songs were so depressing. And that was the mindset that got me goingon Charlie Brown sitting at the playground, eating his lunch, and he looks across theplayground, and he sees the Little Red-Haired Girl, and from that, that whole seriescame, one thing after another.”441

• p. 151 and 154 (December 17 and 24, 1961). Linus’ quotation is Matthew 2:17-18.

• p. 170 (January 31, 1962). Linus refers to a queen snake442 for the first time.

• p. 204 (April 20, 1962). Myopic refers to myopia443, or nearsightedness, which is pre-sumably why Linus requires glasses.

• p. 212 (May 8, 1962). ”A pretty girl is like a melody” is the title of a popular song byIrving Berlin444, originally published in 1919.

• p. 204 (June 28, 1962). An SC-54 is the search and rescue445 variant of the C-54 Sky-master446 transport aircraft. Lieutenant Commander Carpenter is Mercury447 astronautScott Carpenter448, rescued under similar circumstances on May 24, 1962.

• p. 240 (July 12, 1962). Sam Snead449 was a legendary professional golfer from the thirtiesinto the sixties, while Don Carter450 was a well known professional bowler during the fiftiesand early sixties.

• p. 251 (August 6, 1962). Casey Stengel451 was a baseball452 player and manger, bestknown for managing the New York Yankees453 between 1949 and 1960, and the NewYork Mets454 from 1962 to 1965.

• p. 258 (August 25, 1962). Atmospheric testing refers to the testing of nuclear weapons455within the atmosphere, as opposed to underground testing. Atmospheric testing wasbanned under the Limited Test Ban Treaty456, signed in August 1963.

• p. 264 (September 8, 1962). Knute Rockne457 was a well known football coach at NotreDame University458 from 1918 to 1930.

• p. 270 (September 20, 1962). The quotation is by Anatole France459.

441 . An Interview with Cartoonist Charles M. SchulzAn Interview with Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz. ,442 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20snake443 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia444 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Berlin445 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20and%20rescue446 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-54%20Skymaster447 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Mercury448 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Carpenter449 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead450 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Carter%20%28bowler%29451 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%20Stengel452 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball453 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Yankees454 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Mets455 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20weapons456 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited%20Test%20Ban%20Treaty457 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute%20Rockne458 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Notre%20Dame459 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole%20France

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• p. 273 (September 27, 1962). Gargoyles460 are ornamental sculptures of grotesque figures,used to convey rainwater away from a building.

• p. 281 (October 15, 1962). The Sabin oral polio vaccine was a poliomyelitis461 vaccinedeveloped by Albert Sabin462 that could be taken orally. It replaced the earlier Salk463vaccine, which needed to be injected with a syringe.

• p. 288 (November 2, 1962). Linus is alluding to the expression ”Hell hath no fury like awoman scorned”. The original phrase is ”Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned/ Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned.”, taken from ”The Mourning Bride” (1697) byWilliam Congreve464.

• p. 293 (November 12, 1962). Rachel Carson465 was the author of the early environmen-talist book Silent Spring466. As a well known author and scientist at the time, Carsonwill be frequently referenced in future strips as a female role model.

• p. 309 (December 22, 1962). Charlie Brown is referring to the last game of the 1962World Series467, in which the San Francisco Giants468 lost to the New York Yankees in theseventh game, after Willie McCovey’s469 line drive was caught by Bobby Richardson470.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts471

==1963−1964== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1963 to 1964 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2007. ISBN 1560977230)

• p. 10 (January 23, 1963). A googol is 10 to the power 100, or 1 with 100 zeros after it. Itwas given this name by nine year old Milton Sirotta, nephew of mathematician EdwardKasner472.

• p. 13 (January 28, 1963). See December 22, 1962473.

• p. 16 (February 5, 1963). 4 H474 is a youth agricultural organization affiliated with theUnited States Department of Agriculture475.

• p. 19 (February 11, 1963). Divinity476 is a nougat-like confectionery made mainly withegg white, corn syrup, and sugar.

460 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyle461 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis462 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Sabin463 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas%20Salk464 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Congreve465 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Carson466 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20Spring467 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%20World%20Series468 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Giants469 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20McCovey470 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Richardson471 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts472 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Kasner473 Chapter on page 26474 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H475 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Department%20of%20Agriculture476 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity

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• p. 19 (February 13, 1963). In ten pin bowling477, 300 represents a perfect score. As thereare 10 frames in a game, Violet’s Dad is clearly getting ahead of himself.

• p. 22 (February 19 - 20, 1963). See November 12, 1962478.

• p. 34 - 35 (March 18 - 23, 1963). An Honor roll is a list of students at a school recognizedfor their academic achievements.

• p. 50 (April 25, 1963). See July 12, 1962479.

• p. 57 (May 12, 1963). See November 12, 1962480.

• p. 61 (May 20, 1963). The ”movie” Snoopy refers to is the classic Alfred Hitchcock movieThe Birds481 , which opened in the spring of 1963. The film was shot on location inBodega, California - not far from Schulz’s residence in Sebastopol.

• p. 64 (May 28, 1963). Snoopy is mimicking a set of “rabbit ear” antennae on top of acontemporary television set, which needed to be adjusted in this fashion to tune in distantstations; this is still true for direct-reception even today.

• p. 85 - 86 (July 15 - 20, 1963). A total solar eclipse occurred over North America on July20, 1963.

• p. 94 (August 5 and 6, 1963). In baseball, a pitcher is restricted in the kind of motionshe can make while pitching. If he makes an illegal movement, a balk is called and runnerson base can advance one base.

• p. 116 (September 27, 1963). The US Post Office introduced the 5-digit ZIP code482 onJuly 1, 1963.

• p. 118 (October 1, 1963). 5’s last name is his ZIP code483 (95472), which is the ZIP codefor Sebastopol, California.

• p. 126 (October 20, 1963). Prayer in American public schools was declared unconsti-tutional in the case of Abington School District v. Schempp484, decided on June 23,1963.

• p. 150 (December 15, 1963). Albert Schweitzer485 won the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize forhis medical missionary work.

• p. 164 (January 17, 1964). Schulz has made an error here - the figure should be ”sixtymillion” and not ”sixty billion.”

• p. 173 (February 8, 1964). The AMA is the American Medical Association486.

477 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin%20bowling478 Chapter on page 26479 Chapter on page 26480 Chapter on page 26481 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Birds%20%28Film%29482 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP%20code483 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP%20code484 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington%20School%20District%20v.%20Schempp485 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Schweitzer486 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Medical%20Association

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• p. 175 (February 10, 1964). The quotations are from the book The Gulistan487 by the13th century Persian poet Sa-di488.

• p. 177 (February 16, 1964). Doctor Horwich refers to Frances Horwich489, the educatorand children’s TV show hostess also known as ”Miss Frances.”

• P. 182 (February 29, 1964). First mention of Snoopy being the owner of a painting byVan Gogh.

• p. 205 (April 22, 1964). “New Math490” refers to the change in how mathematics wastaught in public schools in the United States during the 1960s.

• p. 207 (April 26, 1964). Willie Mays491, Alvin Dark492 and Orlando Cepeda493 wereplayers on the San Francisco Giants494 baseball team. Schulz moved to northern Californiain 1958.

• p. 221 (May 28, 1964). See August 6, 1962495.

• p. 227 (June 11, 1964. A beanball496 is a pitch that aims at the batter’s body.

• p. 230 (June 18, 1964). “Highbrow497 is a term derived from Phrenology498, implying thatan art form is intellectual, while Lowbrow is supposedly non-intellectual, and Middlebrowis somewhere in between.

• p. 238 (July 7, 1964). Mickey Mantle499 was a baseball player with the New YorkYankees500. A tape measure home run501 is a particularly long home run.

• p. 239 (July 11, 1964). Birds are now considered to be dinosaurs502. So in fact, Linusactually has found a dinosaur bone!

• p. 241 (July 14, 1964). Willard Mullin503 was an American sports cartoonist, best knownfor his creation of the “Brooklyn Bum”, a characterization of the Brooklyn Dodgers504baseball team.

487 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulistan%20of%20Sa%27di488 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi%20%28poet%29489 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Horwich490 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Math491 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Mays492 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin%20Dark493 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%20Cepeda494 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Giants495 Chapter on page 26496 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beanball497 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbrow498 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology499 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%20Mantle500 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Yankees501 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_measure_home_run%23tape_measure_home_run502 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dinosaurs503 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Mullin504 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20Dodgers

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• p. 271 (September 23, 1964). The Maccabees505 were Jewish rebels who ruled Judea506from 164 BCE to 63 BCE. Antiochus Epiphanes507 was the ruler they were rebellingagainst.

• p. 274 (September 28, 1964). Willie Mays508 was one of the finest baseball players of histime, and indeed, of all time. Linus has thus set his ambitions very high.

• p. 298 (November 25, 1964). Pebble Beach is a coastal resort town in northern Californiabetween Monterey and Carmel. It has several well-regarded golf courses.

• p. 307 (December 14, 1964). Ipanema is a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Arecording of the song ”The Girl From Ipanema” became an international hit in 1964.

• p. 310 (December 21, 1964). Luke 2:8

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts509

==1965−1966== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1965 to 1966 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2007. ISBN 1560977247)

• p. 2 (January 3, 1965). Billiard balls were made from elephant ivory from the 17thcentury until the early 20th century. English510 is a term referring to putting a spin onthe cue ball by striking the ball off-center with the cue.

• p. 4 (January 9, 1965). Annette Funicello511 was an original cast member of The MickeyMouse Club512 TV show in 1955, when she was 13 years old.

• p. 13 (January 30, 1965). “I could have skated all night“ presumably refers to the song ”ICould Have Danced All Night513” from the musical My Fair Lady514 .

• p. 28 (March 4, 1965). A cinch notice is an official notice from a teacher that your gradesare unsatisfactory.

• p. 32 (March 14, 1965). The first reference in Peanuts to the kite-eating tree.

• p. 47 (April 18, 1965). In baseball, a bean ball515 is a ball thrown by a pitcher directlyat a player with the intent of hitting them. The Children‘s Crusade516 was a possiblylegendary event that occurred in 1212 during The Crusades517. The incident at Harper’sFerry518 was an attempt by abolitionist John Brown to start a slave revolt in 1859.

505 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees506 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea507 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus%20Epiphanes508 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Mays509 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts510 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms%23English511 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette%20Funicello512 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Club513 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Could%20Have%20Danced%20All%20Night514 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Fair%20Lady515 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beanball516 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%E2%80%98s%20Crusade517 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades518 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Brown%27s%20raid%20on%20Harpers%20Ferry

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• p. 52 (April 30, 1965). In the sixth chapter of Daniel519, Daniel is thrown into a lions’den for refusing to stop praying to his god. See also October 20, 1963.

• p. 54 (May 5, 1965). First mention of Snoopy’s siblings. First mention of the ”Daisy HillPuppy Farm.”

• p. 70 (June 11, 1965). Roy’s first appearance. Roy was best known for later introducingPeppermint Patty520 to the rest of the cast. See August 22, 1966.

• p. 75 (June 23, 1965). At the time of this strip, the phrase À gogo521 was supposed tomean modern or up-to-date. The actual meaning of À gogo is “plenty” or “galore”.

• p. 84 (July 12, 1965). First instance of Snoopy writing ”It was a dark and stormy night.”The sentence is taken from the novel Paul Clifford522 by Edward Bulwer-Lytton523.

• p. 96 (August 9, 1965). There are several meanings claimed for ’hodad’, but it appearsthat Schulz is referring to someone who brings a surfboard to the beach but never surfs,i.e. a poser.

• p. 97 (August 14, 1965). It is difficult to know if this is a reference to the HoustonAstrodome, which opened in April 1965 with natural grass as the playing surface. Thegrass soon died due to painted-over skylights, but artificial grass was not installed until1966.

• p. 98 (August 15, 1965). The phone number given in the last panel was actually thephone number of producer Lee Mendelson524, who at the time was working on the veryfirst animated Peanuts special, A Charlie Brown Christmas525 .

• p. 99 (August 19, 1965). Brahms’ Symphony No. 4 in e minor, op. 98.526

• p. 102 (August 24, 1965). An Australian phrase meaning an all-out effort. ”Bush” isAustralian slang for a sparsely populated area or for wilderness. An equivalent phrase inAmerican English would be ”The Super Bowl or bust!”

• p. 107 (September 5, 1965). Lucy’s comments on the relationship between sin andpersonal misfortune reflects the conception of happiness in the Old Testament. She willoften come back to it again, for example in the doghouse fire series (see p. 271, September24, 1966).

• p. 109 (September 9, 1965). The phrase “Better to light a single candle than to cursethe darkness” is thought to originate in an ancient Chinese proverb. It is also closelyassociated with 527.

519 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20in%20the%20lions%27%20den520 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint%20Patty521 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%20gogo522 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Clifford523 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Bulwer-Lytton%2C%201st%20Baron%20Lytton524 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Mendelson525 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Charlie%20Brown%20Christmas526 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20No.%204%20%28Brahms%29527 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty%20International

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• p. 113 (September 19, 1965). Lord Jim528 is a novel by Joseph Conrad529 , while the1812 Overture530 is a well known piece of orchestral music composed by Pyotr IlyichTchaikovsky531.

• p. 120 (October 6, 1965). See April 22, 1964.

• p. 122 (October 10, 1965). Snoopy’s first appearance in his most famous persona, theWorld War I flying ace. The Sopwith Camel532 was a British single seat fighter aircraftemployed by the allies at the end of World War I. The Red Baron533 was a nicknamefor German fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen, the highest scoring German ace of theFirst World War.

• p. 129 (October 26, 1965). In the last panel, the phrase “ you try harder” is a referenceto the corporate motto of Avis Rent a Car534. At the time, Avis conducted an extensiveadvertising campaign around the phrase “We’re number two because we try harder” versusthe leading rental car company, Hertz535.

• p. 135 (November 8, 1965). The beginning of Mark Antony’s speech in Shakespeare’sJulius Caesar536 , Act III scene 2.

• p. 144 (November 29, 1965). Amblyopia537 is a visual deficiency in an eye that is otherwisephysically normal. Schulz calls Sally’s condition Amblyopia ex anopsia, but the symptomsand treatment sound more like Stabismic amblyopia. Sally will continue to wear the eyepatch in most strips until May 1966.

• p. 147 (December 6, 1965). In 1951, the Hathaway shirt company538 ran its first adver-tisement that featured a distinguished man in a shirt and tie and wearing an eyepatch.The ad campaign was extremely successful and ”The Man in the Hathaway Shirt” becamethe icon for the company.

• p. 147 (December 8, 1965). Long John Silver539 is a pirate character from the novelTreasure Island540 by Robert Louis Stevenson541.

• p. 168 (January 24, 1966). Schulz repeats the same gag on December 20, 1966. See p.309.

• p. 175 (February 12, 1966). The quotation in panel 3 is from Psalm 35, verses 1 and 15.

• p. 177 (February 15, 1966). See September 28, 1964.

528 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Jim529 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Conrad530 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%20Overture531 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr%20Ilyich%20Tchaikovsky532 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith%20Camel533 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20von%20Richthofen534 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis%20Rent%20a%20Car%20System535 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hertz%20Corporation536 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Caesar%20%28play%29537 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyopia538 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20F.%20Hathaway%20Company539 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20John%20Silver540 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure%20Island541 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Louis%20Stevenson

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• p. 192 (March 21, 1966). Fort Zinderneuf is the main setting of the novel and film BeauGeste542 , which is about French Foreign Legionnaires. Other references to Beau Gesteappear in April 1966 strips.

• p. 194 (March 27, 1966). The baseball teams that Linus lists are the National League543and the American League544 second place winner for each year.

• p. 210 (May 3, 1966). Commissioner Eckert was Commissioner of Baseball WilliamEckert545, who was commissioner between 1965 and 1968.

• p. 215 (May 15, 1966). There is an interesting mismatch between the daily strip andthe Sunday strip here -- Linus, who has moved away in the daily strip is present for thebaseball game in the Sunday strip!

• p. 216 (May 18, 1966). In the last panel, Schroeder is referring to another piece of musicfrom the musical My Fair Lady546 , ”I’ve Grown Accustomed to Her Face547”.

• p. 232 (June 23, 1966). The quotation is from Jeremiah 31, verses 16-17. Linus’ speechhappens at a time of rising anxiety in America about the sudden escalation of the Viet-name War548.

• p. 248 (July 31, 1966). K.P.549 stands for ”kitchen patrol” or “kitchen police“, militaryslang for kitchen duties.

• p.253 (August 11, 1966). Snoopy describes the Allies position at the battle of saint-Mihiel550.

• p. 255 (August 16, 1966). Apparently a reference to the German word ”Kamerad”(comrade) which was used as a term for surrender.

• p. 258 (August 22, 1966). The first appearance of Peppermint Patty551.

• p. 262 (September 1, 1966). Leonard Bernstein552 was a famous conductor and composerof the time.

• p. 307 (December 17, 1966). The quotation is from Act II, Scene II of Romeo and Juliet553.

• p. 309 (December 20, 1966). Schulz had drawn the same gag on January 24, 1966. Seep. 168.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts554

542 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau%20Geste543 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20League544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20League545 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Commissioner%23William_Eckert_.281965-1968.29546 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Fair%20Lady547 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve%20Grown%20Accustomed%20to%20Her%20Face548 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%20War549 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KP%20duty550 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battle%20of%20Saint-Mihiel551 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint%20Patty552 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Bernstein553 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo%20and%20Juliet554 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts

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==1967−1968== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1967 to 1968 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2008. ISBN 1560978260)

• p. 8 (January 18, 1967). The Fokker D7555 (actually Fokker D.VII) was an advancedGerman biplane that came into service at the end of World War I556, while Nieuports557were French-built biplanes widely flown by the Allies. The Unter Den Linden558 is agrand boulevard in Berlin, and is here being used as a German substitution for Broadwayin the famous song.

• p. 14 (February 1, 1967). Barnstorming559 was an ancestor of the modern Airshow duringthe 1920s, where First World War pilots flying military surplus aircraft demonstratedaerobatics and were paid to take passengers on brief flights.

• p. 46 (April 16, 1967). Sandy Koufax560 was a well known pitcher for the Brooklyn/LosAngeles Dodgers, who had retired in 1966.

• p. 69 (June 8, 1967). General Pershing561 was the commander of the United States Armyin Europe during the First World War.

• p. 121 (October 8, 1967). Bobby Hull562 was one of the finest hockey players of all time,and at the time was playing Left Wing for the Chicago Black Hawks.

• p. 141 (November 25, 1967). At the time of this strip, the New York Mets563 were arecent expansion Baseball club with a terrible win-loss record, which is what Linus isreferring to here.

• p. 146 (December 4, 1967). Sonja Henie564 was a three-time gold medal winning Olympicfigure skater from Norway, who later became a professional figure skater and film star.

• p. 200 (April 9, 1968). “Arnold and Winnie” refers to golfer Arnold Palmer565, one of thebest known golfers of the era, and his wife Winifred.

• p. 200 (April 10, 1968). The golfers being referred to here are Arnold Palmer566, SamSnead567, and Ben Hogan568.

• p. 201 (April 9, 1968). “Snoopy‘s Squad” presumably refers to the many fans of ArnoldPalmer, who were collectively known as “Arnie’s Army”.

• p. 206 (April 22, 1968). Petaluma, Ca.569, has held the world wrist wrestling champi-onships from 1952 to 2003.

555 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII556 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20I557 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport558 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unter%20Den%20Linden559 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorming560 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Koufax561 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing562 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Hull563 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Mets564 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja%20Henie565 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Palmer566 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Palmer567 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead568 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Hogan569 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma%2C%20California

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• p. 226 (June 9, 1968). Schroeder is playing the first movement of Beethoven’s pianosonata No. 8 in c minor, op. 13, the ”Pathethique”.

• p. 227 (June 10, 1968). The phrase in the final frame is a spoof on the then currenttelevision spy show Mission: Impossible570 , in which the leader of the Impossible MissionForce is delivered a mission at the beginning of each show in the form of a tape recording.After describing the mission, the recording then warns that it will “self-destruct in fiveseconds” before it disintegrates in a puff of smoke.

• p. 248 (July 31, 1968). Franklin’s first appearance in the strip.

• p. 250 (August 4, 1968). Muscle Beach571 is a beachfront area in the Los Angeles,California area, known for demonstrations by weightlifters and acrobats.

• p. 250 (August 4, 1968). ”Chloe572” is a Jazz standard from 1927 with music by NeilMoret and lyrics by Gus Kahn.

• p. 266 (September 10, 1968). Tiny Tim573 was the stage name of Herbert Khaury, apopular novelty musician of the time.

• p. 268 (September 15, 1968). Love beads574 were a frequent fashion accessory of the timeworn by both male and female hippies575.

• p. 273 (September 28, 1968). A holding pattern576 is a circling manoeuvre used byaircraft that are waiting to land at an overcrowded airport.

• p. 279 (October 11, 1968). Snoopy is acknowledging some of the best hockey players ofthe era: Stan (Mikita577), Bobby (Hull578 or Orr579) , and Maurice (‘Rocket’ Richard)580.

• p. 289 (September 28, 1968). Minnesota Fats581 is the nickname of fictional pool hustlerGeorge Hegerman, created by author Walter Tevis582 in the novels The Hustler583 andThe Color of Money584 .

• p. 305 (December 11, 1968). Jack Nicklaus585 was one of the finest professional golfersof all time.

• p. 308 (December 18, 1968). Rosebud is a reference to the film Citizen Kane586 by OrsonWelles.

570 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%3A%20Impossible571 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20Beach572 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe%20%28song%29573 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20Tim%20%28musician%29574 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20beads575 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie576 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding%20%28aviation%29577 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Mikita578 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Hull579 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Orr580 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Richard581 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%20Fats582 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Tevis583 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hustler%20%28novel%29584 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Color%20of%20Money585 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Nicklaus586 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%20Kane

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• p. 310 (December 22, 1968). Linus is taking Lucy’s dictation with shorthand587, anabbreviated form of writing that was more commonly used before the wide availabilityof voice recording equipment. In this era, secretaries were almost inevitably female, anda female with a male secretary would have been considered most unusual.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts588

==1969−1970== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1969 to 1970 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2008. ISBN 1560978279)

• p. 2 (January 4, 1969). 1984 refers to the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four589 byGeorge Orwell590. Linus is presumably comparing Lucy to Big Brother591.

• p. 4 (January 8, 1969). Peggy Fleming592 was a famous figure skater, who had won thegold medal for figure skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France .

• p. 8 (January 16, 1969). See December 4, 1967 and October 8, 1967.

• p. 14 (February 1, 1969). Joe Garagioloa593 was a former baseball player who had becomea broadcaster, and at this time was a panelist on The Today Show594 .

• p. 17 (February 6, 1969). The height of the pitcher’s mound595 in Major League Baseballwas lowered by five inches after the 1968 baseball season. As Charlie Brown relates, thiswas designed to lower the dominance of pitching in baseball by reducing the advantageheld by the pitcher. See also March 25, 1969.

• p. 22 (February 18, 1969). In Genesis 19:26, Lot’s Wife596 looks back as they flee thecity of Sodom (defying the angels who told them not to look back), and is turned to apillar of salt.

• p. 29, 31–32 (March 8–15, 1969). Schulz features Snoopy travelling to the moon in hisastronaut persona as the genuine Apollo program597 approached its climax. This series ofstrips ran during the Apollo 9598 mission, with the dress rehearsal Apollo 10599 followingin May and the first moon landing on Apollo 11600 in July.

• p. 32 (March 13, 1969). Snoopy is alluding to comments made by astronauts Bill An-ders601 and Jim Lovell602 during the Apollo 8603 mission the previous December.

587 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand588 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts589 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen%20Eighty-Four590 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Orwell591 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Brother%20%28Nineteen%20Eighty-Four%29592 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Fleming593 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Garagioloa594 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%20%28NBC%20program%29595 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchers_mound%23Pitcher.27s_mound596 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s%20Wife597 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%20program598 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%209599 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%2010600 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%2011601 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Anders602 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Lovell603 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%208

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• p. 37 (March 24, 1969). Expansion clubs604 are new teams that have just been added toa sports league, and usually have less experienced players and staff. At this time, MajorLeague Baseball had just undergone significant expansion, with four new teams added inMontreal, San Diego, Kansas City and Seattle for the 1969 season.

• p. 37–38 (March 26–29, 1969). Hyponatremia605 is indeed the term for the conditionLinus describes. The special balanced electrolyte solution that Linus prescribes for thecondition was already available in commercial form as Gatorade606.

• p. 58 (May 13, 1969). “Play it again, Sam” is a reference to the classic motion pictureCasablanca607 . This line is not actually in the film: the actual quotation is ”If she canstand it, I can! Play it!”.

• p. 60 (May 18, 1969). Kermit Zarley608 was a professional golfer on the PGA tour. Alsosee February 1, 1969 and October 8, 1967.

• p. 74 (June 21, 1969). Eddie Rickenbacker609 was the highest scoring American fighterpilot during World War I, after a previous career as a racing driver.

• p. 77 (June 26, 1969). See June 8, 1967.

• p. 80 (July 4, 1969). Roller Derby610 is a sport involving teams of five players roller skatingaround a track. At this time, Roller Derby was closer to sports entertainment611 (similarto professional wrestling) than an actual competitive sport, which explains Snoopy’soutfit.

• p. 93 (August 3, 1969). Babe Ruth612 was one of the best known baseball players inhistory. See also September 28, 1964.

• p. 112 (September 15, 1969). At the time of this strip, the United States military stillpracticed conscription613, and the military draft was a concern for all males as their18th birthday approached. Conscription was subsequently eliminated in favor of an all-volunteer military in 1973.

• p. 113 (September 19, 1969). Vince Lombardi614 was a famous football coach, best knownas the coach of the Green Bay Packers615 between 1959 and 1967. At the time of thisstrip, he was the coach of the Washington Redskins616.

• p. 119 (October 3, 1969). Rod McKuen617 was best known as a poet and songwriter.Sally is confused, as usual.

604 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20Team605 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia606 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatorade607 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca%20%28film%29608 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit%20Zarley609 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Rickenbacker610 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20Derby611 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sports%20entertainment612 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe%20Ruth613 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription%20in%20the%20United%20States614 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince%20Lombardi615 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Bay%20Packers616 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Redskins617 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20McKuen

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• p. 136 (November 11, 1969). Bill Mauldin618 was an American soldier and cartoonist,best known for creating the characters Willie and Joe for cartoons that appeared in Starsand Stripes619 during World War II.

• p. 151 (December 16, 1969). Snoopy has confused his terminology somewhat; the usualterm for the easy ski hill that beginners use is the “bunny hill”, rather than “rabbit slope”.

• p. 153 (December 21, 1969). The quotation on the descent of Jesus that Linus recites isMatthew 1:1–18.

• p. 157 (December 31, 1969). Fred Glover620 was a hockey player and coach (at the time,coach of the Oakland Seals621 of the NHL. Hank Aaron622 was a baseball player with theAtlanta Braves623. Pancho Gonzales624 was a famous professional tennis player. See alsoJanuary 8, 1969, February 1, 1969, December 11, 1968 and October 11, 1968.

• p. 190 (March 18, 1970). ”I was born one bright spring morning...” Yet Snoopy’s birthdaywas celebrated in the strip of August 10,1968.

• p. 206 (April 24, 1970). Lucy should have looked up ”Arbor Day625” instead.

• p. 246 (July 26, 1970). First mention of ”The Six Bunny-wunnies” fictional series ofbooks.

• P. 308 (December 17, 1970). Ouija boards626 enjoyed a bit of popularity among thegeneral population in the late 1960s and early 1970s, after their commercialization as atoy by Parker Brothers in 1966.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts627

==1971−1972== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1971 to 1972 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2009. ISBN 1606991450)

• p. 49 (April 23, 1971). Herman Hesse628 was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter,and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946. Snoopy’s interest in this ratherheavy literary figure is meant to contrast amusingly with his former preoccupation withthe more lighthearted subject matter of Miss Sweetstory’s Bunny-Wunnie books.

• p. 57 (May 10, 1971). It is almost impossible to convey how huge an impact the movieLove Story 629 had on popular culture when it was released. The book630, the movie itself,its theme song, were best-sellers. They were referred to in every media; individuals wouldtalk about it at every occasion. It practically saturated the entertainment space.

618 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Mauldin619 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20and%20Stripes620 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Glover%20%28ice%20hockey%29621 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Golden%20Seals622 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%20Aaron623 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20Braves624 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho%20Gonzales625 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor%20Day626 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija627 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts628 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Hesse629 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Story%20%281970%20film%29630 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Story%20%28novel%29

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• p. 64 (May 27, 1971). First mention of ”Joe Cool”. That persona of Snoopy may havehad a longer life outside the strip as a merchandising theme (sweaters, posters, etc.) thaninside it.

• p. 87 (July 20, 1971). First appearance of Marcie, without her being named.

• p. 97 (August 12, 1971). Although commonly despised as a somewhat vulgar feat,crushing an empty can of beer was indeed considered by some a sign of muscular strength.The steel walls of beer cans were then thicker and harder than those of aluminium wehave today.

• p. 107 (September 5, 1971). Many of the first names mentioned by Lucy are from Schulz’own life: ”...Lee, and Bill, ...” probably for Lee Mendelson631 and Bill Melendez632, ”...Amy,and Jill, and Meredith, ...” are names of Schulz633’s children, ”...Donna” for Donna MaeJohnson634, etc.

• p. 123 (October 11, 1971). First time Marcie is named.

• p. 163 (January 15, 1972). First mention of ”Peppermint” Patty’s full name.

• p. 174 (February 7, 1972). The original series of Star Trek 635, featuring starship ”En-terprise”, had disapointing ratings when it first aired between 1966 and 1969. Throughsyndication, however, its ratings surged and by 1972 it aired in more than 100 Americancities.

• p. 180 (February 21, 1972). ”Another unmarried marriage counselor...”: 1972 is the yearSchulz separated from his wife. The divorce proceedings completed in 1973.

• p. 186 (March 3, 1972). ”Johnny Horizon”636 was the rugged, outdoorsy mascot of theBureau of Land Management in the 1970’s. Similar to the more well-known Woodsythe Owl and Smokey the Bear, Johnny Horizon encouraged young people to respect andpreserve the environment.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts637

==1973−1974== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1973 to 1974 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2009. ISBN 1606992864)

• p. 17 (February 8, 1973). One of the rare occasions, if not the only one, where ”Pepper-mint” Patty does not call Charlie Brown ”Chuck.”

• p. 35 (March 24, 1973). ”I’m in the alpha state.” The early 1970s saw a great amountof media attention and popular interest in the field of electroencephalography. Biofeed-back638 techniques were believed to have a great future helping people alleviate theiranxiety or achieve better mental performances.

631 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Mendelson632 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Melendez633 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Schulz634 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red-Haired_Girl%23Inspiration635 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek%3A_The_Original_Series636 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Horizon637 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts638 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedback

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• p. 63 (May 23, 1973). The author of Love Story639 is Erich Segal640.

• p. 68 (June 7, 1973). The book Jonathan Livingston Seagull641 achieved its peak popu-larity in 1972. At the time, it had a considerable impact on popular culture.

• p. 80 (July 5, 1973). Mad magazine642, whose mascot is of course Alfred E. Neuman643,was at its peak circulation in 1973 and 1974.

• p. 93 (August 5, 1973). ”Happy birthday, Amy!” Amy is the name of one of Schulz’sdaughters.

• p. 95 (August 10, 1973). In 1973, Hank Aaron received received death threats644 becauseof his becoming close to tie and subsequently breaking Babe Ruth’s record.

• p. 130 (October 30, 1973). ”Peppermint” Patty forgets her past acquaintance with theGreat Pumpkin story. On October 24, 1966, she even declared herself a believer.

• p. 157 (January 1, 1974). The Grand Marshal Lucy doesn’t suppose Linus knows wasnone other than Charles M. Schulz645.

• p. 250 (August 5, 1974). See note on page 93.

• p. 269 (September 20, 1974). Acupuncture was nearly unknown to the general publicbefore 1970. From then it grew quickly in popularity until, in the mid-1970s, it becamecommon knowledge.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts646

==1975−1976== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1975 to 1976 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2010. ISBN 1606993453)

• p. 94 (August 4, 1975). Schulz lived with his family in Needles, Ca.647, from 1929 to1931. They went there to join his mother’s brother Monte Halverson. Her other brotherSilas, her sister Ella, and her mother also joined them.648

• p. 207 (April 25, 1976). Today not so well-known because of more advanced wirelesscommunication systems, Citizen’s Band649 (CB) radio became very popular in the mid-1970s. Its users had a notorious way of expressing themselves in coded650 and slang651language. They organized themselves in clubs and many invested considerable time andresources in their hobby. CB radio enthusiasts eventually formed a kind of alternateculture.

639 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Story%20%28novel%29640 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Segal641 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Livingston%20Seagull642 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20%28magazine%29643 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20E.%20Neuman644 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%20Aaron%23Breaking%20Ruth%27s%20record645 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Marshals%20of%20the%20Tournament%20of%20Roses%

20Parade%231970s646 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts647 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needles%2C%20California648 Schulz and Peanuts. HarperCollins, , 2007649 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%27s%20band%20radio650 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-code651 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20CB%20slang

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• p. 268 September 13-October 28, 1976 The strip’s longest storyline: almost seven weeks.

• p. 268 September 14 Peppermint Patty is confusing George Washington and presenta-tional election to ophthalmologist and sports. Bunker Hill652 was a famous battle duringthe American Revolution, a war that spotlighted Washington.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts653

==1977−1978== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1977 to 1978 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2010. ISBN 1606993755)

• p. 117 (September 26, 1977). Plains, Georgia654 is a small town of around 700 people.Its claim to fame in 1977 was that it was the birthplace of Jimmy Carter655, who waselected President of the United States a year before.

• p. 132 (November 1, 1977). ”Deprogramming”656 was often discussed in the Americanmedia in the mid-1970s. At the time, some anxiety arose in the population concerninga perception of increased recruiting by fringe cults. Those cults allegedly brainwashedyoung and weak individuals into leaving their families to follow them. Numerous booksand movies were also written on the topics of cults and deprogramming.

• p. 261 (August 28-29, 1978). How Charlie Brown obtained the Little Red-Haired Girl’sphone number is a mystery. She had left Charlie Brown’s neighborhood on July 18, 1969,without him knowing at all where she went (see July 17, 1969 and April 30, 1970). Afterthat, Charlie Brown saw her only on a ski trip and at summer camps. In later strips, sheis even back in the neighborhood (December 27, 1978) without explanations on exactlywhen and why she returned.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts657

==1979−1980== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1979 to 1980 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606994387)

• p. 139 (November 20, 1979). Although common today thanks to personal computers,writing in more than one typeface was not generally possible with typewriters. Onlyhigh-end typewriters would offer that feature.

• p. 230 (June 21, 1980). In the United States as in many other countries, the end of the1970s had seen a new phenomenon that generated much media interest: religious groupsand cults supported by strong public relations and marketing strategies. The secularpopulation, as well as Christian churches and individuals that were rather ”mainstream”(like Schulz himself), generally disapproved of those organisations. The comments offeredin previous strips respectively by the intellectual wing and the street-smart wing of thePeanuts gang epitomize that disapproval.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts658

652 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Bunker%20Hill653 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts654 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains%2C%20Georgia655 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Carter656 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprogramming657 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts658 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts

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==1981−1982== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1981 to 1982 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606994719)

• p. 39 (March 30, 1981). First instance of Marcie calling Charlie Brown ”Charles.” Shewill persist in that habit.

• p. 127 (October 24, 1981). ”Psychiatric help: 34 cents.” In the late 1970s and early1980s, price inflation in most western countries surged to peacetime records. In theUnited States, it soared to 15% per year in 1980, generating considerable anxiety in thepopulation. Lucy’s rates followed the trend and increased dramatically in 1981: theywere 10 cents on March 15, 34 cents on October 24 and 50 cents on December 16. Theyreturned to their historical level of 5 cents on June 27, 1982.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts659

==1983−1984== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1983 to 1984 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606995235)

• p. 102 (August 24, 1983) As the strip indicates, the French term esprit de l’escaliertranslates as ”wit of the stairway”. Schulz used French terms several times during thecourse of his strip, mainly during its later half, and all of them were authentic.

• p. 144 (November 29, 1983) The motion picture Flashdance660 was released in April 1983in the United States and enjoyed a large success at the box office. Bill Melendez releasedan animated parody of it (and of other dance films) in April 1984, under the title It’sFlashbeagle, Charlie Brown661 .

• p. 151 (December 16, 1983) It seems that Sally’s script refers to the Christmas carol”Hark! The Herald Angels Sing”662, well known in English speaking countries.

• p. 156 (December 27, 1983) ”Snowperson”: political correctness in the early 80s had gonequite far in its attempts to erase gender-biased expressions from the common language.At that time, many tried to be gender-neutral to the point of sacrificing clarity, forexample in sentences such as ”Every man/woman shall don his/her life jacket and reportto the steward/stewardess nearest to him/her.” Some common nouns disappeared at thattime, for example, ”fireman” was replaced by ”firefighter.” In a somewhat related gag, JimUnger663 in his cartoon Herman664 had a sales clerk telling a customer: ”We live in a verystrange era,” with in the background a banner saying ”Grandperson clocks.”

• p. 193 (March 23, 1984) There is a ”Highland Park” and a ”Selby Avenue” in Saint Paul,Minnesota. Schulz lived at the corner of Selby and Snelling, where his father’s barbershop was also located.

• p. 220 (May 25, 1984) ”Playing trivia”: Trivia games started in the early 80s, with IsaacAsimov665’s Super Quiz666 possibly being the first of them in 1982. They became verypopular by the mid-80s.

659 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts660 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdance661 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Flashbeagle%2C%20Charlie%20Brown662 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hark%21%20The%20Herald%20Angels%20Sing663 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Unger664 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20%28comic%20strip%29665 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Asimov666 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Quiz

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• p. 240 (July 9, 1984) ”Girls Just Want to Have Fun667” was a popular song in early 1984,sung by Cyndi Lauper668.

• p. 255 (August 14, 1984) ”Roy Hobbs”: Although the novel The Natural669 , by BernardMalamud, was released in 1952, the movie based on it670 was produced and released onlyin 1984.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts671

==1985−1986== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1985 to 1986 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606995723)

• p. xi (Foreword by Patton Oswald) ”Snoopy even adds a new make-believe character to hisrepertoire (...) a bowtie-wearing, bowler-topped attorney.” That sentence is misleading,as the attorney persona of Snoopy in fact appeared many years before 1985/1986.

• p. 47 (April 19, 1985) It seems Snoopy is cured of the ”weed claustrophobia” that plaguedhim in 1956. See the strips of October 27, November 3, and November 6 to 9 of that year.

• p. 94 (August 7, 1985). A ”punker” is ”a punk rock musician or a devotee of punk rockor punk styles.”. They were especially prevalent during the late 70’s and 80’s.

• p. 94-95 (August 7, 1985-August 9, 1985) Although the term ”mallies” doesn’t actuallyexist, the type of people Schulz was referring to did. In the 80’s, and still today, thereare several people who can be possibly referred to as ”mallies”.

• p. 97 (August 12, 1985) YUPpies672 (from ”Young Urban Professional”) defined the 1980smore than any other social group. Their way of life (expensive tastes and professionalambition) was fueled by the financial and economic optimism of the era and was thesubject of many books, movies, and television series (The Bonfire of the Vanities673 ,Family Ties674 , Wall Street675 ).

• p. 127-128 (October 23, 1985-October 25, 1985) ”The Lone Eagle”, as the first strip ofthis series explicitly indicates, was Charles Lindbergh, who, as this strip also indicates,made the first nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris. Snoopy’s ”Lone Beagle” outfitis also his World War One Flying Ace outfit as well.

• p. 128 (October 26, 1985) Wayne Gretzky is a Canadian former professional ice hockeyplayer and former head coach. The joke is that Rerun’s helmet looks like a hockey mask.

• p. 128 (October 27, 1985) One of the rare instances where an adult’s speech appears inPeanuts.

667 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%20Just%20Want%20to%20Have%20Fun668 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi%20Lauper669 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Natural670 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Natural%20%28film%29671 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts672 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie673 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bonfire%20of%20the%20Vanities674 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20Ties675 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%20Street%20%281987%20film%29

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• p. 131 (November 1, 1985) ”Beagle Blaster” refers to ghetto blasters, an 80’s slang termreferring to ”a large, powerful portable radio, especially as carried and played by a pedes-trian or used outdoors in an urban area.”.

• p. 133-134 (November 6, 1985-November 9, 1985) Halley’s Comet, officially designated1P/Halley, is the best-known of the short-period comets and is visible from Earth every75–76 years. Halley is the only short-period comet that is clearly visible to the nakedeye from Earth, and thus the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a humanlifetime. Other naked-eye comets may be brighter and more spectacular, but will appearonly once in thousands of years. As this strip series explicitly indicates, Sally has thedate at least a month too early, and the comet’s actual arrival was on February 1986.

• p. 170 (February 1, 1986) She has what is known as a ten-speed.. A ten speed is ”a systemof gears having ten forward gear ratios, especially on a bicycle. ”. These types of bikeswere particularly popular during the 70’s and 80’s.

• p. 174 (February 9, 1986) The poems Snoopy writes down are plays on a classic lovepoem that may be traced at least as far back as to the following lines written in 1590 bySir Edmund Spenser from his epic The Faerie Queene (Book Three, Canto 6, Stanza 6):

It was upon a Sommers shynie day,

When Titan faire his beames did display,

In a fresh fountaine, farre from all mens vew,

She bath’d her brest, the boyling heat t’allay;

She bath’d with roses red, and violets blew,

And all the sweetest flowres, that in the forrest grew.

The version Snoopy is lampooning is the most popular one:

Roses are red,

Violets are blue,

Sugar is sweet,

And so are you.

• P. 175 (February 10, 1986) About the political correctness of the 1980s concerning genderbias in language, see also the strip of December 27, 1983.

• P. 175-176, 178-179 (February 10, 1986-February 15, 1986, and February 16, 1986 -February 21, 1986) As the series explicitly indicates, the flu Snoopy(as the World WarOne Ace)catches is the great influenza epidemic of 1918-1919. As it also states, beforeit ended in 1919, twenty million people had died from the disease.. The armistice thatwas to mark the end of World War One that was mentioned February 19, was also signedduring those years of death and disease.

• P. 178 (February 19, 1986) ”The war is over!!” Actually, the war is not over for Snoopy’spilot persona. It will return to fight on October 4, 1986.

• p. 179 (February 22, 1986) The national anthem of the Unites States of America isthe Star Spangled Banner, of which lyrics come from ”Defence of Fort McHenry”, a

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poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key,after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships inChesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. The poem was setto the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the AnacreonticSociety, a men’s social club in London. ”The Anacreontic Song” (or ”To Anacreon inHeaven”), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Key’spoem and renamed ”The Star-Spangled Banner”, it would soon become a well-knownAmerican patriotic song. With a range (tessitura) of one and a half octaves, it is knownfor being difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonlysung today. ”The Star-Spangled Banner” was recognized for official use by the Navy in1889, and by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem bya congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301),which was signed by President Herbert Hoover. Before 1931, other songs served as thehymns of American officialdom. ”Hail, Columbia” served this purpose at official functionsfor most of the 19th century. ”My Country, ’Tis of Thee”, whose melody is identical to”God Save the Queen”, the British national anthem, also served as a de facto anthem.Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs would emerge tocompete for popularity at public events, among them ”The Star-Spangled Banner”.

• p. 184 (March 5, 1986) ”Baby on Bike” is a reference to the rising popularity of ”Baby onBoard” warning signs in the 1980s.

• p. 185 ((March 7, 1986) This strip is a little bit confusing, as at first glance it appearsthat Snoopy is talking in the last panel. However, on closer inspection, it is revealed thatit is in fact the body of Snoopy talking. One of the possible hint to this is the scrunchedup line directing the thought balloon to its bearer that only Snoopy’s body parts have.

• p. 188 (March 15, 1986) James Gould Cozzens was, as this strip indicates, the author of”By Love Possessed”.

• p. 192 (March 23, 1986) Medic is slang for doctor.

• p. 195 (March 30, 1986) The definition of the word ”ganglion” Linus is referring to is theless known one, meaning ”a small lump most commonly on the hand or foot”.

• p. 202-203 (April 15, 1986) What have we done to Fort Zinderneuf?! Fort Zinderneuf isthe main setting of the 1966 film Beau Geste and the 1924 novel it is based on.

• p. 208 (April 28, 1986-May 3, 1986) The Maypole Dance that is celebrated in U.S. inSecondary or High School dances as part of a May Day celebration are nearly identical tothat celebrated in the United Kingdom. Often the Maypole dance will be accompaniedby other dances as part of a presentation to the public.The earliest use of the Maypole inAmerica occurred in 1628, where William Bradford, governor of New Plymouth, wrote ofan incident where a number of servants, together with the aid of an agent, broke free fromtheir indentured service to create their own colony, setting up a maypole in the centerof the settlement, and behaving in such a way as to receive the scorn and disapproval ofthe nearby colonies, as well as an official officer of the king, bearing patent for the stateof Massachusetts. The May Queen or Queen of May is a term which has two distinctbut related meanings, as a mythical figure and as a holiday personification. This seriesis referring to the latter, the May Queen who is a girl who must ride or walk at the frontof a parade for May Day celebrations. She wears a white gown to symbolize purity and

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usually a tiara or crown. Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations. She is generallycrowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins. Certain age groupsdance round a Maypole celebrating youth and the spring time.

• p.226 (June 9, 1985) This the first appearance of Lydia.

• p. 247 (July 29, 1986) Maynard is misquoting the Scripture Luke 10:7(The laborer isworthy of his hire) as Luke 10:4.

• p. 252 (August 10, 1986) Mozart, Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, Franck, Lehar, Tchaikovsky,Elgar, Schubert, and Gershwin were all famous composers.

• p. 253 (August 12, 1986) Buck Beagle in the 25th century is a parody of the famous 1930scomic strip Buck Rogers in the 25th century, which also was a favorite of Schulz’s as ayouth.

• p. 254 (August 16, 1986) Joe Garagiola is an American former catcher in Major LeagueBaseball who later became an announcer and television host, popular for his colorfulpersonality. He was well known for being one of the regular panelists of The Today Showon NBC for many years. He also happened to be a good friend of Schulz’s.

• p. 258 Fort Zinderneuf See annotation on pages 202-203• p. 263, 265-266, 268, 289, 292, 301 (September 4, 1986-September 6, 1986, September 8,1986, September 13, 1986, September 15, 1986-September 17, 1986, November 5, 1986,November 10, 1986, and December 3, 1986) Tapioca Pudding is a satirical remark onrunaway licensing, and her name is a likely parody on Strawberry Shortcake, as both ofthem are named after a dessert item.

• p. 274 (October 1, 1986) The first balls were made of natural materials, such as aninflated pig bladder, sometimes inside a leather cover, which has given rise to the slangterm ”pigskin”. Modern balls are designed by teams of engineers to exacting specifications,with rubber or plastic bladders, and often with plastic covers. Various leagues and gamesuse different balls, though they all have one of the following basic shapes:

| a sphere: used in Association football and Gaelic football | a prolate spheroid | either withrounded ends: used in the rugby codes and Australian football | or with more pointed ends:used in American football and Canadian football

The precise shape and construction of footballs is typically specified as part of the rules andregulations. The oldest football still in existence, which is thought to have been made circa1540, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle, Scotland, in 1981. The ball is made ofleather (possibly from a deer) and a pig’s bladder. It has a diameter of between 14–16 cm(5.5–6.3 in), weighs 125 g (4.4 oz) and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery andMuseum in Stirling.

• p. 277 (October 8, 1986) A zamboni is an ice resurfacer, which is a vehicle used to cleanand smooth the surface of an ice sheet, usually in an ice rink. The first ice resurfacerwas developed by Frank Zamboni in 1949 in the city of Paramount, California. Zamboni/zæmˈboʊni/ is an internationally registered trademark, though the term is often used asa generic colloquialism for any ice resurfacer.

• p. 283 (October 22, 1986) Fog is a 1916 poem by Carl Sandburg that reads:

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THE FOG comes

on little cat feet.

It sits looking

over harbor and city

on silent haunches

and then moves on.

• p 293 I’ll eat first, and then I’ll call the Humane Society! The Humane Society is a groupthat aims to stop human or animal suffering due to cruelty or other reasons, although inmany countries, it is now used mostly for societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals(SPCAs).

• p.301 (December 3, 1986) This the last appearance of Tapioca Pudding.

• p. 308, 310 (December 19, 1986-December 20, 1986, and December 22, 1986, and Decem-ber 24, 1986) This unnamed kid closely resembles Shermy, a character who disappearedin the year 1976.

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts676

==1987−1988== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1987 to 1988 by CharlesM. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2013. ISBN 1606996348)

• p. 4 (January 10, 1987) Although it has almost completely disappeared today, ”Kilroywas here”677 used to be a ubiquitous graffiti in the North American urban landscape. Itsoriginal meaning is quite obscure.

• p. 13 (January 29, 1987) ”I was born in October.” This is not implausible, as the firstappearance of Linus is on September 19, 1952, and he then appears a bit younger thanone year old. In any case, Peanuts characters are known to age much more slowly thanreal-world people.

• p. 15 (February 2, 1987) The chosen Valedictorian678 is usually the student with thehighest ranking among his or her graduating class. Salutatorian679 is an academic titlegiven in the United States to the second highest graduate of the entire graduating classof a specific discipline.

• p. 34 (March 19, 1987) Mrs. Nelson and Mrs. Bartley are regulars of the golf club. Theyused to hire Peppermint Patty and Marcie as caddies (see for example the strip of July17, 1983, The Complete Peanuts 1983 to 1984 , p. 86.)

• p. 227 (June 12, 1988) 1988 is the year when Fax machines became known at large tothe general public. They were then expensive and rather big, so they were considered asbeing primarily office machines.

676 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts677 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilroy%20was%20here678 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian679 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutatorian

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• p. 231 (June 21, 1988) After years of legal arguments, the estate of Margaret Mitchellfinally announced on February 3, 1987, that a sequel to Gone with the wind would beauthorized.680 The news was a sensation, and generated feverish interest and speculationin the public. On April 26, 1988, the project was formally launched when Warner Bookspurchased the rights to the sequel for US$4.94 million.681 It was finally published inSeptember 1991, under the title Scarlett682 , by author Alexandra Ripley.

• p. 249 (August 2, 1988) Although nearly inescapable today, answering machines becameaffordable to the general public only in 1988. Before that, they were not even common inan office environment: rather, the secretary of a department had the charge of receivingcalls and taking messages.

• p. 291 (November 8, 1988) Tuesday, November 8, 1988, was a Presidential election day inthe United States. George H.W. Bush won against Michael Dukakis. That Sally rootedfor Abraham Lincoln is not unexpected, as he is often referred to with reverence byvarious characters in Peanuts . He must be the favorite president of the gang.

0.1 References

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts683

=References=

680 Kenneth Wilson. A Visit with Charles SchulzA Visit with Charles Schulz. Christian Herald, Septem-ber1967

681 . ’Gone with the wind’ sequel brings 4.94 million bid’Gone with the wind’ sequel brings 4.94 million bid.The Miami News, April1988

682 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett%20%28Ripley%20novel%29683 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts

52

1 Contributors

Edits User7 Adrignola13 Archolman24 Avicennasis31 Chazz4

138 Chowbok51 Darklama61 Hagindaz72 Herbythyme81 Jomegat92 QuiteUnusual103 Robert Horning1127 Simon Peter Hughes121 Van der Hoorn131 Webaware141 Whiteknight15

1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Adrignola2 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Archolman3 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Avicennasis4 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Chazz5 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Chowbok6 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Darklama7 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Hagindaz8 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Herbythyme9 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Jomegat10 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:QuiteUnusual11 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Robert_Horning12 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Simon_Peter_Hughes13 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Van_der_Hoorn14 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Webaware15 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Whiteknight

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List of Figures

• GFDL: Gnu Free Documentation License. http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html

• cc-by-sa-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

• cc-by-sa-2.5: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/

• cc-by-sa-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

• cc-by-sa-1.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/

• cc-by-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

• cc-by-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

• cc-by-2.5: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en

• cc-by-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

• GPL: GNU General Public License. http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.txt

• LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License. http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html

• PD: This image is in the public domain.

• ATTR: The copyright holder of this file allows anyone to use it for any purpose,provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivativework, commercial use, and all other use is permitted.

• EURO: This is the common (reverse) face of a euro coin. The copyright on the designof the common face of the euro coins belongs to the European Commission. Authorisedis reproduction in a format without relief (drawings, paintings, films) provided theyare not detrimental to the image of the euro.

• LFK: Lizenz Freie Kunst. http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/de

• CFR: Copyright free use.

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List of Figures

• EPL: Eclipse Public License. http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/epl-v10.php

Copies of the GPL, the LGPL as well as a GFDL are included in chapter Licenses16. Pleasenote that images in the public domain do not require attribution. You may click on theimage numbers in the following table to open the webpage of the images in your webbrower.

16 Chapter 2 on page 59

56

List of Figures

1 Roger Higgins, World Telegram staff photographer

57

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In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any expressagreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce apatent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenantnot to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent licenseto a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not toenforce a patent against the party.

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyoneto copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, througha publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be soavailable, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patentlicense for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistentwith the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license todownstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actualknowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the cov-ered work in a country, or your recipient’s use of the covered workin a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in thatcountry that you have reason to believe are valid.

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrange-ment, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a coveredwork, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving thecovered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey aspecific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant isautomatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and worksbased on it.

A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within thescope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on thenon-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically grantedunder this License. You may not convey a covered work if you area party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the businessof distributing software, under which you make payment to the thirdparty based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, andunder which the third party grants, to any of the parties who wouldreceive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a)in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (orcopies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connectionwith specific products or compilations that contain the covered work,unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license wasgranted, prior to 28 March 2007.

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting anyimplied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwisebe available to you under applicable patent law. 12. No Surrender ofOthers’ Freedom.

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreementor otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they donot excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot con-vey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligationsunder this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a con-sequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree toterms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying fromthose to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy

59

Licenses

both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely fromconveying the Program. 13. Use with the GNU Affero General PublicLicense.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permis-sion to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed underversion 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single com-bined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this Li-cense will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, butthe special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to thecombination as such. 14. Revised Versions of this License.

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new ver-sions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such newversions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differin detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Programspecifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Pub-lic License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option offollowing the terms and conditions either of that numbered version orof any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. Ifthe Program does not specify a version number of the GNU GeneralPublic License, you may choose any version ever published by the FreeSoftware Foundation.

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versionsof the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy’s publicstatement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you tochoose that version for the Program.

Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions.However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copy-right holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version. 15.Disclaimer of Warranty.

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EX-TENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHENOTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLD-ERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM“AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EX-PRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY ANDFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISKAS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRO-GRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DE-FECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SER-VICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 16. Limitation of Liability.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW ORAGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER,OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYSTHE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOUFOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCI-DENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OFTHE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDINGBUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING REN-DERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU ORTHIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPER-ATEWITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDEROR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITYOF SUCH DAMAGES. 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided abovecannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewingcourts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an abso-lute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless awarranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Programin return for a fee.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Termsto Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatestpossible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make itfree software which everyone can redistribute and change under theseterms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest toattach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state theexclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright”line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

<one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.>Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modifyit under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published bythe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (atyour option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, butWITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warrantyof MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR-POSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public Licensealong with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and papermail.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short noticelike this when it starts in an interactive mode:

<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> This programcomes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘showw’. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it undercertain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.

The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show theappropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your pro-gram’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you woulduse an “about box”.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) orschool, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if nec-essary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow theGNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating yourprogram into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutinelibrary, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietaryapplications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use theGNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first,please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

2.2 GNU Free Documentation LicenseVersion 1.3, 3 November 2008

Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation,Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of thislicense document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or otherfunctional and useful document ”free” in the sense of freedom: to as-sure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with orwithout modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Sec-ondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way toget credit for their work, while not being considered responsible formodifications made by others.

This License is a kind of ”copyleft”, which means that derivative worksof the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It com-plements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft licensedesigned for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for freesoftware, because free software needs free documentation: a free pro-gram should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that thesoftware does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter orwhether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this Li-cense principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it canbe distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants aworld-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that workunder the conditions stated herein. The ”Document”, below, refers toany such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, andis addressed as ”you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify ordistribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

A ”Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing theDocument or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifica-tions and/or translated into another language.

A ”Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter sec-tion of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship ofthe publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overallsubject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could falldirectly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in parta textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain anymathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connec-tion with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The ”Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titlesare designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice thatsays that the Document is released under this License. If a section doesnot fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to bedesignated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero InvariantSections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sectionsthen there are none.

The ”Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, asFront-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says thatthe Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text maybe at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A ”Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readablecopy, represented in a format whose specification is available to thegeneral public, that is suitable for revising the document straightfor-wardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels)generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawingeditor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatictranslation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters.A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup,or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage sub-sequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image formatis not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copythat is not ”Transparent” is called ”Opaque”.

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plainASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input for-mat, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for humanmodification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG,XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that canbe read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML orXML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generallyavailable, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF pro-duced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The ”Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plussuch following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material thisLicense requires to appear in the title page. For works in formatswhich do not have any title page as such, ”Title Page” means the textnear the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding thebeginning of the body of the text.

The ”publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies ofthe Document to the public.

A section ”Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Documentwhose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses

following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZstands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as ”Acknowl-edgements”, ”Dedications”, ”Endorsements”, or ”History”.) To ”Preservethe Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means thatit remains a section ”Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the noticewhich states that this License applies to the Document. These War-ranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in thisLicense, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other impli-cation that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has noeffect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, eithercommercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, thecopyright notices, and the license notice saying this License appliesto the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add noother conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not usetechnical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copy-ing of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may acceptcompensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enoughnumber of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, andyou may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly haveprinted covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and theDocument’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose thecopies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on theback cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you asthe publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full titlewith all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may addother material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limitedto the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document andsatisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in otherrespects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on theactual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numberingmore than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transpar-ent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaquecopy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard networkprotocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of addedmaterial. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably pru-dent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity,to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at thestated location until at least one year after the last time you distributean Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of thatedition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of theDocument well before redistributing any large number of copies, togive them a chance to provide you with an updated version of theDocument. 4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document un-der the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you releasethe Modified Version under precisely this License, with the ModifiedVersion filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distributionand modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copyof it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

* A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title dis-tinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section ofthe Document). You may use the same title as a previous version ifthe original publisher of that version gives permission. * B. List onthe Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsiblefor authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, togetherwith at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of itsprincipal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release youfrom this requirement. * C. State on the Title page the name of thepublisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. * D. Preserveall the copyright notices of the Document. * E. Add an appropriatecopyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyrightnotices. * F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a licensenotice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version underthe terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.* G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sectionsand required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice. *H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. * I. Preserve the sectionEntitled ”History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating atleast the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Ver-sion as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled ”History”in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and pub-lisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an itemdescribing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. *J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document forpublic access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise thenetwork locations given in the Document for previous versions it wasbased on. These may be placed in the ”History” section. You may omita network location for a work that was published at least four yearsbefore the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version itrefers to gives permission. * K. For any section Entitled ”Acknowledge-ments” or ”Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preservein the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor ac-knowledgements and/or dedications given therein. * L. Preserve allthe Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and

in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not consideredpart of the section titles. * M. Delete any section Entitled ”Endorse-ments”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.* N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ”Endorsements”or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. * O. Preserve anyWarranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appen-dices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copiedfrom the Document, you may at your option designate some or all ofthese sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list ofInvariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titlesmust be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled ”Endorsements”, provided it con-tains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by variousparties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text hasbeen approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of astandard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the endof the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passageof Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by(or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Documentalready includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added byyou or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting onbehalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one,on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the oldone.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this Li-cense give permission to use their names for publicity for or to as-sert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBININGDOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released underthis License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modifiedversions, provided that you include in the combination all of the In-variant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and listthem all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its licensenotice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, andmultiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a singlecopy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same namebut different contents, make the title of each such section unique byadding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original au-thor or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of InvariantSections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ”History”in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled ”His-tory”; likewise combine any sections Entitled ”Acknowledgements”, andany sections Entitled ”Dedications”. You must delete all sections En-titled ”Endorsements”. 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other doc-uments released under this License, and replace the individual copiesof this License in the various documents with a single copy that isincluded in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of thisLicense for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all otherrespects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and dis-tribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copyof this License into the extracted document, and follow this Licensein all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7.AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separateand independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage ordistribution medium, is called an ”aggregate” if the copyright resultingfrom the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the com-pilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When theDocument is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply tothe other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivativeworks of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copiesof the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of theentire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on cov-ers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronicequivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwisethey must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distributetranslations of the Document under the terms of section 4. ReplacingInvariant Sections with translations requires special permission fromtheir copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or allInvariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invari-ant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all thelicense notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, pro-vided that you also include the original English version of this Licenseand the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of adisagreement between the translation and the original version of thisLicense or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled ”Acknowledgements”, ”Dedi-cations”, or ”History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title

(section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMI-NATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Documentexcept as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt oth-erwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and willautomatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your licensefrom a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, un-less and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminatesyour license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to no-tify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 daysafter the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstatedpermanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation bysome reasonable means, this is the first time you have received noticeof violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder,and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of thenotice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate thelicenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you underthis License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanentlyreinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material doesnot give you any rights to use it. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THISLICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versionsof the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Suchnew versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, butmay differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Seehttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of thisLicense ”or any later version” applies to it, you have the option offollowing the terms and conditions either of that specified version orof any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by theFree Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a versionnumber of this License, you may choose any version ever published(not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Documentspecifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this Licensecan be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a versionpermanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.11. RELICENSING

”Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or ”MMC Site”) means anyWorld Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and alsoprovides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A publicwiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A ”MassiveMultiauthor Collaboration” (or ”MMC”) contained in the site meansany set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

”CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license publishedby that same organization.

”Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole orin part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is ”eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License,and if all works that were first published under this License somewhereother than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or inpart into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained inthe site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM:How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copyof the License in the document and put the following copyright andlicense notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNUFree Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version pub-lished by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections,no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the licenseis included in the section entitled ”GNU Free Documentation License”.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-CoverTexts, replace the ”with … Texts.” line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with theFront-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts beingLIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some othercombination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the sit-uation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, werecommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice offree software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to per-mit their use in free software.

60

GNU Lesser General Public License

2.3 GNU Lesser General Public LicenseGNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Version 3, 29 June 2007

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of thislicense document, but changing it is not allowed.

This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporatesthe terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public Li-cense, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below. 0.Additional Definitions.

As used herein, “this License” refers to version 3 of the GNU LesserGeneral Public License, and the “GNU GPL” refers to version 3 of theGNU General Public License.

“The Library” refers to a covered work governed by this License, otherthan an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.

An “Application” is any work that makes use of an interface providedby the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library. Defin-ing a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode ofusing an interface provided by the Library.

A “Combined Work” is a work produced by combining or linking anApplication with the Library. The particular version of the Librarywith which the Combined Work was made is also called the “LinkedVersion”.

The “Minimal Corresponding Source” for a Combined Work means theCorresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any sourcecode for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation,are based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version.

The “Corresponding Application Code” for a Combined Work meansthe object code and/or source code for the Application, including anydata and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Workfrom the Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Com-bined Work. 1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.

You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this Licensewithout being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL. 2. ConveyingModified Versions.

If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a fa-cility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application thatuses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the facilityis invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified version:

* a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort toensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the functionor data, the facility still operates, and performs whatever part of itspurpose remains meaningful, or * b) under the GNU GPL, with noneof the additional permissions of this License applicable to that copy.

3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.

The object code form of an Application may incorporate material froma header file that is part of the Library. You may convey such objectcode under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated ma-terial is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure layoutsand accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates (ten orfewer lines in length), you do both of the following:

* a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that theLibrary is used in it and that the Library and its use are covered bythis License. * b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNUGPL and this license document.

4. Combined Works.

You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the portionsof the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse engineer-ing for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of the follow-ing:

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