animals - welcome! - homemsliutdsb.weebly.com/.../7/1/5/5/7155453/sbi3u_-_animals.pdfanimals with...
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Animals
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Characteristics
The animal kingdom is divided into approximately 35
phyla with diverse species. However, all organisms in
the animal kingdom share these 6 characteristics
Eukaryotic
Lack cell walls
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Motile (at some point in their life cycle)
Form a blastula (hollow ball of cells) during
embryological development
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Evolution
Animals have a
similar
evolutionary
history to plants
that traces the
movement of
ancestral
organisms from
water onto land.
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Evolution
Body Plans
Each species has a unique pattern and structure of body formation. The major phyla of animals have key characteristics to their body plans.
Levels of Organization
Cells are the simplest level of organization in animals but they can specialize to form tissues. Groups of tissues can form organs which can work together in organ systems
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Evolution
Body Symmetry
The body symmetry of an animal can give indication of its classification, phylogeny, and function
Symmetry can be divided into three categories:
Asymmetrical – No symmetry at all
Radial symmetry – Symmetrical across a central axis and have no real front, back, or head
Bilateral symmetry – Symmetrical mirror image right and left sides. Generates the following distinctions:
Anterior and posterior (head and tail) ends
Dorsal and ventral (back and bottom/front) surfaces
Lateral (right and left) sides
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Evolution
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Evolution
Embryological Development
Animals reproduce through the formation of a
zygote when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
The zygote then divides until a hollow ball of cells
develops. This is the blastula.
Cells will start infolding a one spot in the ball,
forming a tube that connects both ends. This
eventually develops into the digestive tract.
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The hole formed where the infolding began is
known as the blastopore. This can develop into
either the mouth or the anus.
If it develops into the mouth, the animal is a
protostome
If it develops into the anus, the animal is a
deuterostome
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Evolution
Segmentation: Repeating parts
Many animals demonstrate segmentation which is
the dividing of the body
into segments.
Examples: Earthworms
and other insects
Limbs: Legs, Flippers, and Wings
Animals with bilateral symmetry tend to have paired
limbs and cephalization (development of a distinct
head with sense organs)
Examples: antennae, mouthparts, wings, gills, legs,
fins, arms
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Concept Check
What characteristics do all animals have?
What types of symmetry are found in animals?
Describe the embryological development of an
animal. Include the terms zygote, blastula,
protostome, and deuterostome in your answer.
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Invertebrates Greater than 98% of animals are invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone
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Vertebrates
Vertebrates are animals with a scull and a
backbone, which is composed of segments known
as vertebrae
We are mostly familiar with vertebrates because
they are the animals with which we commonly
associate
E.g. pets (cats, dogs, reptiles, birds), livestock (cows,
pigs, sheep), etc.
Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals, and humans.
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Evolution of Vertebrates
The evolutionary relationships between vertebrates are
shown on the next slide
This was constructed using a combination of anatomical,
molecular, and fossil evidence.
The branching points show the evolution of major
derived traits.
Hinged jaws – wider variety of prey
Lungs – buoyancy and possible ability to breathe on land
Tetrapod – four-footed for land motility
Amniotic egg – waterproof egg with shell for reproduction
on land
Feathers – modified scales as insulation for heat
conservation
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Concept check
Which phylum has the simplest animal?
What two general categories are often used to
classify animals? What is the main difference that
divides these categories?
What are three evolutionary steps in vertebrates?
What is the significance of each?