Allium sativum (Garlic): A Review of its Biology and Potential in Biological ControlAnna Katrina E. Cruz

Outline

• Introduction

• Garlic

• Biological Control

• Discussion

• Biology of Allium sativum

• Understanding Biological Control

• Potential of Allium sativum as a Biocontrol agent

• Conclusion and Recommendation

• Literatures Cited

Introduction

•Objectives• To describe the biology of Allium sativum

• Evaluate its potential as a biological control agent

Introduction

• Garlic• Local name : Bawang

• Scientific name : Allium sativum

• Taxonomy• Kingdom : Plantae

• Order : Asparagales

• Family : Alliaceae

• Genus : Allium

• Species : sativum

Introduction

• Description• A perennial plant

• Grows as tall as 2-3 ft.

• Leaves - long and flat.

• Flowers -white

• Bulbs –consists of several cloves

• Habitat• Originated in Central Asia

• Grows best in a rich, sandy, moist soil in sunny areas

Introduction

• Uses• Medicinal -since the time of the ancient Egyptians

• Antibiotic

• reduces cholesterol, blood pressure & internal blood clots

• may prevent stomach cancer

• Strengthen immune system in people with aids.

(Swerdlow, 2000)

• Ingredient in many dishes

• Ecological Pesticide

Introduction

• Biological control• Method that made use of an organism to reduce

the population density of another organism.

• Includes the control of animals, weeds, and diseases.

• Uses macrobial and microbial agents

(Bale etal., 2008)

Discussion

• Potential of Allium sativum as a biocontrol agent• StudiesFeasibility of Allium sativum as a pesticideBinding of Garlic (Allium sativum) leaf lectin to the gut

receptor of Homopteran pests is correlated to its insecticidal activity

(Bandyopadhay and Das, 2001) Effects of garlic juice containing allicin on Phytophora infestans and

downy mildew of cucumber caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis ( Portz

et.al., n.d.) Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum and Ficus carica extracts on

tomato bacterial pathogens (Balestra et.al., 2008)

Antifungal activity of some extracts against some plant pathogenic fungi (Aba-Alkhail, 2005)

Garlic as a Biological control agent for Sorghum ergot

(Singh and Navi, 2000)

Discussion

• Potential of Allium sativum as a biocontrol agentFeasibility of Allium sativum as a pesticide• Questions?

Is it comparable to commercial ones?Is it feasible to be a good source of pesticideIs it harmful to human beings?

• MixtureGarlic, mineral oil, water, and liquid soap

• SpecimenCockroaches

• ResultsCockroaches were found deadGarlic is feasible in making pesticideDoes not give any harm to human & environment

Discussion

• Potential of Allium sativum as a biocontrol agentBinding of Garlic (Allium sativum) leaf lectin to the gut receptor of Homopteran pests is correlated to its insecticidal activity

(Bandyopadhay and Das, 2001)

Purified Allium sativum leaf lectinInsect pests

Lypaphis erysimi (aphids) Dysdercus cingulatus (red cotton bug)

Methods Insect Bioassay Immunohistochemical analysis Western analysis

Findings Possibility of using garlic leaf lectin as a potent control agent to

engineer crop plants for insects resistance

Discussion

• Potential of Allium sativum as a biocontrol agent Effects of garlic juice containing allicin on Phytophthora infestans and

downy mildew of cucumber caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis ( Portz et.al.,

n.d.)Allium sativum juice containing allicinPhytophthora infestansPseudoperonospora cubensisResults

Germination of sporangia & cysts & subsequent germ tube by Phytophthora infestans were inhibited.

Desease severity in P. infestans tomato seedlings was also reduced. Severity of cucumber downy mildew caused by P. cubensis was

reduced.Recommendation

Potential for developing preparations from garlic for use in specialized aspects in organic farming

Discussion

• Potential of Allium sativum as a biocontrol agent

Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum and Ficus carica extracts on tomato bacterial pathogens (Balestra et.al., 2008)Allium sativum & Ficus carica extractsTomato bacterial pathogens (under greenhouse & field

conditions)In vitro & in vivo tests Results

Reduced disease incidence by 58% & 30%, disease severity by 68% & 22%

Effective disease control of up to 65% (A.sativum) & 38% (F. carica)

Useful in protecting plants against bacterial pathogens in the greenhouse

Discussion

• Potential of Allium sativum as a biocontrol agentAntifungal activity of some extracts against some plant

pathogenic fungi

(Aba-Alkhail, 2005)In vitro tests, to determine the antifungal activity of 5 plantsPlants were extracted w/ either cold distilled water or cold

ethanol2 culture filtrates of Trichoderma antagonistic fungi

Fusarium oxysporum, F. lycopersici, Botrytis cinerea, & Rhizoctonia solani

Results Plants extracts especially those extracted w/ cold distilled

water had strong antifungal activity Antagonistic fungus T. harzianum was more efficent to

decrease growth of tested fungi Plant extracts could be used as a natural fungicide to control

pathogen fungi to reduce dependence on synthetic fungicides

Discussion

• Potential of Allium sativum as a biocontrol agentGarlic as a Biological control agent for Sorghum ergot

(Singh and Navi, 2000)Crude garlic extractSorghum ergotResults

Crude garlic extract was the most effective in providing complete inhibition of conidial germination

Greenhouse conditions: Prophylactic spray containing 12% of crude garlic extract gave 98-100% control.

Field conditions: the spray gave about 90% ergot control Non-toxic to humans Extracts can be effectively used as an environment friendly

method for the control of this disease.

Conclusion and Recommendation

• Results have shown distinct potential of Allium sativum in controlling pests and some destructive organisms in plants & crops.

• This review will aid farmers in managing their crops & guide people in protecting our agriculture.

• This may lead students, researchers, & scientists in formulating a mixture made of plant extract that can be used in preventing insect pests.

• This is a great alternative to costly insecticides.

Literatures cited

• Aba-Alkhail A.A. Antifungal Acivity of Some Extracts Against Some Plant Pathogenic Fungi. 2005.

• Adejumo T.O. Crop protection strategies for major diseases of cocoa, coffee and cashew in Nigeria. 2004.

• Bandyopadhay S., Roy A., and Das S. Binding of garlic (Allium sativum) leaf lectin to the gut receptors of homopteran pests is correlated to its insecticidal activity. 2001.

• Bale J.S., van Lenteren J.C., and Bigler F. Biological control and sustainable food production.

• Balestra G.M., Heydari A., Ceccarelli D., Ovidi E., and Quatrucci A. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum and Ficus carica extracts on tomato bacterial pathogens. 2008.

• Chaturvedi R. and Chaturvedi S. A review on different therapeutic uses and antimicrobial potential of Garlic. n.d. 

• Kalu I.G., Ofoegbu U., Eroegbusi J., Nwachukwu C.U. and Ibeh B. Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic bulb) against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. 2010.

• Kamel A. and Saleh M. Recent studies on the chemistry and biological activities of the organosulfur compounds of garlic (allium sativum). 2007.

• Lirio L.G., Hermano M.L., and Fontanilla M.Q. Note Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants from the Philippines. 1998.

• Portz D., Koch E., and Slusarenco A.J. Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) juice containing allicin on Phytophthora infestans and downy mildew of cucumber caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. n.d.

• Singh S.D. and Navi S.S. Garlic as a Biocontrol Agent for Sorghum Ergot. 2000.

• Swerdlow Joel L. Nature’s Medicine, Plants that Heal. 2000

Thank you..