animal tissues2 (2)

8/7/2019 animal tissues2 (2)

1/39

ANIMAL TISSUES


2/39

I. Life is based on many structural levelsI. Life is based on many structural levels

Levels of animal structure:Levels of animal structure:

Atoms and moleculesAtoms and molecules

CellsCells

TissuesTissues

OrgansOrgans

Organ systemsOrgan systems

OrganismOrganism: May consist of a single cell or a: May consist of a single cell or acomplex multicellular organism.complex multicellular organism.


3/39

Levels of Structural Organization in an Animal


4/39

TISSUES:TISSUES:

Most animal cells are organized into tissues.Most animal cells are organized into tissues.

Cooperative unit of very similar cells thatCooperative unit of very similar cells that

perform a specific function.perform a specific function.

Tissue comes from Latin word meaning weave.Tissue comes from Latin word meaning weave.

Cells of tissues may be held together by:Cells of tissues may be held together by:

FibersFibers

GlueGlue--like substancelike substance Plasma membrane structuresPlasma membrane structures

Tissue structure is related to its function.Tissue structure is related to its function.


5/39


6/39

1. Epithelial Tissue1. Epithelial Tissue

Cells are tightly fitted together inCells are tightly fitted together in

continuouscontinuous layerslayers oror sheetssheets..

Cover outside of body (skin), line organsCover outside of body (skin), line organs

and internal body cavities (Mucousand internal body cavities (Mucous

membranes of digestive, respiratory, andmembranes of digestive, respiratory, and

reproductive systems).reproductive systems).

Tight packaging allows tissue to act as aTight packaging allows tissue to act as a

barrierbarrier to protect against mechanicalto protect against mechanicalinjury, infection, and fluid loss.injury, infection, and fluid loss.


7/39


Can be classified based on two criteria:Can be classified based on two criteria:

A. Number of layers:A. Number of layers:

SimpleSimple:: One layer.One layer.

StratifiedStratified: Several layers: Several layers

B. Shape of cells:B. Shape of cells:

SquamousSquamous: Flat cells.: Flat cells.

CuboidalCuboidal: Cube shaped cells: Cube shaped cells

Columnar:Columnar: Column shaped cellsColumn shaped cellsExampleExample::

Simple squamous epitheliumSimple squamous epithelium

Stratified columnar epitheliumStratified columnar epithelium


8/39


Some epithelial tissues, such as mucousSome epithelial tissues, such as mucousmembranes, absorb and secrete chemicalmembranes, absorb and secrete chemical

solutions.solutions.

Mucous membranes:Mucous membranes:

Digestive tract epithelium (mucousDigestive tract epithelium (mucous

membranes) secretes mucus andmembranes) secretes mucus and

digestive enzymes.digestive enzymes.

Respiratory tract epithelium secretesRespiratory tract epithelium secretes

mucous that helps trap dust particlesmucous that helps trap dust particles

before they reach the lungs.before they reach the lungs.


9/39


10/39

2. Connective Tissue2. Connective TissueRelatively few cells surrounded by largeRelatively few cells surrounded by large

amounts of nonliving material (amounts of nonliving material (matrixmatrix).).Cells secrete the matrix, which can beCells secrete the matrix, which can be

solid, liquid, or gelatinous.solid, liquid, or gelatinous.

Diverse functions. Mainly bind, support,Diverse functions. Mainly bind, support,and connect other tissues.and connect other tissues.

Six types of connective tissue in humans:Six types of connective tissue in humans:

1.1. Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue: Attaches skin: Attaches skin

to muscles, binds and holds tissues andto muscles, binds and holds tissues andorgans in place.organs in place.

2.2. Adipose (fat):Adipose (fat): Pads and insulates body.Pads and insulates body.

Energy storage.Energy storage.


11/39

Types of connective tissue in humans (Continued):Types of connective tissue in humans (Continued):

C.C. BloodBlood: Fluid matrix (: Fluid matrix (plasmaplasma) has water, salts, and) has water, salts, and

proteins. Red and white blood cells.proteins. Red and white blood cells.

D.D. Fibrous Connective TissueFibrous Connective Tissue: Matrix of densely packed: Matrix of densely packed

collagen fibers. Strong and nonelastic. Found in:collagen fibers. Strong and nonelastic. Found in:

Tendons:Tendons: Attach muscles to bones.Attach muscles to bones.

Ligaments:Ligaments: Attach bone to bone.Attach bone to bone.

E.E. CartilageCartilage: Rubbery matrix with collagen fibers. Found: Rubbery matrix with collagen fibers. Found

on end of bones, nose, ears, and between vertebra.on end of bones, nose, ears, and between vertebra.

F.F. Bone:Bone: Supports the body of most vertebrates. SolidSupports the body of most vertebrates. Solidmatrix of collagen fibers and calcium, phosphate, andmatrix of collagen fibers and calcium, phosphate, and

magnesium salts. Bone is harder than cartilage, but notmagnesium salts. Bone is harder than cartilage, but not

brittle because of collagen.brittle because of collagen.


12/39

Connective Tissue Binds and Provides Support

A. Loose Connective Tissue

B. Adipose Tissue

C. Blood

D. Fibrous Connective Tissue

E. Cartilage

F. Bone


13/39


14/39

3. Muscle Tissue3. Muscle Tissue

Most abundant type of tissue in mostMost abundant type of tissue in most

animals. Accounts for twoanimals. Accounts for two--thirds (2/3) ofthirds (2/3) ofhuman weight.human weight.

Specialized forSpecialized for contractioncontraction. Made up of. Made up of

long cells that contract when stimulated bylong cells that contract when stimulated bynerve impulsesnerve impulses..

Muscle contraction accounts for much ofMuscle contraction accounts for much of

energy consuming work in animals.energy consuming work in animals.Adults have aAdults have a fixednumberofmuscle cellsfixednumberofmuscle cells..

Weight lifting doesnt increase number ofWeight lifting doesnt increase number of

muscle cells, only their size.muscle cells, only their size.


15/39

3. Muscle Tissue3. Muscle Tissue

There are three types of muscle tissue:There are three types of muscle tissue:

A.A. Skeletal (striated) muscleSkeletal (striated) muscle : Attached to bones by: Attached to bones by

tendons.tendons.

Responsible forResponsible for voluntaryvoluntary movements.movements.

B.B. Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle: Forms contractile tissue of heart.: Forms contractile tissue of heart.

Notunder voluntary controlNotunder voluntary control..

C.C. Smooth muscle:Smooth muscle: Found in walls of digestive tract,Found in walls of digestive tract,

bladder, arteries, uterus, and many internal organs.bladder, arteries, uterus, and many internal organs.

Responsible for peristalsis and labor contractions.Responsible for peristalsis and labor contractions.

Contract more slowly than skeletal muscle, but canContract more slowly than skeletal muscle, but can

remain contracted longer.remain contracted longer.

Notunder voluntary controlNotunder voluntary control..


16/39


17/39


18/39


19/39

4. Nervous Tissue4. Nervous Tissue

Senses stimuli and transmits signals from oneSenses stimuli and transmits signals from one

part of the animal to another.part of the animal to another.Controls the activity of muscles and glands, andControls the activity of muscles and glands, and

allows the animal toallows the animal to respondrespondto itsto its environmentenvironment..

NeuronNeuron: Nerve cell. Structural and functional: Nerve cell. Structural and functional

unit of nervous tissue. Consists of:unit of nervous tissue. Consists of:

Cell bodyCell body : Contains cells nucleus.: Contains cells nucleus.

DendriteDendrite: Extension that conveys signals: Extension that conveys signals

towards the cell body.towards the cell body. Axon:Axon: Extension that transmits signals awayExtension that transmits signals away

from the cell body.from the cell body.

Supporting cellsSupporting cells:: Nourish, protect, and insulateNourish, protect, and insulate

neurons.neurons.


20/39


21/39


22/39

Organs are Made of Several Different Tissues


23/39


24/39


25/39

Major Organ Systems in MammalsMajor Organ Systems in Mammals

Digestive systemDigestive system

Respiratory systemRespiratory systemCirculatory systemCirculatory system

CardiovascularCardiovascular

Lymphatic and Immune systemLymphatic and Immune systemExcretory systemExcretory system

Endocrine systemEndocrine system

Reproductive systemReproductive system

Nervous systemNervous system

Muscular systemMuscular system

Skeletal systemSkeletal system

IntegumentaryIntegumentary


26/39


27/39

Animals Regulate t eir InternalAnimals Regulate t eir Internal

nvironmentnvironment

WWHomeostasis:Homeostasis: tea y state. tea y state.(( Internal environment of animal remains fairlyInternal environment of animal remains fairly

constant es ite c anges in t e e ternalconstant es ite c anges in t e e ternal

environment.environment.

(( ontrol systems maintain internal conditionsontrol systems maintain internal conditions

it in a range in ic lifes meta olicit in a range in ic lifes meta olic

activities can occur.activities can occur.

(( Homeostasis is aHomeostasis is a dynamic statedynamic state resulting fromresulting fromc anges in t e outside environment andc anges in t e outside environment and

internal control mec anisms t at o ose sucinternal control mec anisms t at o ose suc

c anges.c anges.


28/39

Animals Regulate t eir InternalAnimals Regulate t eir Internal

nvironmentnvironment

WWHomeostasis:Homeostasis:(( Maintained yMaintained y negative feedbackmechanismsnegative feedbackmechanisms..

(( A c ange in one condition (e.g.: lo odyA c ange in one condition (e.g.: lo ody

tem eratu

re), resu

lts is a res onse t attem eratu

re), resu

lts is a res onse t atco nteractsco nteracts t at c ange (e.g.: s ivering, etc.).t at c ange (e.g.: s ivering, etc.).

(( Internal conditions regulated y negativeInternal conditions regulated y negative

feedback:feedback:

Body tem erature ( ormal range: 97Body tem erature ( ormal range: 97 -- 100100oo )) alt concentrationSalt concentration

pHpH

Blood levels of sugar, calcium, o ygen, etc.Blood levels of sugar, calcium, o ygen, etc.


29/39


30/39


31/39


32/39


33/39


34/39


35/39


36/39

Major Organ Systems in MammalsMajor Organ Systems in Mammals

Digestive systemDigestive system

Respiratory systemRespiratory systemCirculatory systemCirculatory system

CardiovascularCardiovascular

Lymphatic and Immune systemLymphatic and Immune system

Excretory systemExcretory system

Endocrine systemEndocrine system

Reproductive systemReproductive system

Nervous systemNervous system

Muscular systemMuscular system

Skeletal systemSkeletal system

IntegumentaryIntegumentary


37/39

OOrgan systems must be coordinated forrgan systems must be coordinated for

animal to surviveanimal to survive

(( Organ systems interact it one anot er inOrgan systems interact it one anot er inorder to maintain fairly stable conditionsorder to maintain fairly stable conditions

( omeostasis) t at are re uired for life.( omeostasis) t at are re uired for life.

(( ample: Interactions bet een:ample: Interactions bet een:

RespiratoryRespiratory

irculatoryirculatory

igestiveigestive


38/39


39/39

animal tissues2 (2)

Documents