animal nutrition variations, adaptations & regulation
DESCRIPTION
Animal Nutrition Variations, Adaptations & Regulation. This obese mouse (L) has defect in gene which normally produces leptin , an appetite-regulating protein. Many herbivores have diets deficient in mineral salts. Must find other sources = salt licks, chewing on bones. {. ATP production. {. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AP Biology 2006-2007
Animal NutritionVariations, Adaptations & Regulation
This obese mouse (L) has defect in gene which normally produces leptin, an appetite-regulating protein.
Many herbivores have diets deficient in mineral salts. Must find other sources = salt licks, chewing on bones
![Page 2: Animal Nutrition Variations, Adaptations & Regulation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816348550346895dd3d911/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AP Biology
Energy budget
food intake
basal (resting) metabolism
temperature regulation
activity
repair growth reproduction
ATPproductio
n {synthesi
s { glycogen fat
storage {
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AP Biology
Energy storage In humans
glycogen storage glucose polymer
in liver & muscle cells If glycogen stores are full
& caloric intake still exceeds caloric expenditure excess stored as fat synthesis pathway
from acetyl coA
Why isglycogen highly
branched?
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AP Biology
Balancing calorie needs with intake When fewer calories are taken in than
are expended, fuel is taken out of storage deposits & oxidized (digested) breakdown (digest) glycogen
from liver & muscle cells metabolize (digest) fat Just do it!
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AP Biology
Vegetarian diets Need to make sure you get enough protein
20 amino acids to make protein humans can synthesize 12 of the amino acids 8 have to be eaten = “essential amino acids”
Grains (like corn) have 6 (missing 2) Beans (like soybean & red beans) have 6 (missing different 2)
mix beans & grainsfor complete group of amino acids rice & beans taco/tortilla & beans tofu & rice peanut butter & bread
What no fish!
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AP Biology
Eating a balanced diet What happens if an animal’s diet is missing an
essential nutrient? deficiency diseases
scurvy — vitamin C (collagen production) – water soluble
rickets — vitamin D (calcium absorption)- Fat soluble
blindness — vitamin A (retinol production)-Fat anemia — vitamin B12 (energy production)-water kwashiorkor — protein
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AP Biology
Digesting cellulose How well you digest cellulose governs
life strategy of herbivores
bond between the sugars governs digestibility
starch
cellulose
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AP Biology
Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars
Gorillacan NOT digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit
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AP Biology
Different diets; different bodies *** Adaptations of herbivore vs. carnivore
specialization in teeth length of digestive system number & size of stomachs
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AP Biology
Teeth Carnivore
sharp ripping teeth
“canines” Herbivore
wide grinding teeth
molars Omnivore
both kinds of teeth
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AP Biology
Length of digestive system Carnivores
short digestive system protein easier to
digest than cellulose
Herbivores & omnivores long digestive
system more time to
digest cellulose symbiotic
bacteria in gut
Rememberthe rabbits,
George!
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AP Biology
Symbiotic organisms
Ruminantsadditional mechanical digestion by chewing food multiple times after mixing it with enzymes
How can cows digest cellulose efficiently? symbiotic bacteria in stomachs help digest
cellulose-rich meals rabbit vs. cow adaptation: eat feces vs. chew cud
ruminantcaprophagy
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AP Biology
liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood Sugar
blood glucose level(90 mg/100 mL blood)
insulin
body cells take
up glucose from blood
liver storesglucose asglycogen
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releasesglucose
triggershunger
high
low
Feedback: Maintaining Homeostasis *****
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AP Biology
Managing glucose levels Mammals regulate use & storage of glucose
insulin reduces blood glucose levels glucose levels rise above set point,
pancreas secretes insulin promotes transport of glucose into cells &
storage of glucose (as glycogen) in liver & muscle cells drops blood glucose levels
glucagon increases blood glucose levels when glucose levels drop below set point,
pancreas secretes glucagon promotes breakdown of glycogen &
release of glucose into the blood raises blood glucose levels Whoa!
Didn’t realizeI was so busy!
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AP Biology
Liver
Gallbladder
DuodenumPancreas
Stomach
Proteins
Gastrin
Acinarcells
Regulation of DigestionCoordination of nervous system & endocrine system
HClPepsin
+ –
CCK
–Secretin
Chiefcells
Parietalcells
+
+
+
–Gastric
inhibitorypeptide
+
+
Fats
–
Bile
EnzymesBicarbonate
Many systems work together to
maintain homeostasis of
the body
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AP Biology 2006-2007
Don’t be shy…Ask Questions!!