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Animal Nutrition
AgriScience 2
Animal Digestion Review
Digestive system types Monogastric Polygastric
Ruminant Digestion
True Stomachs
Monogastrics Stomach
Poultry Proventriculus
Ruminants Abomasum
Questions
1. Are horses nonruminants or ruminants?
2. Do we feed horses large amounts of roughages or concentrates?
3. How do we justify this?
Cecums-The Blind Gut
In most animals Is of very little importance Connected to the large intestine
Very important in horses Contains bacteria, much like a rumen Breaks down roughages and is why horses
consume large amounts of roughages Not as efficient as a rumen
Essential Nutrients
ProteinsPVT
TIM
HALL
Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Mehtionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine
Carbohydrates
Composed of sugars, starches, and fiber Provide energy to animals
Glucose, sucrose,lactose,galactose
Fats and oils
Only needed in small amounts Found in adequate amounts in most proteins
Vitamins
Are catalysts for other body processes Fat soluble- A, D, E, K, Water Soluble- C, B complex, B12
Minerals
Are a main component of the skeletal system and chemical processes in body.
Major- Ca, P, NaCl Trace-Fe, Ca, Mn, I, Co, S, Mg, Zn, K, Bo
Animal Feedstuffs-Sources of Nutrients
Water
Dry Matter
Organic matter
Ash
Protein Carbohydrates
Vitamins Fats
NFE Crude fiber Cellulose
StarchesComplex sugars
Simple sugars
Roughages
Contain more than 18% fiber when dry Dry Forages-Hay, Stover Ensiled forages-Silage Green Forages-Pasture, Greenchop
Roughages Two types of plants
Legumes Alfalfa Clovers Soybeans
Non-legumes Corn silage Grasses Grain straw
Concentrates Contain less than 18% fiber when dry Two types
Energy feeds Less than 20% protein
Corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat
Protein supplements More than 20% protein
Animal proteins Vegetable proteins
Nutrient content of Feeds analysis
Do activity
Ration Characteristics
Ration Feed given to an animal during a 24hr.
period Balanced Ration
All the nutrients the animal needs in the right proportions and amounts for a 24 hr period.
Palatable The food must taste good in order for the
animal to eat it
Ration Functions
Maintenance Ration Is used to maintain the life of the animal
Energy for functioning of the body and body organs
These activities are grouped to make up what is called basal metabolism
All rations use some of their energy for maintenance of the animal
If all of the ration is being used for maintenance their will not be energy for any other life processes
Growth Ration
Used for growth of animals Help animals become mature
Increase size of muscles, bones, organs, and connective tissues
If an animal does not get a proper growth ration when they are young they will likely not be productive when they become mature
Fattening Ration
Extra food in the ration that is not used for maintenance or growth
Stored in the tissues Fat within the muscles is called? Marbling
Production
Production is for animals who are feeding their young
Production of milk for young in mammals Eggs for birds such as chickens Wool for sheep Production requires extra nutrients
Reproduction Animal may become sterile if it does not
get enough nutrition What does sterile mean?
Animal cannot be bred In animals already pregnant if there is
not enough nutrition then… Could have an abortion Most of the growth of the fetus takes place
in the last trimester of the pregnancy
Work
When do animals do work? Oxen pulling a plow (old days) Horses when they are riden Animals sweat when they work and this
takes extra energy
Developing a Feeding Program
Sampling & Analyzing Feeds
To properly balance a ration you must know the composition of the feed
When getting feeds sampled take a representative sample
Make samples random
Feed Additives Antimicrobial Drugs-
Antibiotics- made from bacteria Chemoantibacterials-chemicals
Anthelmintics- kill parasites Hormones/Hormone-like Miscellaneous-
Life Cycle Feeding
Pre-Weaning Grower Finishing Pre-Breeding Gestation Lactation
Developing a Balanced Ration
Dry Matter Basis vs. As-fed Basis
100 percent dry matter Data presented as all moisture is removed
from the feed As-fed Basis
Data collected with average amount of moisture in the feed
Conversions
As-fed to dry matter basis A=B x C
Dry matter to as-fed basis B= A/C
Where A=pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis B=pounds of feed on as-fed basis C=% dry matter in the feed
Balance on Protein
Total Protein Amount of protein in the ration Crude Protein Metabolizable Protein Digestible Protein
Balance on Energy
Balance on TDN
Total Digestible Nutrients- TDN = total of digestible protein, nitrogen-free
extract, digestible crude fiber, and 2.25 times the digestible fat
Balancing Rations- Pearson Square
Steps
Draw a square with lines connecting the opposite corners.
Write the % protein need in the center of the square where the lines cross.
Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein percents at the left-hand corners of the square.
Steps
Subtract the smaller number from the larger along the diagonal lines.
Write the difference at the opposite end of the diagonals.
Difference in #’s on the left should equal the sum of #’s on the right
Steps
Divide parts of each feed by the total parts to find the percents of each feed in the ration. (you will have to take the number you find and multiply by 100 to find the percent)
In other words divide each number on the right by the sum of the numbers on the right.
Pearson Square
14
8.9
45.8
45.8-14=31.8
14-8.9=5.1
45.8-8.9=36.9 31.8+5.1=36.9
Steps
31.8/36.9=86.2% Corn 5.1/36.9=13.8% Soybean oil meal