anka kekez koštro faculty of political science university of zagreb [email protected] public policies...
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Anka Kekez KoštroFaculty of Political Science
University of [email protected]
PUBLIC POLICIES AND POLITICAL PROCESSES
Academy for Political Development
What are public policies?DIMENSIONS OF POLITICAL PHENOMENA
POLICY
The substantial action of the StateRational problem solving.
POLITICS
Structured power relations between political actors
POLITY
The system of rules and norms
In political community
THOMAS DYE: „whatever governments choose to do or not to do”
DEFINING PUBLIC POLICIES
Policy domains and sectors
Constituted by government'sinvolvement
Political decision making
Goals and instruments
Inaction, impact without action
DEFINING PUBLIC POLICIES
Public policy may::• Regulate behavior• Organize administration and
partnership for service provision• Distribute benefits or extract
taxes• Inform and educate
POLICY INSTRUMENTS
SUBSTANTIVE AREAS: Defense Energy Environment Foreign affairs Education Welfare Health Education Economic opportunity ........
Context of policy process
Birači, interesne skupine, stranke
Political system
Policy input Policy output
Budget;Decisions, Laws,
Directives ...
Policy outcomes
Results
Environment
Social and economic conditionsSource:
MAP Savjetovanja
Voters, interest groups, parties
Dimensions and complexity of public policies
Transformation of governing process: government to governance
Vertical, but also horizontal dimension of policy process
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE/PUBLIC
MANAGEMENTPublic policies are created by
Government Experts
Stakeholders
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Decision makers
Legislative executive
Direct implementers
- public administration
Stakeholders– interest groups, experts, parties,
International actors– EU,
WB
Governmental agencies
Other level’s of government
Oversight– judiciary branch and regulatory
agencies
Media and
public
Policy actors – vertical and horizontal dimensions
Policy cycle Agenda setting
Identifying problems Defining main goals
5. EVALUATION AND CHANGE
Assessment of achievements
Recommendation for continuation,
modification or termination
4. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION management and coordination
monitoring
2. FORMULATION/POLICY DEVELOPMENT
Identifying alternativesAssessing options
Development of policy design (goal and instruments)
3. DECISION MAKING AND LEGITIMIZATION
formation
implementation
PHASES AND ACTORS1. Agenda setting– large
number of actors 2. Policy formulation– number of actors
diminishing, growing importance of experts
3. Legitimization
formal actors media also
4. Implementation – defined
implementers, administration, but also partners from
society-
5. Evaluation -. Number of actors is
again increasing- public discussion
Izvor: MAP Savjetovanja
POLICY INSTRUMENTS AND POLICY DESIGN
M. Howlett, M. Ramesh, A. Perl, Studing Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems
NODALITY AUTHORITY TREASURE ORGANISATION
Information collection and release
Licenses
User charges
Subsidies
Grants
Loans
Direct provision of goods and services and public enterprises
Education and training
Regulation Taxes and tax expenditures
Use of family, community and voluntary organizations
Campaign and persuasion
Self-regulation Programfunding
Market creation
WHY STUDY PUBLIC POLICY?
3. POLITICAL PURPOSESAdvocacy, persuasion and support
to preferred policy solutions
1. SCIENTIFIC PURPOSESDESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION
scientific methods for generating and testing hypothesis
2. PROFESSIONAL PRESCRIPTION
Application of knowledge in the solution of practical knowledge
Dye, 1987: 1-18
•STUDDING POLICY ISSUES)•STUDDING POLICY PROCESS•STUDDING OUTCOMES
•PUBLIC POLICY EVALUATION•EVIDENCE BASED POLICY MAKING
•PROCESS ADVOCACY•POLICY ADVOCACY
ANALYTICAL APPROACHES TO PUBLIC POLICY
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2. POLICY ANALYSIS– prescription
1.POLICY STUDIES–description and explanation
3. POLICY ADVOCACY -Advocacy, persuasion
Dye, 1987: 1-18 i Hill, 2010:1 -22
Policy analysis in policy cycle
POLICY PROBLEM ANALISIS
EX POST EVALUATION
POLICY DESIGN andEX ANTE EVALUATION
MONITORING AND MIDTERM EVALUATION
ACTOR’S ANALYSIS
formation
implementation
National
Mid-level - regional
Local
Family Centres
Labour Offices and other de-concentrated state officees
Social Welfare Offices
Socialinstitutions
Socialinstitutions
Socialinstitutions
SocialinstitutionsSocial
institutions
EXAMPLE OF ACTOR ANALYSIS: PARALLELISM IN CROATIAN SOCIAL POLICY
Horizontal dimension
Vertical dimension
WHERE IS THE MISSING LINK?
–Social Welfare Offices?
–Cities?–NGOs?–Users?–Counties?–..........