annex 6 air quality report · 2012. 9. 14. · the electrical transmission system comprises two...
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ANNEX 6 AIR QUALITY REPORT
MAITENES/ALFALFAL SUBSTATIONS AND ALFALFAL II POWER STATION/
ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 2
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 3 2 PROJECT BACKGROUND.............................................................................................. 3 2.1 PROJECT LOCATION……………............................................................................................ 3 2.2 PROJECT SCHEDULE ………………........................................................................................ 3 3 EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY …………......................................................... 4 4 CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS GENERATED BY THE PROJECT...................................... 7 4.1 GENERAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 EARTHWORK EMISSIONS…………………………………..............................................7 4.3 VEHICLE TRAFFIC EMISSIONS………………………………...........................................9 4.3.1 Traffic inside the Work Sites ....................................................................................... 9 4.3.2 Vehicle Traffic ................................................................................................................10 4.4 COMBUSTION ENGINE EMISSIONS ……………………………………..................................... 16 4.4.1 Construction Equipment Exhaust Emissions…........................................................16 4.4.2 Vehicle Exhaust Emissions…………..........................................................................17 4.5 EMISSIONS SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 18 5 COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE REGULATIONS........................................................ 19 6 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT…........................................................ 20 7 REFERENCES ………………….................................................................................. 22
MAITENES/ALFALFAL SUBSTATIONS AND ALFALFAL II POWER STATION/
ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 3
1 INTRODUCTION
The Maitenes/Alfalfal Substations and Alfalfal II Power Station/Alfalfal Substation Electrical Transmission Lines Project consists of two electrical transmission lines, with a combined extension of 17.1 km, connecting the Las Lajas and Alfalfal power stations to the Central Interconnected Grid (Sistema Interconectado Central – SIC). Both these lines have been approved within the framework of the Alto Maipo Hydroelectric Project (Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Alto Maipo - PHAM).
This document estimates the combustion engine and dust emissions from vehicles used to transport personnel, supplies and waste material. The emissions resulting from the operation of construction equipment, as well as from excavation activities and the loading and unloading of materials are also estimated.
2 PROJECT BACKGROUND
The electrical transmission system comprises two transmission lines: • The 110 kV circuit, 7.6 km line between the Maitenes and Alfalfal substations; and,
• The double 220 kV circuit, 9.5 km line between the Alfalfal II power station and the Alfalfal
substation. The Project also contemplates the expansion of the existing 0.45 ha Alfalfal substation to enable the connection of the new transmission lines.
2.1 Project Location
The Project will be located in the Commune of San José de Maipo, Cordillera Province, and Santiago Metropolitan Region.
2.2 Project Schedule
The Project will be implemented in phases, starting with the Maitenes/Alfalfal substations line, followed by the Alfalfal II power station/Alfalfal substation line, and then the expansion of the existing Alfalfal substation. The schedule of activities considered to estimate Project emissions is as follows:
MAITENES/ALFALFAL SUBSTATIONS AND ALFALFAL II POWER STATION/
ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 4
Figure 1: Schedule of Activities Considered for Calculating Emissions
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental based on information provided by the Project Owner.
Construction activities will be developed on different work fronts. In this case, the parallel operation of three work fronts has been considered as the worst-case scenario.
A 24 working day-month, with equipment operating 75 per cent of each working day (i.e. 7.5 hours from Monday to Friday, and 3.8 hours on Saturday) is considered for emission calculations. The activity rate for equipment takes into account downtime during equipment transfer and operators’ lunch break.
3 EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY
The general equation for calculating atmospheric emissions caused by the Project, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)1 is:
Equation 1
Where:
E: Emissions
e: Emission factor
A: Activity rate
ER: Overall emission reduction efficiency (%)
1 [1] U.S. EPA 1995.
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ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 5
The emission factor is a representative value relating the quantity of pollutant released to the atmosphere with a unit of activity associated with that release, depending directly on the type of source and pollutant.
The main emissions caused by the Project are dust emissions from earthwork and vehicle traffic in the work sites during construction, and particulate matter produced by combustion engines. Table 1 below shows the main sources of emissions for the Project.
The Project does not contemplate a delimited area for the construction of the transmission lines and expansion of the existing power substation, but rather the parallel functioning of different work fronts across the Project area. The estimation of emissions is therefore based on two types of vehicle traffic: • External traffic: trip from Santiago to the Maitenes substation using routes G-25 and G-345;
and, • Internal traffic: from the Maitenes substation to the different work fronts.
Table 1: Project Emission Sources
Phase Activity Specific Task Pollutant
Construction
Earthworks
Excavation Dust (PM10) Loading & unloading of materials Dust (PM10)
Homogeneous spreading of materials Dust (PM10)
Vehicle Traffic
Equipment traffic in work fronts Dust (PM10) Internal traffic of trucks to and from the work fronts
Dust (PM10)
External traffic of trucks from Santiago to Maitenes substation
Dust (PM10)
Combustion Engines
Equipment combustion engines HC, CO, NOx, PM10
Bus, truck and pickup combustion engines HC, CO, NOx, PM10
Source: By the EMG Ambiental S.A.
The equations shown in Table 2 and Table 3 are used to calculate the emission factors based on the type of operation carried out. It should be noted that as the emission factors are expressed in different units, the activity rate units will depend on the type of work that is being evaluated.
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ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 6
Table 2: Emission Factors. Dust Producing Sources Applicable to the Project.
Activity Emission Factor Comment Source
a) Earthwork
Excavation
Equation 2
0.45 × (s)1,5
e = k × M 1, 4
e: Factor in kg/h
k: Scaling factor for PM10
s: Silt content (%) M: Moisture content (%)
[2] U.S. EPA 2003, Section 11.9, Table
11.9-2.
Loading and unloading of materials
Equation 3
e: Factor in kg/T k: Scaling factor for PM10
U: Mean wind speed (ms)
M: Moisture content (%)
[3] U.S. EPA 2006, Section
13.2.4, Equation (1).
Homogeneous spreading of
unused excavation
material
Equation 4
0,45 × (s)1,5 FE = k ×
M 1,4
FE: Factor in kg/h
k: Scaling factor for PM10
s: Silt content (%) M: Moisture content (%)
U.S. EPA (1998a),
Section 11.9, Table 11.9-2.
b) Vehicle Traffic
Vehicle Traffic on Paved Roads
Equation 5
e: Factor in g/VKT k: Empirical constant for PM10
sL: Road surface silt loading (g/m2)
W: Average weight of the vehicles traveling the road (T)
C: Ignition coil and brake wear (g/VKT)
P: Number of “wet” days with at least 0.254 mm of precipitation
(days/year) N: Days in the period under
review (days/year)
[5] U.S. EPA 2006, Section
13.2.1
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on the references consulted.
Table 3: Emission Factors. Combustion Sources Applicable to the Project.
Activity Emission Factor Comment Source
Construction Equipment
Equation 6
e = f ( P, t )
e: Factor in g/hp-h P: Engine power (hp) t: Operating time (h)
[7] U.S. EPA 1998, Table 1.
Vehicles
Equation 7
e = f (T ,V )
e: Factor in g/VKT T: Type of vehicle
V: Vehicle speed (km/h)
[6] CONAMA RM 2000.
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.based on the references consulted.
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EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 7
4 CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS GENERATED BY THE PROJECT
4.1General Aspects
The first activities to be undertaken under the Project are excavation, loading and unloading of materials and spreading of excavated material, all of which will produce dust. It should be noted that excavated material will remain on-site. Upon completion of the excavation activities, the excavated material will be disposed of in piles, with a plastic or fabric cover to protect against wind erosion. Foundation construction and backfilling activities will follow, giving rise to emissions due to the traffic of vehicles transporting supplies. During each of the construction phases, there will be generation of emissions resulting from the transportation of personnel, supplies and materials.
Table 4 below shows the Equipment and vehicles to be used for the Project.
Table 4: Project Equipment and Vehicles
Activity Equipment/Vehicles Number trips/day/vehicle Personnel
Buses 4 1 Light trucks 3 1
Excavation Excavator 1
Compressor 2 Pavement Breakers1 12
Concrete
Concrete Transport Truck 1 1
Compressor 1
Fills Compressor 2
Excavator 1 Laying of conductors Hoist and brake 1
Drinking water Pickup with barrels 1 1 Industrial water Tank truck 1 1
Waste Truck 1 1 Structures Truck2 1
1Operation: 6 hours/day; 2 6 structures transported per month, 2 structures per trip, i.e. 3 trips per month. Source: Information provided by AES Gener.
4.2 Earthwork Emissions
The type and usage of the equipment is considered to estimate earthwork emissions (Table 5). One excavator will be used for excavation activities. In the worst-case scenario, this equipment will operate 75% of the working schedule.
MAITENES/ALFALFAL SUBSTATIONS AND ALFALFAL II POWER STATION/
ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 8
i) Activity Level Calculation
The level of activity of the excavation works was estimated taking into account the hours of use of the excavator (Table 5). According to the schedule shown in Figure 1, this activity will be carried out, as far as scraping works are concerned, for 5 and 6 months during the first and second phases, and for 7.7 and 3 months during the first, second and third phases, respectively, as far as filling works are concerned.
Table 5: Excavator Use for Earthworks, full year
Full Year
Activity Level
Excavations Loading/Unloading (fill) Spreading
hours/year tons/year hours/year
1 1815 1105 825 2 0 0 165
Source: Prepared by EMB Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by AES Gener.
As excavation activities will be limited to the first year of the Project, the use of the excavator for this type of activity was not considered for the second year. It is assumed that the excavator will operate 50% of the time doing filling activities and 50% of the time spreading the excavated material that was not used for filling.
ii) Emission Factor Calculation
Equations 2, 3 and 4 shown in Table 2 were used to estimate emission factors for each of the earthwork activities. The values used to estimate these emission factors are shown in Table 6 below.
Table 6: Baseline Information for Calculating Earthwork Emission Factors
Activity Factor Description Unit Value Source Excavation K Scaling factor for PM10 - 0.75 [2] U.S. EPA 2003, Table 11.9-2
s Silt content % 10 [6] CONAMA RM 2006 M Material moisture content % 2.5 [6] CONAMA RM 2006
Loading and
unloading of materials
K Scaling factor for PM10 - 0.35 [3] U.S. EPA 2006, Section 13.2.4-3 M Excavated material moisture
content % 2.5 [6] CONAMA RM 2006
U Mean wind speed m/s 2.85 Average data for El Manzano station 2008 (1)
Homogenous spreading of
unused excavated material
K Scaling factor for PM10 - 0.75 [2] U.S. EPA 2003, Table 11,9-2 s Silt content % 10 [6] CONAMA RM 2006 M Moisture content % 2.5 [6] CONAMA RM 2006
(1) Red CENMA. Source: Prepared by EMB Ambiental S.A. based on the references mentioned.
Based on the above information, the following emission factors were estimated:
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ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 9
Table 7: Earthwork Emission Factors
Activity Unit Integral Material
Excavation kg/h 3.0 Loading & Unloading kg/t 0.00057
Spreading of materials kg/h 0.29591 Source: By the EMG Ambiental S.A.
iii)Emissions Generated
The dust emissions (PM10) generated as a result of project earthwork activities, calculated on the basis of the values for activity levels and emission factors are presented in Table 8 below.
Table 8: Dust Emissions from Earthworks in t/year
Year
Emissions Total
Excavation Loading/Unloading (fills) Spreading
tons/year tons/year
tons/year tons/year
1 5.4 6.34E-04 0.2 5.6 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Source: By EMG Ambiental S.A.
As the excavated material will be temporarily stocked in piles, protected with a plastic or fabric cover, until it is removed, no fugitive dust emissions resulting from the wind blowing over the piles were estimated.
It should be noted that 50% of the excavated material will be reused as fills and the remaining 50% will be disposed of in a compact, uniform manner in areas near the excavations.
4.3 Vehicle Traffic Emissions
The traffic of buses, trucks and other vehicles during the Project responds to the need to transport personnel, supplies and waste material to and from the different work fronts. Two routes were determined to calculate vehicle traffic emissions: an external and an internal route. The first route, called “external traffic”, comprises the trip from Santiago to the Maitenes substation, and the second route, “internal traffic”, is the trip from the Maitenes substation to the different work fronts.
It is assumed that personnel, concrete and structures will come from Santiago, whereas drinking water and water for industrial use will come from the existing Alfalfal power station. The waste material coming from the work fronts will be transported daily to the debris disposal area located in Camp 4 of the PHAM. The same applies to waste from the Alfalfal power station canteen. Workers moving from the work fronts to the canteen are considered as part of the internal traffic.
All vehicle traffic will occur on paved roads. Therefore, emissions associated with this activity were estimated using Equation 5 of Table 2, following EPA methodology.
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ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 10
4.3.1 Traffic Inside the Work Sites
The Project has not designated a specific area where works will take place. For the purpose of calculations, three parallel work fronts were considered. Vehicle traffic will occur only on paved roads; therefore, no emissions were estimated inside the work sites.
4.3.2 Vehicle Traffic
i) Activity Level Calculation
The level of activity for the different vehicles was calculated estimating the flow of vehicles generated by external traffic from the point of origin of personnel and supplies, as well as by internal traffic of personnel, supplies and waste material to and from the work fronts. As the specific location of each of these work fronts during the development of the construction works is unknown, the maximum distances that each of the vehicles would have to travel were estimated (i.e. the worst-case scenario).
The transport route traveled by the vehicles is shown in Figure 2. As already mentioned, external traffic ends at the Maitenes substation, while internal traffic begins at the substation and ends at the work fronts. The main routes used are: La Florida Av. (Section 1), Camilo Henriquez Av. (Section 2), road to El Volcan (Section 3), Route G-345, and the future Alfalfal II power station access road. It should be noted that the origin point for supplies is referential only, as final providers to the Project will be determined by public bidding.
MAITENES/ALFALFAL SUBSTATIONS AND ALFALFAL II POWER STATION/
ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 11
O I
S S/E S/E
E V LOS MAITENES ALFALFAL . A T
ra m DEPARTAMEN AL o ÁREA DE INFLUENCIA 4
1 amo
A
Tr V. L A r F am L o O 2 5 RI Tramo 3 G-34
D A A
RUT
LS
ORTA RUTA G-25 CENTRAL P EGO ALFALFAL II
DI
UIRRE G
5 LEYENDA E 2 - G A CAMINO PÚBLICO T TRAYECTO DE IDA U R TRAYECTO DE REGRESO
Figure 2: Project Location
LOS MAITENES SS
ALFALFAL SS
PROJECT AREA
Section 3
ROUTE G-25
ALFALFAL II PS
LEGEND
PUBLIC ROAD TRIP OUT RETURN TRIP
Source: Road Impact Study for the Maitenes/Alfalfal Substations and Alfalfal II Power Station/Alfalfal Substation Electrical Transmission Lines; Construction Phase.
The routes and distances traveled, by street/road, according to the purpose of the trip, are detailed below. It is assumed that all vehicles will follow the same external route described in Table 9.
Table 9: External Traffic Route
External Route to Maitenes Substation (people and supplies) Road/Street Between Distance
La Florida Departmental Route & Diego Portales 6 Camilo Henriquez Av. Diego Portales & Eyzaguirre 5.5
Road to El Volcan Alfalfal SS 22.5 Route G-345 Maitenes SS 14.5
Total 48.5 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
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EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 12
Figure 3: Internal Transport Routes (approximate distances)
Route G-345
Maitenes SS
Section 1 2.2 km
PHAM Camp 4
Section 3
1 km
Sec. 4 5.1 km
Future road
Alfalfal II PS
Alfalfal PP & SS
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
Table 10: Internal Traffic Route to Work Fronts
Personnel Transfer to Work Fronts (maximum distance traveled) Road/Street Between Distance Route G-345 Sections 1 & 2 8.6 Source: Prepared by EMB Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
Table 11: Internal Traffic Route to Canteen
Personnel Transfer to Alfalfal power station canteen for lunch* (maximum distance traveled) Road/Street Between Distance Alfalfal II PS Access Road Sections 3 and 4 6.1
Route G-345 Section 2 6.4 Total 12.5
*It is assumed that all personnel will travel the maximum distance for lunch, i.e. to the Alfalfal PS canteen, although lunch will also be available at Camp 4 of the PHAM. Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
Table 12: Internal Traffic Route for Transporting Concrete
Concrete transfer from Maitenes SS to work fronts (maximum distance traveled) Road/Street Between Distance Route G-345 Sections 1 & 2 8.6 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
Table 13: Internal Traffic Route for Transporting Structures
Structure transfer from PHAM Camp 4 to work fronts (maximum distance traveled) Road/Street Between Distance Alfalfal II PS Access Road Section 3 1
Route G-345 Section 2 6.4 Total 7.4
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
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Table 14: Internal Traffic Route for Transporting Drinking Water
Drinking Water Transfer from Alfalfal PS to work fronts (maximum distance traveled) Road/Street Between Distance Route G-345 Section 2 6.4 Alfalfal II PS Access Road Sections 3 and 4 6.1
Total 12.5 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
Table 15: Internal Traffic Route for Transporting Industrial Water
Industrial Water Transfer from Alfalfal PS to work fronts (maximum distance traveled) Road/Street Between Distance Route G-345 Section 2 6.4 Alfalfal II PS Access Road Sections 3 and 4 6.1
Total 12.5 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
Table 16: Internal Traffic Route for Transporting Waste
Waste Transfer from Work Fronts to Alfalfal PS Road/Street Between Distance Route G-345 Section 2 6.4 Alfalfal II PS Access Road Section 3 1
Total 7.4 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided by the Project Owner.
The annual vehicle traffic generated by the Project, segregated by transported items, was obtained on the basis of the information provided in Table 4.
ii) Emissions Factor Calculation
The calculation of the emissions factor calls for the average weight of all vehicles traveling the road (W), based on the average daily traffic.
The October 2008 vehicle traffic data provided by the Road Impact Study conducted for the Project was used for La Florida, Camilo Henriquez, El Volcan access road and Route G-345. The data was updated to 2011, year in which the construction of the Project started, using the annual growth rates recommended by Mideplan (4% for light vehicles and 2% for other motor vehicles). An estimate of vehicle traffic during the Project was used in the case of the future access road to the Alfalfal II power station.
Table 11 below shows the daily vehicle traffic for each of the routes identified:
MAITENES/ALFALFAL SUBSTATIONS AND ALFALFAL II POWER STATION/
ALFALFAL SUBSTATION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES PROJECT
EMG Ambiental S.A. Appendix 6 14
Table 17: Daily Vehicle Traffic, projected to 2011
Section Direction Cars Buses Art-Buses 2A-Trucks 2A+Trucks Total
La Florida N-S 27,231 644 100 903 324
29,203 S-N 30,035 637 96 941 380
32,091
Camilo Henriquez N-S 15,613 251 130 753 213
16,961 S-N 13,874 277 349 665 441
15,605 El Volcan Access Road
W-E 1,106 103 0 18 217
1,444 E-W 1,751 163 0 23 218
2,154
Route G-345 W-E 274 27 0 2 108
411 E-W 1,493 152 0 28 147
1,820
Alfalfal PS Access Road
N-S 7 0 8 3 1
19 S-N 7 0 8 3 1
19 Note: Col-Tx: Collective taxi; Tx-Bus: Taxi bus; Art-Buses: Articulated buses; 2A-Truck: 2-Axel Trucks; 2A+Trucks: Trucks with more than 2 axels. Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A. based on information provided in the Road Impact Study for the Maitenes/Alfalfal Substations and Alfalfal II Power Station/Alfalfal Substation Electrical Transmission Lines; Construction Phase.
In addition to the average weight of all vehicles traveling the road (W), the emissions factor depends on other parameters shown in Table 2. Table 18 below presents the values considered for estimating the emissions factor, together with their respective information sources.
Table 18: Information for calculating the emissions factor for transit outside the work site
Factor Description Unit Value Source
K Scaling factor for PM10 g/VKT 4.6 [5] U.S. EPA, Table 13.2.1-1 sL Road surface silt loading g/m2 0.18 [6] CONAMA RM C Ignition coil and brake wear g/VKT 0.1317 [5] U.S. EPA, Table 13.2.1-2 P Number of “wet” days with at least 0.254 mm
of precipitation (days/year) 34 La Platina Station data for
2005-2007 N Number of days in the averaging
period days/year 365 Assessment criterion
Source: Prepared by EMB Ambiental S.A. based on the references consulted.
Based on this information and the vehicular traffic numbers, the average weight of the section and the emission factors for each route were estimated. The results of this estimation are shown in Table 19 below.
Table 19: Transport Route Emission Factors in g/VKT
Street/Road
Average weight of vehicles on road W (t) Emission factor e (g/VKT) N-S/O-P S-N/P-O N-S/P-O S-N/P-O
La Florida 2.30 2.27 0.50 0.49 Camilo Henriquez 2.60 3.57 0.63 1.09 El Volcan Access Road 6.47 5.07 2.85 1.93
Route G-345 9.56 4.64 5.22 1.68 Alfalfal II PS Access Road
19.55
19.55
15.49
15.49
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
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With the emission factor (e) and the distance traveled (L), the e*L parameter, known as the modified emission factor (e’), was estimated for access roads, in order to subsequently estimate total vehicle traffic emissions generated by the Project during the construction phase. Appendix A describes the detailed calculation.
Estimation results for the modified factor for each route are shown in the tables below, first for external traffic and then for internal traffic.
Table 20: Modified Emission Factor, External Traffic, g/vehicle
Street/Road
All Activities
Inbound Traffic Outbound Traffic
La Florida 3.02 2.93 Camilo Henriquez 3.47 6.00
El Volcan Access Road 6.07 43.53 Route G-345 75.63 24.32
Total 146.19 76.78 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
Table 21: Modified Emission Factor, Internal Traffic, g/vehicle
Road
Passengers(a) Lunch(b) Concrete(a) Drink Water (c) Indus Water(c) Structures(a) Waste(b)
In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out
Route G-345
44.86
14.42
33.38
10.73
44.86
14.42
33.38
10.73
33.38
10.73
33.38
10.73
33.38
10.73
Alfalfal PS
Access
94.51
94.51
94.51
94.51
94.51
94.51
15.49
15.49
15.49
15.49 Total 44.86 14.42 127.89 105.24 44.86 14.42 127.89 105.24 127.89 105.24 48.88 26.23 48.88 26.23 (a) In = N-S/O-P; Out = P-O/S-N (b) In = S-N/O-P; Out = P-O/N-S (c) In = N-S/P-O; Out = S-N/O-P Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
iii) Emissions Generated
Based on the information provided in Table 4 on the vehicles to be used by the Project, and the results of the modified emission factor estimation, the dust emissions (MP10) resulting from the transfer of supplies and waste were estimated. The results are as follows:
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Table 22: External Traffic Dust Emissions, g/year
Year
External Traffic
Inbound Outbound
1 343,832 180,578 2 310,063 162,842
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
Table 23: Internal Traffic Dust Emissions, g/year
Year
Passengers Lunch Concrete Drink Water Indus Water Structures Waste
In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out In Out
1 90,432 29,078 257,828 212,169 13,995 4,500 36,833 30,310 36,833 30,310 1,173 629 14,076 7,553 2 90,432 29,078 257,828 212,169 4,306 1,385 36,833 30,310 36,833 30,310 440 236 14,076 7,553
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental.
Table 24: Total Vehicle Traffic Emissions, t/year
Year
Total Emission
T/year
1 1.29 2 1.22
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
4.4Combustion Engine Emissions
4.4.1 Construction Equipment Exhaust Emissions
Gases and particles released into the air, originated by Project construction equipment, were calculated based on Equation 6 of Table 3, using the emission factors shown in Table 25 below.
Table 25: Equipment Gas Emission Factors
Equipment
Power Emission Factor (g/hp-h) HP HC CO NOx PM
Excavator 264 0.68 2.7 8.38 0.402 Compressors 8 1.5 5 10 1
Pavement Breakers 8 1.5 5 10 1 Source: [7] U.S. EPA, Table 1.
Emissions produced by combustion engines are directly related to the power of the engine. The rate or level of activity is given by the hours of usage of the equipment per year, as shown below.
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Table 26: Construction Equipment Activity Level, full year (hours in operation)
Equipment Full Year
1 2 Excavator 3,465 330
Compressors 10,065 1,980 Pavement Breakers 12,038.4 0
Total 25,568 2,310 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
The emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from Project construction equipment is summarized in Table 27 below:
Table 27: Construction Equipment Exhaust Emissions, in t/year
Year
Excavator Compressors Pavement Breakers
HC CO NOx PM HC CO NOx PM HC CO NOx PM
1 0.62 2.47 7.67 0.37 0.12 0.40 0.81 0.08 0.14 0.48 0.96 0.10 2 0.06 0.24 0.73 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.16 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
4.4.2 Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
Emissions produced by the combustion engines of buses, trucks and pickups traveling from Santiago to the work fronts (and vice versa) were estimated using Equation 7 of Table 3.
i) Activity Level Calculation
The rate of activity was estimated based on the distances traveled (both inbound and outbound), as shown in Tables 9 through 16, and the annual traffic calculated based on the information provided in Table 4. The results of this estimation are as follows:
Table 28: Total Maximum Distance and Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT), external and internal traffic
Vehicle
L (km/v) VKT External Internal Year 1 Year 2
Personnel buses 48.5 8.6 65,779 65,779 Personnel pickups 48.5 8.6 49,334 49,334
Lunch buses 12.5 14,400 14,400
Lunch pickups 12.5 10,800 10,800
Concrete transport truck 48.5 8.6 17,815 5,482 Structures transport truck 48.5 7.4 1,342 503
Drinking water barrels transport pickup 12.5 3,600 3,600 Industrial water tank truck 12.5 3,600 3,600
Waste transport truck 7.4 2,131 2,131
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Vehicle
L (km/v) VKT External Internal Year 1 Year 2
Total 168,803 155,632 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
ii) Emissions Factor Calculation
Table 29 below shows the emissions factor, expressed in total kilometers traveled per vehicle (VKT), taking into account a mean vehicle speed on paved roads of 40 km/h.
Table 29: Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
Vehicle
Emission Factor (g/VKT)
CO VOC NOx PM
Personnel buses 1.51 0.684 6.585 0.208 Personnel pickups 1.00 0.02 0.10 N/A Lunch buses 1.51 0.684 6.585 0.208 Lunch pickups 1.00 0.02 0,10 N/A Concrete transport truck 2.88 1.58 6.06 0.66 Structures transport truck 1.29 0.71 5.35 0.20 Drinking water barrels transport pickup 1.00 0.02 0.10 N/A Industrial water tank truck 2.88 1.58 6.06 0.66 Waste transport truck 2.88 1.58 6.06 0.66 Source: CONAMA Construction Projects Atmospheric Emissions Estimation Guide, Annex A.
iii) Emissions Generated
Based on the rate of activity and emissions factor, annual gaseous emissions for each of the vehicles used under the Project were estimated. Detailed estimation results by pollutant are provided in Appendix B. Following are the total annual emissions of gas and particles from vehicle combustion engines.
Table 30: Vehicle Combustion Engine Emissions (trucks, buses and pickups)
Year CO VOC NOx PM 1 0.25 0.09 0.68 0.03 2 0.22 0.07 0.60 0.03
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
4.5Emissions Summary
Dust emissions from earthworks and vehicle traffic are as follows:
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Table 31: Dust (MP10) Emissions Produced by the Project (in t/year)
Year
Earthworks
Vehicle Traffic Excavation Loading/unloading (fills) Spreading
1 5.37 0.00 0.24 1.29 2 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.22
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
The use of construction equipment and vehicles (buses, trucks and pickups) during the Project also produced dust and gaseous pollutants from combustion engines. These emissions are summarized below:
Table 32: Gas and Dust Emissions Produced by the Project (in t/year)
Year Equipment Vehicles Total
HC 1 0,89 0,09 0,98
2 0,08 0,07 0,15
CO 1 3,35 0,25 3,6
2 0,31 0,22 0,53
NOx 1 9,43 0,68 10,11
2 0,89 0,60 1,49
PM 1 0,54 0,03 0,57
2 0,05 0,03 0,57
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
Table 33: Total PM Emissions Produced by the Project (in t/year)
Year Earthworks
Vehicle Traffic Combustion Engines
Total
1 5.6 1.29 0.58 7.5 2 0.0 1.22 0.08 1.4
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
5 COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
Based on the assessment made, and presented in this report, the atmospheric emissions produced by the Project, resulting from vehicle combustion engines and dust lifting, are below the limits set forth in Supreme Decree 58/2003, issued by the Ministry General Secretariat of the Presidency (and published in the Official Gazette on 01.29.2004), reformulating and updating the Atmospheric Decontamination and Prevention Plan for the Santiago Metropolitan Region (Plan de Prevención y Descontaminación Atmosférica de la Región Metropolitana - PPDA).
Compliance of Project emissions with PPDA emission limits is illustrated in the table below, showing that the year of maximum emissions, year one of the Project, is consistent with applicable regulations.
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Table 34: Verification of Project’s Compliance with S.D. Nº 58/03
Year Annual Emissions (t/year)
CO VOC NOx Total PM10 1 3.60 0.98 10.11 7.5 2 0.53 0.15 1.49 1.4
S.D. 58/03 Emission Limits 100 100 50 10 Compliance Yes Yes Yes Yes
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
It should be noted that the calculations did not take into account certain aspects that could have reduced the values obtained for Project emissions. These considerations include: • Not all structure foundations will involve excavation activities. Given the topography and type of
soil (rocky), mat foundations, which do not need earthworks, will be used in some sectors. • Calculations were based on humidity contents for urban areas of the metropolitan region, where
conditions are not necessarily the same as for the Project area2.
6 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
The Project under assessment comprises a series of activities aimed at creating an electrical transmission system between the Maitenes and Alfalfal II substations, and expanding the existing Alfalfal II substation. An analysis of these activities, as described in Section 1 of this Environmental Impact Assessment, indicates that the impact of the Project on air quality will occur primarily during the construction phase, and consists in the local, temporary and occasional deterioration of air quality, as described in Table 35 and the following paragraphs.
It is important to note that no significant effects on air quality have been considered during the operation of the Project, as atmospheric emissions will be limited to maintenance activities, associated with the temporary transit of equipment and vehicles.
2 According to the Quinta Normal Meteorological Station, annual precipitation is 312 mm for Santiago, whereas in San Jose de Maipo, annual precipitation is between 500 and 800 mm (according to the Chilean Meteorological Directorate and the Municipality of San Jose de Maipo).
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Table 35: Impact Assessment Matrix. Air Quality Component. Construction Phase.
ENVIRONMENT: Physical COMPONENT: Air Quality
ACTIVITIES IMPACT LOCATION ASSESSMENT
Na Re Du St Mg ƒ Excavations and earthworks to establish structures. ƒ Spreading of excavated material not used for fills. ƒ Transporting personnel and supplies to work fronts, personnel to canteens and waste material to provisional storage sites. ƒ Operation of equipment and machinery. ƒ Personnel traffic inside work fronts. ƒ Backfilling and construction of foundations.
EQI1: Local, temporary and intermittent
deterioration of air quality.
Transmission tower installation sites and Project construction
work site access roads.
- Rev Tem Dir Lo
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: Na= Nature [Positive (+), Negative (-)]; Re= Reversibility [Reversible (Rev), Recoverable (Rec), Irrecoverable (Irr)]; Du= Duration [Temporary (Tem), Permanent (Per)]; St=Status [Direct (Dir), Indirect (Ind), Synergistic (Syn), Cumulative (Cum)]; Mg= Magnitude [Severe (Se), Moderate (Mo), Low (Lo)].
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
EQI1: Local, Temporary and Intermittent Deterioration of Air Quality
The consequences of the activities described in Table 35 above will be the release of particulate matter (MP10) as a result of excavation activities and earthworks in the work fronts, lifting of dust on the roads (of low magnitude as all roads are paved), and the release of combustion gases (CO, NOx and HC) from the operation and transit of equipment and vehicles.
According to the background information included in Annex 6, gaseous and particulate emissions from the Project comply with the limits imposed by Supreme Decree 58/2003, issued by the Ministry General Secretariat of the Presidency, reformulating and updating the Atmospheric Decontamination and Prevention Plan for the Santiago Metropolitan Region. The magnitude of the impact is therefore qualified as low.
Additionally, the impact of these emissions is temporary and reversible, as air quality will be affected only during the construction phase of the Project (approximately two years), and will subsequently return to its original state. The impact is considered direct, as it relates directly to the Project’s construction activities.
Based on the above information, the impact is considered as local, temporary and intermittent. According to the assessment methodology, these characteristics classify the impact as a MINOR NEGATIVE IMPACT.
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7 REFERENCES
[1] U.S. EPA. AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I. Introduction to AP 42. January 1995.
[2] U.S. EPA. AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I. Chapter 11: Frequent Questions. Section 11.9 Western Surface Coal Mining. December 2003.
[3] U.S. EPA. AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I. Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources. Section 13.2.4 Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles. November 2006.
[4] U.S. EPA. AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I. Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources. Section 13.2.2 Unpaved Roads. November 2006.
[5] U.S. EPA. AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I. Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources. Section 13.2.1 Paved Roads. November 2006.
[6] CONAMA RM. Criterios Para la Estimación de Emisiones de Contaminantes Atmosféricos en Proyectos Inmobiliarios en la Región Metropolitana. 2006.
[7] U.S. EPA. Exhaust Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling-Compression- Ignition. Report No. NR-009A. February 13, 1998, revised June 15, 1998. Office of Mobile Sources, Assessment and Modeling Division.
[8] U.S. EPA. AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I. Chapter 3: Stationary Internal Combustion Sources. Section 3.3 Gasoline and Diesel Industrial Engines. October 1996.
[9] Road Impact Study for the Maitenes/Alfalfal Substations and Alfalfal II Power Station/Alfalfal Substation Electrical Transmission Lines; Construction Phase. Ambitrans Ingenieros Consultores Ltda., August 2009.
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n
Sectionj+
1 L
ij+1 , eij+1 , F
ti
APPENDIX A METHODOLOGY FOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS ESTIMATION
The first step for estimating the emissions from vehicular traffic (trucks, buses and pickups) is determining the preferred routes connecting the Project site with supply sources and waste disposal sites.
The emissions factor depends directly on the average weight of the vehicles traveling the road. Each route will therefore have an average weight for each of the road sections making up the route, as well as an emissions factor for each of these sections. Figure 4 below illustrates how preferred routes are traced, and includes the main variables involved in estimating emissions.
Figure 4: Preferred Route Formation
Project Site
Section j Lij, eij, Fti
Section n Lin, ein, Fti
Supply Source/ Waste Disposal
Note: L: Length of the section; e: Emissions factor for the section; F: Project truck traffic associated with the route during period t.
Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
The following equation is used to estimate emissions during a generic period (Et):
Et = e × L × Ft
The equation for estimating the emissions produced by the transportation of a material or waste (i), during a given period of time, is:
Eti = Fti × Lij × eij + Fti × Lij +1 × eij +1 + ... + Fti × Lin × ein
Eti = Fti ⋅ ∑ (Lij × eij ) j =1
Total annual emissions are the sum of the annual emissions for each of the routes involved, expressed as follows:
Et = ∑ (Eti ) i
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ij
ij ij ij
k
Where:
Lij : Distance in km of section j of the route for transporting material i
eij : Emissions factor for section j of the route for transporting material i
Fti : Truck traffic generated by material i during period t
Eti : Emissions for route for transporting material i during period t
Et : Emissions for period t
It should be noted that Lij × eij represents an emissions factor based on the vehicles traveling the
route; therefore, an auxiliary variable, called the modified emissions factor ( e, ) can be used to simplify the estimation of emissions.
If e, = L × e , then the above expression becomes:
Et = ∑ ( Fti ⋅ ∑ (Lij × e,
ij )) Estimating the Average Weight of the Road (W)
As already mentioned, the emissions factor ( eij ) depends on the average weight of the vehicles traveling the road (W) and on the composition of vehicular traffic traveling the section involved.
The section’s vehicular traffic is the total vehicular traffic (FTj) traveling the section, estimated using the following equation, where Fjk represents the traffic of a specific type of vehicle (k) traveling section (j):
FT j = ∑ Fjk k
The average weight for section (j), Wj is obtained using the following equation:
∑ (Fjk ×W ) W = k j FT
j
Where Wk is the weight of a specific type of vehicle (k).
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APPENDIX B EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION ENGINES OF PROJECT VEHICLES
(BUSES, TRUCKS AND PICKUPS)
The results of the estimation of combustion engine emissions are provided below, by vehicle type and activity carried out under the Project.
Table 36: Total CO Emissions (T/year)
Vehicle Year 1 Year 2 Personnel buses 0.10 0.10 Personnel pickups 0.05 0.05 Lunch buses 0.02 0.02 Lunch pickups 0.01 0.01 Concrete transport truck 0.05 0.02 Structures transport truck 0.00 0.00 Drinking water barrels transport pickup 0.00 0.00 Industrial water tank truck 0.01 0.01 Waste transport truck 0.01 0.01
Total 0.25 0.22 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
Table 37: Total VOC Emissions (T/year)
Vehicle Year 1 Year 2 Personnel buses 0.04 0.04 Personnel pickups 0.00 0.00 Lunch buses 0.01 0.01 Lunch pickups 0.00 0.00 Concrete transport truck 0.03 0.01 Structures transport truck 0.00 0.00 Drinking water barrels transport pickup 0.00 0.00 Industrial water tank truck 0.01 0.01 Waste transport truck 0.00 0.00
Total 0.09 0.07 Source: Prepared by EMG Ambiental S.A.
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Table 38: Total NOx Emissions (T/year)
Year 1 Year 2 Personnel buses 0.43 0.43 Personnel pickups 0.00 0.00 Lunch buses 0.09 0.09 Lunch pickups 0.00 0.00 Concrete transport truck 0.11 0.03 Structures transport truck 0.01 0.00 Drinking water barrels transport pickup 0.00 0.00 Industrial water tank truck 0.02 0.02 Waste transport truck 0.01 0.01
Total 0.68 0.60 Source: Prepared by the author. Table 39: Total PM Emissions (T/year)
Vehicle Year 1 Year 2 Personnel buses 0.014 0.014 Personnel pickups 0.000 0.000 Lunch buses 0.003 0.003 Lunch pickups 0.000 0.000 Concrete transport truck 0.012 0.004 Structures transport truck 0.000 0.000 Drinking water barrels transport pickup 0.002 0.002 Industrial water tank truck 0.002 0.002 Waste transport truck 0.001 0.001
Total 0.03 0.03 Source: Prepared by the EMG Ambiental S.A.
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Equation 3
Equation 4
Equation 5