animal physiology test bank chapter 24

Test Bankby Brian Bagatto

to accompanyAnimal Physiology, Third Edition

Hill • Wyse • Anderson

Chapter 24: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids (with an Introduction to Acid-Base Physiology)

1. Which of the following is not a chemical category of respiratory pigment?a. Hemoglobinsb. Hemocyaninsc. Hemerythrinsd. Chlorocruorinse. MyoglobinsAnswer: eTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, p. 618Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

2. Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is false?a. It plays a role in CO2 transport.b. It plays a role as a pH buffer.c. It plays a role in N2 transport.d. It plays a role in O2 transport.e. It is affected by temperature.Answer: cTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, pp. 618‒619Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

3. Which of the following statements comparing human adult and fetal hemoglobin is true?a. They are exactly the same.b. Fetal hemoglobin contains one particular subunit that lowers its P 50.c. Fetal hemoglobin contains one particular subunit that raises its P50.d. All subunits of fetal hemoglobin are different and result in a lower P50.e. All subunits of fetal hemoglobin are different and result in a higher P50.Answer: bTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, p. 620Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluation

*4. Which of the following statements about myoglobin is true?a. It is an invertebrate respiratory pigment.

© 2012 Sinauer Associates, Inc.

b. It is a respiratory pigment found in the red blood cell.c. It is exactly like hemoglobin but is found in a different location in the body.d. It is a type of fetal hemoglobin.e. It is a respiratory pigment found in muscle cytoplasm.Answer: eTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, p. 620Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

5. Hemocyanins occur in which of the following animal groups?a. Molluscsb. Arthropodsc. Echinodermsd. Both a and be. All of the aboveAnswer: dTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, pp. 621‒623Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

*6. When the body detects _______, _______ is secreted to increase the production of red blood cells.a. high CO2 levels; erythropoeitinb. high CO2 levels; myoglobinc. low O2 levels; erythropoeitind. low O2 levels; myoglobine. a low hematocrit; erythropoeitinAnswer: cTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, p. 622Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

7. The image on a graph showing the functional relationship between the percentage of oxygenated binding sites and the O2 partial pressure is best known asa. the saturation curve.b. the affinity curve.c. the P50.d. the oxygen dissociation curve.e. the volumes percent.Answer: dTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 623Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

***********8. A respiratory pigment that requires a relatively low O2 partial pressure for loading has _______ affinity for O2.a. a low


b. a highc. no affinityd. a variablee. an insufficientAnswer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 624Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

9. In a healthy human at rest, what is the approximate O2 saturation of venous blood as it is leaving the tissues?a. 100%b. 75%c. 50%d. 25%e. 0%Answer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 625Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

10.‒12. Refer to the figure below.

10. The curve on the grapha. represents oxygen delivery by human blood at rest and during vigorous exercise.b. is a vertebrate oxygen dissociation curve.c. is a mammalian oxygen dissociation curve.d. represents the effect of CO2 on the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.e. represents the increase in oxygen concentration as blood travels to the lungs.


Answer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 625Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

*******11. Letter A in the figure represents thea. amount of oxygen used by the tissues at rest.b. oxygen concentration of blood in the tissues during exercise.c. oxygen concentration in the lungs.d. oxygen concentration of blood in the tissues at rest.e. amount of oxygen used by the tissues during exercise.Answer: dTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 625Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

12. According to the figure, approximately how much more oxygen is used by the tissues during exercise compared to at rest?a. 15 mL O2/100 ml of bloodb. 10 mL O2/100 ml of bloodc. 15 mL O2/gd. 10 mL O2/ge. 5 mL O2/gAnswer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 625Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

**13. The venous O2 partial pressure below which aerobic catabolism becomes impaired is known as thea. venous reserve.b. minimal venous O2 partial pressure.c. critical venous reserve.d. venous threshold.e. critical venous O2 partial pressure.Answer: eTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 626Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

14. Which of the following statements regarding the figure below is false?


a. The gray line depicts a pigment showing cooperativity.b. The red line depicts a pigment displaying no cooperativity.******c. The red line could represent human hemoglobin.d. Both lines could represent a respiratory pigment.e. The red line displays a generally higher O2 affinity compared to the gray line.Answer: cTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 628Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

15. Which oxygen dissociation curve in the figure below would represent a diving mammal such as a Weddell seal?


a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. EAnswer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 628Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

****16 Which oxygen dissociation curve in the figure would represent a hypoxia-adapted species such as a carp?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. EAnswer: eTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 628Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying


17. Which oxygen dissociation curve in the figure carries the least amount of oxygen per unit volume of blood?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. EAnswer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 628Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying


********18. On the graph, which oxygen dissociation curve represents a very high blood pH (e.g., 7.6)?a. A (VERY HIGH BLOOD PH)b. Bc. Cd. De. EAnswer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

19. On the graph, which oxygen dissociation curve represents blood with a high CO2 concentration (e.g., 80 mm Hg)?a. Ab. B


c. Cd. De. E (blood with a high CO2 concentration)Answer: eTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

****20. On the graph, which oxygen dissociation curve represents a P50 of about 4 kPa?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. EAnswer: dTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

********* UGH 21. A respiratory pigment that requires a relatively low O2 partial pressure for loading and has a high affinity for O2 would also havea. a relatively low P50.b. a relatively high P50.c. no P50 at all.d. a variable P50.e. an unknown P50, since there is not enough information to determine this value.Answer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

*22. The effect of acid in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is called the _______ effect.a. Haldaneb. dissociationc. Rootd. Bohre. Hb‒O2

Answer: dTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

23. Which of the following statements is not directly related to the Bohr effect?a. The Hb‒O2 affinity increases as pH increases.b. The Hb‒O2 affinity decreases as temperature increases.c. The Hb‒O2 affinity decreases as CO2 partial pressure increases.d. The Hb‒O2 affinity decreases as H+ concentration increases.e. All of the above statements are directly related to the Bohr effect.Answer: b


Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

*24. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases witha. decreasing temperature.b. decreasing blood pH.c. an increase in CO2 partial pressure.

d. increasing [H+].e. Both b and dAnswer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 629, 632Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

*25. The venous blood displays a reduced O2 affinity compared to arterial blood because itsa. CO2 partial pressure is higher.b. H+ concentration is higher.c. hemoglobin concentration is lower.d. Both a and be. All of the aboveAnswer: dTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 630Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding



26. The pattern of the curves in the figure demonstrates thea. Root effect.b. Haldane effect.c. fixed-acid Bohr effect.d. CO2 Bohr effect.e. temperature effect on hemoglobin.Answer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 631Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

27. As shown in the figure, the P50 _______ declining pH.a. increases withb. decreases withc. remains constant withd. varies dramatically withe. is unrelated toAnswer: eTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 631Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

********28. The Root effect applies to which of the following physiological mechanisms?a. The unloading of O2 in muscle tissueb. The inflating of the swim bladder of many fishc. The loading of O2 at the lungsd. The loading of O2 at the gillse. The unloading of O2 in low pH regions of the stomachAnswer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 631Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

*******29. During chronic exposure to high altitude, increasing 2,3-DPGa. increases Hb‒O2 affinity.b. increases the unloading of O2 at tissues.c. permits increased exercise.d. increases the loading of O2 at the lungs.e. decreases the P50 of hemoglobin.Answer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 632Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

30. The figure below shows that a reduction in O2 affinity


a. impairs O2 unloading less than it enhances loading.b. impairs O2 unloading more than it enhances loading.c. enhances O2 unloading more than it impairs loading.d. enhances O2 unloading less than it impairs loading.e. impairs O2 unloading.Answer: cTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 633Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

31. Which of the following statements about respiratory pigments is false?a. They aid in the routine transport of O2 from the breathing organs to the tissues.b. They serve as major buffers of blood pH.c. They play critical roles in CO2 transport.d. They play critical roles in the transport of nutrients.e. They can function as O2 stores in invertebrates.Answer: dTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 634Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

32. According to the figure below, which of the statements below is the most accurate?


a. O2 concentrations of arterial blood are inversely proportional to swimming speed.b. As O2 concentrations of blood drop in venous blood, swimming speed increases.c. Hypoxia-adapted fish have a much lower saturation level during exercise than other fish do.d. Cold-acclimated fish have a much lower saturation level during exercise than other fish do.**********e. As swimming speed increases, the arterial blood remains nearly saturated while the venous blood decreases in saturation.Answer: eTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 635Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

33. In octopuses, venous saturation is about _______% at rest and about _______% during exercise.a. 75; 25b. 75; 50c. 30; 30d. 30; 10e. 10; 10Answer: eTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 635Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

*****34. An octopus meets the increased demand for O2 at the tissues during intense exercise bya. increasing its circulation rate.b. pulling more O2 from the blood (from its venous reserve).c. switching to another form of hemoglobin.d. Both a and be. All of the aboveAnswer: a


Textbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 635Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

35. The P50 in hypoxic-adapted fish species would likely be _______ the P50 of normoxic-adapted fish species.a. higher thanb. equal toc. lower thand. extremely variable compared toe. None of the aboveAnswer: cTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 636Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

36. The figure below shows that

a. larger primates have fewer red blood cells than smaller primates do.b. the whole blood of smaller primates has lower O2 affinity than that of larger primates.c. the whole blood of smaller primates has greater O2 affinity than that of larger primates.d. larger primates have more red blood cells than smaller primates do.e. the whole blood of smaller primates has the same O2 affinity as that of larger primates.Answer: bTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 637Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

37. The exposure of Daphnia to O2-poor water for days would result ina. an increase in hemoglobin concentration.b. a change in the globin subunits produced.c. a decrease in the P50 of the blood.


d. Both a and be. All of the aboveAnswer: eTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, pp. 637‒638Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

38. Antarctic icefish compensate for the lack of circulating red blood cells witha. an increase in the amount of hemoglobin in their plasma.b. their small size, which allows them to make use of diffusion-based respiration.c. the use of another type of respiratory pigment.d. an increased circulation rate.e. a lowering of their metabolic rate, along with general inactivity.Answer: dTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 638Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

39. In many cases, lowland people who travel to an area of high altitude for an extended period of time will develop a condition known asa. polycythemia.b. anemia.c. bradycardia.d. hypotension.e. pleuritis.Answer: aTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 639Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

40. The extent of bicarbonate formation in the blood depends primarily on thea. solubility of bicarbonate in the plasma.b. temperature.c. blood buffers.d. type of bicarbonate being formed.e. solubility of carbonic acid.Answer: cTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 640Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

**41. The buffering effectiveness of any given buffer reaction is greatest when the prevailing pH _______ the pK´ of the reaction.a. is much greater thanb. matchesc. is within one unit ofd. is much lower thane. is as far away as possible fromAnswer: bTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 640


Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

42. Which of the following determines the shape of the CO2 equilibrium curve?a. The kinetics of HCO3

– formationb. The amount of dissolved CO2

c. The number of carbamate groupsd. Both a and be. All of the aboveAnswer: eTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 641Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

43. The deoxygenation of hemoglobin promotes CO2 uptake and the oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes the unloading of CO2. This phenomenon is called the _______ effect.a. Rootb. fixed-acid Bohrc. Haldaned. CO2 Bohre. the dissociationAnswer: cTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 641Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

****44. Which one of the following species would have the highest total blood CO2 concentration?a. Octopusb. Humanc. Turtled. Lungfishe. TroutAnswer: cTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 641Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

45. The key enzyme involved in the formation of bicarbonate from CO2 isa. lactate dehydrogenase.b. alcohol dehydrogenase.c. carbonic anhydrase.d. bicarbonate dehydrogenase.e. bicarbonase.Answer: cTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 642Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

46. The chloride shift refers to


a. rapid anion exchange proteins.b. carbonic anhydrase.c. catalyzed hydration reactions.d. carbamate formation.e. the dissolving of CO2 in plasma.Answer: aTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 642Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

47. In mammals, the bulk of the CO2 is transported from the tissue to the lungs asa. bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.b. CO2 dissolved in the plasma.c. CO2 bound to hemoglobin.d. bicarbonate bound to hemoglobin.e. carbonic acid dissolved in the plasma.Answer: aTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 643Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

48. The alphastat hypothesis attempts to explain why _______ as temperature falls.a. muscle pH of ectotherms increasesb. blood pH of ectotherms decreasesc. blood pH of ectotherms increasesd. muscle pH of ectotherms decreasese. blood pH of endotherms decreasesAnswer: cTextbook Reference: Acid‒Base Physiology, p. 644Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

49. Which of the following is (are) the main organ(s) responsible for adjusting blood pH in terrestrial animals?a. Lungsb. Kidneysc. Liverd. Both a and be. All of the aboveAnswer: dTextbook Reference: Acid‒Base Physiology, p. 644Bloom’s Category:

50. If exhalation of CO2 is abnormally increased relative to production, the likely result will bea. respiratory acidosis.b. metabolic acidosis.c. metabolic alkalosis.d. respiratory alkalosis.


e. alphastat shifting.Answer: dTextbook Reference: Acid‒Base Physiology, p. 645Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

Short Answer Questions

1. In what way can hemoglobin be considered an “honorary enzyme”?Answer: Respiratory pigments have been dubbed “honorary enzymes” because many important properties of the respiratory pigments resemble those of enzyme proteins. In terms of their main respiratory functions, they are not enzymes. However, sometimes respiratory pigments can act as enzymes. In mammals, deoxymyoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin can catalyze the local formation of nitric oxide, a critically important signaling compound.Textbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, pp. 618‒619; The Function of Respiratory Pigment in Animals, p. 634Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

2. What do the main respiratory pigments have in common?Answer: The main respiratory pigments discussed in the text are hemoglobins, hemocyanins, hemerythrins, and chlorocruorins. While not all of these groups contain heme, they all contain at least one metal ion per molecule (either copper or iron) to which oxygen attaches.Textbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, pp. 622‒623Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

3. Explain the significance of measurements of mixed venous O2 partial pressure.Answer: Mixed venous O2 partial pressure represents the average of the O2 partial pressures of blood leaving all of the systemic tissues. It allows one to gauge the body’s use of O2, provided there are flow data. It also allows one to calculate the venous reserve, or the amount of O2 circulating back to the lungs. This reserve is the amount of O2 that could be used if the tissues needed more O2—for example, during exercise.Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 625Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

4. Why is human hemoglobin a good example of evolutionary molecular design?Answer: The human hemoglobin molecule is a good example of evolutionary molecular design for three primary reasons. (1) Human hemoglobin is nearly saturated at the O2 partial pressures that are maintained in the lungs by breathing. (2) The oxygen equilibrium curve of hemoglobin is nearly flat at pulmonary O2 pressures, so high oxygenation is ensured regardless of variation in function. (3) The oxygen equilibrium curve is shaped in such a way that 90% of the O2 bound to hemoglobin can be released for use at blood partial pressures that are compatible with full mitochondrial function.Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 627


Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

5. Compare and contrast oxygen affinity with P50.Answer: Oxygen affinity and P50 are both ways of describing how saturated hemoglobin may be at a given partial pressure of O2. The higher the oxygen affinity, the lower the partial pressure of O2 can be for 100% loading of O2 onto hemoglobin. The P50, however, is a more accurate representation of oxygen loading dynamics. The P50 is defined as the partial pressure of O2 at which a pigment is 50% saturated. Therefore, the lower the P50, the higher the oxygen affinity.Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

6. Compare and contrast the CO2 Bohr effect and the Haldane effect.Answer: Both the CO2 Bohr effect and the Haldane effect have to do with CO2 and hemoglobin, but the focus of each effect is different. The CO2 Bohr effect concerns how CO2 concentration affects O2 loading on hemoglobin. Higher CO2 concentrations cause the O2 affinity for hemoglobin to decrease. The Haldane effect concerns the effect of O2 concentration on CO2 loading and unloading. Deoxygenation of hemoglobin promotes CO2 uptake, whereas oxygenation promotes CO2 unloading.Textbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 630; Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 641Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

7. What is unique about the respiratory pigments and circulatory O2 transport of the octopus?Answer: The respiratory pigment of the octopus is hemocyanin. The main O2 circulation anomaly is that compared to mammals, octopuses have virtually no venous reserve, even while at rest. This means that during exercise, oxygen delivery to the tissues can be increased only by an increase in circulation.Textbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, pp. 635‒636Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

8. What determines the shape of the CO2 dissociation curve?Answer: The shape of the CO2 dissociation curve is determined by all three kinds of CO2 being transported—CO2 dissolved in plasma, CO2 bound to Hb, and HCO3

‒. However, the shape is largely determined by HCO3

‒ formation dynamics. This means that the shape depends on blood buffer systems: the concentrations of the buffer groups, their pK´ values, and the extent to which they are loaded with H+ from acids other than CO2.Textbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 641Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

9. Why are carbonic anhydrase and anion transporters important in vertebrate CO2 transport?Answer: Vertebrate CO2 is transported mainly as HCO3

‒ dissolved in plasma. In order to form this ion species from CO2, carbonic anhydrase is needed. Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that greatly accelerates the conversion of CO2 into HCO3

‒. However, this occurs


primarily in the red blood cell. The anion transporters, primarily the band 3 protein, exchange HCO3

‒ in the cell for Cl‒ outside the cell in a process known as the chloride shift. The entire process is reversed at the lung so that CO2 can be re-formed for exhalation.Textbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 642Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

10. Why does temperature alter blood pH in ectotherms?Answer: The current hypothesis for the increase in pH as blood temperature decreases in ectotherms is known as the alphastat hypothesis. This hypothesis states that the changes in pH are a means of maintaining a constant state of electrical charge on protein molecules. Changes in temperature alter the chemical behavior of buffer groups on protein molecules, and the change in pH maintains this buffering behavior.Textbook Reference: Acid‒Base Physiology, p. 644Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

Online Quiz from Companion Website

1. Which of the following statements regarding hemoglobin is false?a. It binds to O2.b. Its affinity to O2 can change.c. It binds to O2 via weak, noncovalent bonds.d. It is a buffer.e. It is primarily an enzyme.Answer: eTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, pp. 618‒619Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

2. How many molecules of O2 does a molecule of vertebrate blood hemoglobin normally bind?a. 1b. 2c. 4d. 8e. 10Answer: cTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, p. 620Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

3. Which of the following respiratory pigments contains copper at the O2 binding site?a. Myoglobinb. Chlorocruorinc. Hemerythrind. Hemoglobin


e. HemocyaninAnswer: eTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, p. 622Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

4. Which of the following statements about the four chemical classes of respiratory pigments is true?a. All are metalloproteins.b. All bind reversibly with O2 at specific O2-binding sites associated with metal ions.c. All share the same heme structure.d. Both a and be. Both a and cAnswer: dTextbook Reference: The Chemical Properties and Distributions of the Respiratory Pigments, p. 623Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

5. In people at rest, the approximate O2 saturation of venous blood leaving the tissues isa. 100%.b. 75%.c. 5 ml O2/100 ml blood.d. 10 ml O2/100 ml blood.e. 5%.Answer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 625Bloom’s Category: 5. Applying

6. During exercise, the body supplies O2 to the muscles bya. increasing muscle fiber declination.b. increasing blood flow.c. unloading more O2 to tissues from hemoglobin.d. Both b and ce. All of the aboveAnswer: dTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 625‒626Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

7. The extent of O2-binding site cooperativity is expressed using a mathematical index called thea. Bohr effect.b. Fick index.c. Root index.d. Haldane constant.e. Hill coefficient.


Answer: eTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 627Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering

8. Which word best describes the mechanism for the steep portion of the oxygen dissociation curve?a. Cooperativityb. Loadingc. Covalentd. Unloadinge. CoefficientAnswer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 627‒628Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

9. The process by which low pH aids in the decreasing affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is called the _______ effect.a. Bohrb. Rootc. Haldaned. hemoglobin-shifte. reverse HaldaneAnswer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

10. Which of the following statement about the Bohr effect is false?a. A higher temperature decreases the Hb‒O2 affinity.b. A higher pH increases the Hb‒O2 affinity.c. A higher partial pressure of CO2 decreases the Hb‒O2 affinity.d. A higher H+ concentration decreases the Hb‒O2 affinity.e. All of the above are true; none is false.Answer: aTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 629Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

11. Which of the following does not affect the properties of the O2 dissociation curve?a. Temperatureb. CO2

c. pHd. 2,3-DPGe. Cardiac outputAnswer: eTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 629‒631


Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

12. Which one of the following has the highest P50?a. Hemoglobin at a lower-than-normal temperature, such as 35°Cb. Fetal hemoglobinc. Hemoglobin in a human residing at a high altitude for three weeksd. Normal human hemoglobine. Hemoglobin at a higher-than-normal pH, such as 7.6Answer: cTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 629‒633Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

13. A reduction in the amount of O2 bound to Hb at saturation could be the result of the _______ effect.a. Bohrb. fixed-acid Bohrc. Rootd. Haldanee. reverse HaldaneAnswer: cTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, p. 631Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

14. During chronic exposure to high altitude, increased 2,3-DPGa. increases hemoglobin‒O2 affinity.b. increases the unloading of O2 at tissues.c. permits increased physical exercise.d. increases the loading of O2 at the lungs.e. inhibits the Haldane effect.Answer: bTextbook Reference: The O2-Binding Characteristics of Respiratory Pigments, pp. 632‒633Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

15. During exercise, squids and octopuses meet their O2 demand bya. drawing additional O2 from venous reserve.b. increasing their circulation rate.c. increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.d. decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.e. means of all of the above processes.Answer: bTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 635Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

16. In general, what is the relationship between primate size and Hb‒O2 affinity?


a. Larger primates tend to have a lower Hb‒O2 affinity.b. Smaller primates tend to have a lower P50.c. Larger primates tend to have a higher P50.

d. Smaller primates tend to have a lower Hb‒O2 affinity.e. No relationship exists between primate size and Hb‒O2 affinity.Answer: dTextbook Reference: The Functions of Respiratory Pigments in Animals, p. 637Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

17. Compared to oxygenated blood, fully deoxygenated blood hasa. a higher affinity for CO2.b. a lower affinity for CO2.c. a higher affinity for bicarbonate.d. no difference.e. a lower affinity for O2.Answer: aTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 642Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying

18. Bicarbonate created from CO2 in the red blood cell gets into the plasmaa. through exclusive bicarbonate channels.b. by diffusing across the red blood cell membrane matrix.c. via chloride exchange.d. with the assistance of carbonic anhydrase, which shuttles it into the plasma.e. via active transport in exchange for Na+.Answer: cTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, pp. 642‒643Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding

19. Which one of the following is not involved in the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs?a. Bicarbonateb. Carbonic acid made by carbonic anhydrasec. CO2 bound to hemoglobind. CO2 dissolved in plasmae. All of the above are involved in the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.Answer: bTextbook Reference: Carbon Dioxide Transport, p. 643Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating

20. According to the _______, changes in pH are a means by which ectotherms maintain a constant state of electrical charge on protein molecules.a. Root effectb. Bohr shiftc. theory of respiratory acidosisd. alphastat hypothesis


e. law of buffered reactionsAnswer: dTextbook Reference: Acid‒Base Physiology, p. 644Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering


animal physiology test bank chapter 24

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