animal structure and muscle function chapters 40-49
TRANSCRIPT
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Animal Structure and Muscle Function
Chapters 40-49
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Animal Tissues Tissues: groups of cells with similar structure that perform a
common function
Types of Animal Tissue: Epithelial Tissue
Tightly packed cells used for _____ Connective Tissue
Cells scattered through an _________________ Nervous Tissue
_____________ (neurons) Muscle Tissue
Fibers for contraction
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Epithelial Tissue Covers outside of body and line
_____ ________ within the body Barrier
Polarized cells Apical surface faces lumen
(cavity)
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Cell layers Simple Stratified Pseudostratified
Shape of Cells Cuboidal Columnar Squamous
Epithelial Tissue
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Simple Squamous Lines blood vessels and air sacs in lungs
_________ Areas of filtration and diffusion of molecules Lab
Photo
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Simple Cuboidal Line the thyroid, salivary glands, nephrons,
ovaries Specialized for _______ Lab
Photo
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Simple Columnar Lines most organs in the ___________
Stomach and intestines Important for secretion Lab
Photo
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Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated cells form mucus
membrane that line _____________
Lab Photo
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Stratified Squamous __________ tissue with cells
that regenerate quickly Outer skin, and linings of
mouth, anus, vagina
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Connective Tissue__________: cells that secrete fiber proteins
Fibers that make up Connective Tissue: Collagenous Fibers
Strength and flexibility Collagen
Elastic Fibers Elasticity Elastin
Reticular Fibers Join connective tissue to adjacent
tissue Collagen
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Types of Connective Tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue Binds epithelia to underlying tissue and holds
_____ in place Surrounds blood vessels and nerves
Lab Photo
Collagenous fibers
Elastic fibers
Fibroblasts
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Fibrous Connective Tissue Dense tissue made up of collagenous fibers used
to attach ____________ (tendons) and bones to joints (ligaments)
Lab Photo
Fibroblasts
Collagenfibers
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Bone Mineralized connective
tissue ___________: bone-forming
cells Osteon Central canal
Lab Photo
Osteon
Central canal
Osteoblasts
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Cartilage Strong, but flexible tissue that functions in support
______________: cartilage forming cells
Lab Photo
Chondrocytes
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Adipose Tissue ____________: cells containing fat droplets that
protect and insulate the body while storing energy reserves
Lab Photo
Fat droplets
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Blood Plasma: liquid, extracellular
matrix __________ (red blood cells)
Oxygen transport ________ (white blood cells)
Immune response Platelets
Clotting
Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
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Nervous Tissue Receive, process, and transmit
information Neurons (nerve cells)
Dendrites Cell body Axon
Glia: support and protect nerve cells
Axon
Cell Body
Dendrites
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Muscular Tissue Responsible for body movement
Types of Muscular Tissue: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
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Smooth Muscle __________ (autonomous)
control Digestive tract, bladder, blood
vessels Lacks sarcomeres Lab
Photo
NucleiMuscle fibers
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Cardiac Muscle Contractile wall of heart
Involuntary Striated ________________
Synchronize contractionLab Photo
NucleiIntercalateddisks
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Skeletal Muscle Responsible for voluntary movement
Myocytes: ___________ muscle fibers Sarcomeres
Lab PhotoNuclei
Muscle fiber
Sarcomere
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Vertebrate Skeletal MuscleMultinucleated muscle cells (fibers) made up of longitudinal bundles (myofibrils)
___________: basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle Thick filament
Myosin Thin filament
Actin
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Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
Thin filaments (actin)Thick filaments (myosin)
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1.Myosin head bound to ATP in low-energy configuration
2.Myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP, which causes the head to change to the high-energy configuration
3.Myosin head binds to Actin at binding site forming cross-bridge
4.Myosin releases ADP and phosphate, which returns myosin to the low-energy position and causes the thick filament to slide along the thin filament
5.ATP binds to myosin head causing it to release from the Actin binding site
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Role of Calcium ions in Muscle FunctionTropomyosin: regulatory protein that covers _______________ when at rest
Troponin complex: regulatory proteins on tropomyosin with Ca2+
binding sites Cause tropomyosin to
_____ when bound to Ca2+
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Types of Skeletal MuscleOxidative: rely on aerobic respiration for ATP
__________: oxygen-storing protein
Glycolytic: rely on __________ respiration (glycolysis) for ATP
Fast twitch: rapid, brief, powerful contractions
Slow twitch: slow reaction, but longer contraction
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Muscles and Skeletal Movement __________ muscle arrangement
works to extend and contract skeletal muscle