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Animal Feed
Additives for
Improved
Performance
Prepared by:
CPL Business Consultants
The Manor House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BA
Tel: +44 1491 822 844, [email protected], www.cplconsult.com
Joe Hart
Dr Robert Harwood
March 2008
CPL Business Consultants Animal Feed Additives for Improved Performance – contents i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 1
METHOD .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................................... 3
ZEOLITES ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Ammonia Retention ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Optimizing intestinal micro-flora function .................................................................................................... 7 Binding aflatoxins .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Pellet binding ............................................................................................................................................. 10
SEPIOLITE ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 PROBIOTICS ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Scientific Validity......................................................................................................................................... 16 Legislation and Claims ................................................................................................................................ 16
BENTONITE ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 KAOLIN ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 ENZYMES PRINCIPAL......................................................................................................................................... 18 ACIDIFIERS ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 PLANT EXTRACTS ............................................................................................................................................. 25
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 29
ZEOLITES .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 SEPIOLITE ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 PROBIOTICS ....................................................................................................................................................... 32 BENTONITE ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 CALCIUM CARBONATE ...................................................................................................................................... 34 KAOLIN ............................................................................................................................................................. 34 ENZYMES .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 ACIDIFIERS ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 PLANT EXTRACTS ............................................................................................................................................. 36
RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 38
A STRATEGY FOR THE CLIENT’S PRODUCT ......................................................................................................... 39
SWOT PRODUCT ANALYSIS FOR THE CLIENT’S PRODUCT .............................................................. 42
VALUE IN USE EVALUATION OF THE CLIENT’S PRODUCT .............................................................. 49
PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES AND VALUE IN USE VS. SIMILAR PRODUCTS ........................... 51
ZEOLITES .......................................................................................................................................................... 55
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 55 Market overview .......................................................................................................................................... 55 Structure and properties .............................................................................................................................. 57 Zeolite Ion Exchange capacity and physical properties .............................................................................. 59
TYPES OF ZEOLITE ............................................................................................................................................ 60 The Heulandite Family ................................................................................................................................ 61 The Chabazite Family .................................................................................................................................. 61 The Gismondine Family .............................................................................................................................. 61 The Harmotome Family ............................................................................................................................... 62 The Natrolite Family ................................................................................................................................... 62 The Stilbite Family ...................................................................................................................................... 62 The Analcime Family ................................................................................................................................... 62
CPL Business Consultants Animal Feed Additives for Improved Performance – contents ii
Related Groups ............................................................................................................................................ 62 BENEFITS IN USE ............................................................................................................................................... 63
Opportunity for Zeolites from global trends impacting pig and poultry economics .................................... 63 Coping with high pig feed prices ................................................................................................................. 63 Animal feed additive .................................................................................................................................... 65 Dietary Supplement ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Soil amendment ........................................................................................................................................... 65 Fertilizer efficiency ...................................................................................................................................... 66 Gas absorption ............................................................................................................................................ 66 Water absorption ......................................................................................................................................... 66 Ion exchange ................................................................................................................................................ 67 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 67
COMPARISON WITH A RIVAL PRODUCT .............................................................................................................. 67 Product positioning and Marketing ............................................................................................................. 68
PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS .................................................................................................................................. 71 Australia ...................................................................................................................................................... 71 Bulgaria ....................................................................................................................................................... 82 Canada ........................................................................................................................................................ 83 China ........................................................................................................................................................... 84 Czech Republic ............................................................................................................................................ 84 Denmark ...................................................................................................................................................... 86 Hungary ....................................................................................................................................................... 88 India. ........................................................................................................................................................... 89 Indonesia ..................................................................................................................................................... 93 Italy .............................................................................................................................................................. 95 Japan ........................................................................................................................................................... 97 Jordan .......................................................................................................................................................... 97 Mexico ......................................................................................................................................................... 99 New Zealand .............................................................................................................................................. 100 Philippines ................................................................................................................................................. 101 Russia ........................................................................................................................................................ 111 Slovakia ..................................................................................................................................................... 112 Thailand..................................................................................................................................................... 117 Turkey ........................................................................................................................................................ 118 Ukraine ...................................................................................................................................................... 124 USA ............................................................................................................................................................ 124
MYCOTOXIN REDUCTION IN ANIMAL FEED ....................................................................................... 186
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 186 Fungal Growth .......................................................................................................................................... 186 Overview of mycotoxins ............................................................................................................................. 187 Factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field .................................................................................... 188 Mycotoxin formation during storage ......................................................................................................... 189 Ideal fungal growth conditions .................................................................................................................. 190
SEPIOLITE ....................................................................................................................................................... 196
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 196 Differential properties of Sepiolite ............................................................................................................ 197 Benefits In Use ........................................................................................................................................... 198 Comparison with another product ............................................................................................................. 199 Product positioning and Marketing ........................................................................................................... 200 Players and Products ................................................................................................................................ 202
BENTONITE ..................................................................................................................................................... 207
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 207 Types Of Bentonite .................................................................................................................................... 208 Properties of Bentonite .............................................................................................................................. 212
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BENEFITS IN USE ............................................................................................................................................. 213 COMPARISON WITH THE PRODUCT ................................................................................................................... 213 PRODUCT POSITIONING AND MARKETING ....................................................................................................... 214 PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................................ 214
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KAOLIN ............................................................................................................................................................ 223
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 223 Kaolin characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 226
BENEFITS IN USE ............................................................................................................................................. 227 COMPARISON WITH ANOTHER PRODUCT .......................................................................................................... 227 PRODUCT POSITIONING AND MARKETING ....................................................................................................... 227 PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................................ 227
CALCIUM CARBONATE ............................................................................................................................... 228
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 228 BENEFITS IN USE ............................................................................................................................................. 230
Calcium carbonate in feed for monogastrics. ............................................................................................ 230 COMPARISON WITH ANOTHER PRODUCT .......................................................................................................... 231 PRODUCT POSITIONING AND MARKETING ....................................................................................................... 231
Calcium carbonate as nutritional supplement for poultry. ........................................................................ 231 Calcium carbonate as nutritional supplement for pigs.............................................................................. 231 Use of calcium carbonate in liquid animal feed. ....................................................................................... 232 Use of ground shell and marble formats as a anticlumping agent ............................................................ 232
PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS ......................................................................................................................... 232
PROBIOTICS ................................................................................................................................................... 233
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 233 Micro organism Types ............................................................................................................................... 234
BENEFITS IN USE ............................................................................................................................................. 235 SYNBIOTICS .................................................................................................................................................... 235 PREBIOTICS ..................................................................................................................................................... 236
Definitions and background ...................................................................................................................... 236 Effects of Prebiotics and Benefits in use .................................................................................................... 239
COMMERCIAL PREBIOTICS ............................................................................................................................... 241 SIDE EFFECTS .................................................................................................................................................. 241 EFFECTIVE DOSE ............................................................................................................................................. 241 COMPARISON WITH ANOTHER PRODUCT .......................................................................................................... 242 PRODUCT POSITIONING AND MARKETING ....................................................................................................... 242 PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................................ 243
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ORGANIC ACIDS ............................................................................................................................................ 270
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 270 Nutritional Feed Additives......................................................................................................................... 270 Microflora modifiers in gut ....................................................................................................................... 270 Mould Inhibitors ........................................................................................................................................ 271 Salmonella Control additives .................................................................................................................... 271
APPLICATIONS FOR ACIDS & SALTS BY ANIMAL TYPE ................................................................................ 272 BENEFITS IN USE ............................................................................................................................................. 273 COMPARISON WITH ANOTHER PRODUCT .......................................................................................................... 274 PRODUCT POSITIONING AND MARKETING ....................................................................................................... 276 MARKET TRENDS ............................................................................................................................................ 276
Acids used as Acidifiers ............................................................................................................................. 276
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Acid/Salt Use as Feed Acidifiers ............................................................................................................... 279 Acids blended with other Additives............................................................................................................ 280 Solid versus Liquid Acidifiers .................................................................................................................... 280 Corrosive Nature of Acidifiers .................................................................................................................. 281 Technological Developments ..................................................................................................................... 282
MARKET PLAYERS - COMPETITION ................................................................................................................. 283 PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................................ 284 SUPPLY CHAIN ................................................................................................................................................ 287
Organic Acid Raw Material Producers, Feed acidifiers / Blenders .......................................................... 287 Premixers................................................................................................................................................... 288 Feed Compounders .................................................................................................................................... 289 End User Understanding of Technology and Know-How ......................................................................... 289 Integration and Pressure in the Supply Chain ........................................................................................... 290
SUPPLY CHAIN STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................ 292 COMPANY PROFILES OF SELECTED PLAYERS IN FEED ACIDS MARKET .............................................................. 293
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ENZYMES ......................................................................................................................................................... 331
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 331 Markets and Trends in Animal Feed and related enzyme feed business.................................................... 331 Market Value and Volume ......................................................................................................................... 335 Industry Challenges ................................................................................................................................... 336
MARKETS AND TRENDS OF ENZYME ADDITIVES IN ANIMAL FEED ................................................................. 337 Market Value and Volume ......................................................................................................................... 337 Price .......................................................................................................................................................... 338
FEED ENZYME PRODUCT TYPES ...................................................................................................................... 340 Enzymes for Non-Starch Polysaccharide (NSP’s) substrates .................................................................... 341 How Exogenous enzymes overcome the anti-nutritive effect of NSP’s. ..................................................... 342 Phytase ...................................................................................................................................................... 345
ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES. REGULATORY ASPECTS OF ENZYMES USED ......................................................... 349 Additive Types in the EU ........................................................................................................................... 349 Enzymes Permitted As EU Feed Additives ................................................................................................ 350
BENEFITS IN USE ............................................................................................................................................. 350 COMPARISON WITH ANOTHER PRODUCT .......................................................................................................... 350 PRODUCT POSITIONING AND MARKETING ....................................................................................................... 351 PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................................ 351
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PLANT EXTRACTS ........................................................................................................................................ 375
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 375 Prebiotic oligosaccharides ........................................................................................................................ 375 Structural plant fractions enriched in functional components................................................................... 375 Benefits in use ............................................................................................................................................ 377 Working hypothesis for pig weaning stresses leading to infections ........................................................... 378 Impact of prebiotic containing feed component influence on immune response ....................................... 378 Impact of Butyrate on pig inflammatory response at weaning .................................................................. 379 Yucca plant and Quillaja saponaria extracts. ........................................................................................... 381 Essential Oils ............................................................................................................................................. 383 What are essential oils? ............................................................................................................................. 383
PLAYERS AND PRODUCTS IN PLANT EXTRACTS FOR FEED ............................................................................... 385 5 players and products
RECENT RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................................... 395
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 395 ORGANOZEOLITES ........................................................................................................................................... 395 ZEOLITE .......................................................................................................................................................... 398
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IPPC Intensive Farming. How to comply .................................................................................................. 403 MYCOTOXINS RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................ 410 OVERVIEW OF MYCOTOXINS IN PIGS ................................................................................................... 410 MYCOTOXINS IN POULTRY .............................................................................................................................. 425 OVERVIEW OF MYCOTOXINS IN POULTRY ....................................................................................................... 427
Aflatoxin in poultry .................................................................................................................................... 427 Ochratoxin in poultry ................................................................................................................................ 428 Trichothecenes in poultry .......................................................................................................................... 428 Zearalenone (ZEA) in poultry .................................................................................................................... 429 Fumonisin in Poultry ................................................................................................................................. 429 The Biochemistry Behind Esterified Glucomannans – titrating mycotoxins out of the diet....................... 430 Mycotoxins in Poultry- Abstracts of Recent Scientific articles .................................................................. 444
EU RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MYCOTOXIN LEVELS ......................................................................................... 448 Directive on undesirable substances in animal feed.................................................................................. 450 Final Opinion of the EU Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium toxins. ........................................... 451
PRACTICES TO REDUCE AMMONIA .................................................................................................................. 459 Ammonia Emission Control Strategies for Manure Storage Facilities ..................................................... 461 Strategies to Reduce Ammonia Emissions During Land Application ........................................................ 464 Methods and Practices to Reduce Odour from Swine Facilities ............................................................... 465
SEPIOLITE ....................................................................................................................................................... 472 Research overview of Sepiolite in pig and poultry nutrition ..................................................................... 472 Guidance On The Use Of Sepiolite ............................................................................................................ 476
BENTONITE ..................................................................................................................................................... 478 The effect of exchangeable cations in clinoptilolite and montmorillonite on the adsorption of aflatoxin B1
................................................................................................................................................................... 492 Mycotoxin Binders -Review ....................................................................................................................... 497
KAOLIN ........................................................................................................................................................... 501 CALCIUM CARBONATE .................................................................................................................................... 510 PROBIOTICS ..................................................................................................................................................... 514 ACIDIFIERS ...................................................................................................................................................... 533 ENZYMES ........................................................................................................................................................ 542 PLANT EXTRACTS ............................................................................................................................................ 553
Alternatives For Antibiotics In Poultry ..................................................................................................... 562
RECENT AND RELAVENT PATENTS ........................................................................................................ 583
ZEOLITE .......................................................................................................................................................... 583 Zeolite-clay composition and uses thereof................................................................................................. 583 A Method For Isolating Salinomycin From Fermentation Broth .............................................................. 584
SEPIOLITE ....................................................................................................................................................... 584 Correcting additive for feeding stuffs, on the basis of choline cloride. ..................................................... 584 Animal feed supplement ............................................................................................................................. 584 Animal feed supplement suspension .......................................................................................................... 584 Preparation for oral administration .......................................................................................................... 585
BENTONITE ..................................................................................................................................................... 585 Compositions and methods for removal of mycotoxins from animal feed ................................................. 585 A preservative and additive for food and feed. .......................................................................................... 586 Use Of Talc And/Or Chlorite For Adsorbing Mycotoxins ......................................................................... 586 Compositions For Removal Of Mycotoxins From Feed ............................................................................ 586 Use of thermally treated clays in animal feeds .......................................................................................... 587
PROBIOTICS ..................................................................................................................................................... 589 Novel Enzyme For The Production Of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides .......................................................... 589 Prebiotic oligosaccharides via alternansucrase acceptor reactions ......................................................... 589
ACIDIFIERS ...................................................................................................................................................... 589 Preservative And Additive For Food And Feed ......................................................................................... 589
ENZYMES ........................................................................................................................................................ 593 Protease plus Betaine as Additive for Animal feed .................................................................................... 593 Carbohydrate-based enzyme-containing granules for use in animal feed................................................. 593
PLANT EXTRACTS ............................................................................................................................................ 593 Natural, intestinally active feed additive ................................................................................................... 593
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Use of Stevia powder for preventing egg shell breakage .......................................................................... 594 Method for reducing methane production emanating from the digestive activities of an animal .............. 594
CONTACT REPORTS ..................................................................................................................................... 594
53 contacts ANIMAL FEED AND ENVIROMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS ....................................................................................... 655
British Poultry Council .............................................................................................................................. 655 Coalition Clean Baltic ............................................................................................................................... 656 European Feed Additives and Premixtures Association (FEFANA) ......................................................... 660 Spanish Confederation of Animal Feed Compounders .............................................................................. 661 UK Meat and Livestock Commission ......................................................................................................... 661
NEWS ................................................................................................................................................................. 665
EFSA: Zeolite and the reduction of risk of Milkfever in Dairy of Cows. ................................................... 665
TABLES
TABLE 1 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE CLIENTS PRODUCT .................................................................................... 42 TABLE 2 ADDITIVE APPLICATION COST PER TON OF LIVE CARCASS PRODUCED
WITH VARIABLE FEED CONVERSION RATIO (FCR) ............................................................................. 53 TABLE 3 BINDERS, ANTI-CAKING AGENTS AND COAGULANTS PERMITTED IN ANIMAL FEED IN EU ................... 68 TABLE 4 TYPICAL FEED ADDITIVE GROSS MARGINS AND SALES PRICE AT DISTRIBUTOR LEVEL, 2006............... 69 TABLE 5 ZEOPOL ZEOLITE PRICES FOR GRANULAR AND MICRONIZED GRADES, 2005 ........................................ 86 TABLE 6 ZEOPOL NATURAL ZEOLITES RELATIVE PRICES OF OTHER GRADES, 2000 ............................................ 86 TABLE 7 TRADEMARKS BELONGING TO NOR-GROUP ........................................................................................ 88 TABLE 8 ESSEM GROUP’S PRODUCTS ................................................................................................................ 89 TABLE 9 SPECIFICATIONS FOR ATZ ZEOLITE .................................................................................................... 95 TABLE 10 PRODUCTS OFFERED BY ATZ ......................................................................................................... 96 TABLE 11 CURRENT CONCERNS IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ............................................................................ 102 TABLE 12 COMPARISON OF ZEOLITE & PHYLLOSILICATES........................................................................... 105 TABLE 13 COMPARISON OF SAILE-ZEOLITE WITH OTHER ZEOLITE BRANDS ................................................. 105 TABLE 14 COMPARATIVE ADSORPTION OF AMMONIA AND TOXINS IN FEEDS
AMONGST ZEOLITES IN THE MARKET ............................................................................................ 107 TABLE 15 COMPARATIVE MOLECULAR SIZE OF AMINO ACIDS, VITAMINS, ANTIBIOTICS
AND MYCOTOXINS .................................................................................................................. 108 TABLE 16 PORE SIZES AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURES OF SOME COMMONLY USED TOXIN BINDERS ................. 109 TABLE 17 MOLECULAR SIZES OF SOME AMINO ACIDS (IN Å) ..................................................................... 109 TABLE 18 MOLECULAR SIZES OF SOME VITAMINS (IN Å) ............................................................................ 109 TABLE 19 MOLECULAR SIZES OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS (IN Å) ........................................................................ 109 TABLE 20 MOLECULAR SIZES OF MYCOTOXINS (IN Å) ................................................................................ 110 TABLE 21 MOLECULAR SIZES OF NATURAL ZEOLITES (IN Å) ...................................................................... 110 TABLE 22 USAGE RATES FOR SAILE-ZEOLITE............................................................................................... 110 TABLE 23 COMPARISON OF SAILE-ZEOLITE WITH YUCCA AND FURAZOLIDONE .......................................... 111 TABLE 24 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS SAILE-ZEOLITE VS. TOXIN BINDER & DEODORIZER ............................. 111 TABLE 25 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRO-ZEO ZEOLITE..................................................................................... 117 TABLE 26 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ( IN MASS % ) OF PRO-ZEO ZEOLITE .................................................... 117 TABLE 27 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF PRO-ZEO ZEOLITE ................................................................ 117 TABLE 28 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ROTA MINING ZEOLITE .................................................................. 120 TABLE 29 PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROTA MINING ZEOLITE ............................................ 120 TABLE 30 CHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR AGRICOLITE IN WEIGHT PERCENT. ..................................................... 126 TABLE 31 PRODUCT PURITY FOR AGRICOLITE ............................................................................................. 126
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TABLE 32 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGRICOLITE ....................................................................................... 126 TABLE 33 RESULTS OF ZEOLITE SUPPLEMENTATION FROM SLOVAKIAN HOG PRODUCTION ........................ 135 TABLE 34 CALORIC EFFICIENCIES OF ZEOLITE SUPPLEMENTS IN POULTRY FEED ........................................ 137 TABLE 35 SPECIFICATIONS FOR BRZ ZEOLITE ............................................................................................. 137 TABLE 36 PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS FOR KMI ZEOLITE ............................................................................. 141 TABLE 37 ANTICAKING-FLOWABILITY ANALYSIS OF AZOMITE ................................................................... 146 TABLE 38 ASSAY RESULTS FOR AZOMITE AFLATOXIN TEST 1 ..................................................................... 147 TABLE 39 TREATMENTS USED IN AZOMITE AFLATOXIN TEST 2 ................................................................... 147 TABLE 40 ASSAY RESULTS FOR AZOMITE AFLATOXIN TEST 2 ..................................................................... 148 TABLE 41 RESULTS FOR LARGE SWINE PRODUCER STUDY WITH AZOMITE TRACE MINERALS ................. 148 TABLE 42 MINERAL ANALYSIS FOR AZOMITE ............................................................................................. 149 TABLE 43 ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR AZOMITE .............................................................................................. 149 TABLE 44 FLOW RATE IMPROVEMENT TEST WITH NOVASIL PLUS ................................................................ 158 TABLE 45 PROPERTIES OF ZAR-MIN ............................................................................................................. 161 TABLE 46 ZAR-MIN EGG LAYER TRIAL I ..................................................................................................... 163 TABLE 47 ZAR-MIN FEED ADDITIVE FEED EFFICIENCY FOR BROILERS ....................................................... 164 TABLE 48 IMPROVED FEED EFFICIENCY WITH ZAR-MIN FEED ADDITIVE .................................................... 165 TABLE 49 ZEO BROILER RESEARCH TRIAL ................................................................................................. 165 TABLE 50 ZEO AFLATOXIN AND BROILER RESEARCH TRIAL RATIONS ....................................................... 166 TABLE 51 ZEO AFLATOXIN AND BROILER RESEARCH TRIAL: 0- 46 DAYS PERFORMANCE.......................... 166 TABLE 52 ZEO AFLATOXIN AND BROILER RESEARCH TRIAL: 0- 21 DAYS PERFORMANCE.......................... 167 TABLE 53 OCCURRENCE OF DIARRHOEA AND SOFT FAECES AMONG CALVES ON DIETS
SUPPLEMENTED WITH 5% CLINOPTILOLITE .......................................................................... 168 TABLE 54 OCCURRENCE OF DIARRHOEA AND SOFT FAECES AMONG CALVES ON DIETS
SUPPLEMENTED WITH 5% CLINOPTILOLITE .......................................................................... 169 TABLE 55 EFFECT OF PRENATAL ZEOLITE DIET ON NEWBORN PIGS ............................................................ 170 TABLE 56 CALORIC EFFICIENCY OF ZEOLITE SUPPLEMENTS IN SWINE FEEDING .......................................... 170 TABLE 57 IMPROVED GAIN AND FEED EFFICIENCY WITH ZAR-MIN FEED ADDITIVE ................................... 170 TABLE 58 IMPROVED FEED EFFICIENCY WITH ZAR-MIN FEED ADDITIVE .................................................... 171 TABLE 59 OCCURRENCE OF DIFFERENT KEY MYCOTOXINS ........................................................................... 188 TABLE 60 PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS MINERAL BINDERS USED IN ANIMAL FEEDS ........................................... 200 TABLE 61 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (WT%, DB) OF MONTMORILLONITE CLAYS, BY LOCATION ........................ 209 TABLE 62 CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL AND ACTIVATED SODIUM BENTONITE ........................................ 209 TABLE 63 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION & CHARACTERISTICS OF CANDIDATE PREBIOTIC CARBOHYDRATES ..... 238 TABLE 64 SELECTED PROBIOTIC AND PREBIOTIC MANUFACTURERS ............................................................ 244 TABLE 65 PROVIMAX VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS INCREASE EGG PRODUCTION AND FCR IN LAYERS .............. 287 TABLE 66 EFFECT OF KDF AND TYLOSIN PHOSPHATE ON PERFORMANCE OF PIGLETS ................................. 295 TABLE 67 EFFECT OF KDF AND AVILAMYCIN ON PERFORMANCE OF PIGLETS ............................................. 296 TABLE 68 BENEFIT IN BROILERS OF BIOTRONIC® SE FORTE ORGANIC ACID BLEND AT
DIFFERENT OF FEED COST PRICES. ............................................................................................ 304 TABLE 69 B-VALUES OF SOME COMMON FEED INGREDIENTS ........................................................................ 304 TABLE 70 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ....................................................................................................... 310 TABLE 71 EFFECTS OF A DIETARY URINE ACIDIFIER ON URINARY PH ........................................................... 311 TABLE 72 LIGNOSULPHONATE STABILIZED FORMAT OF PROPRIONIC / FORMIC
ACID SOFTACID II PERFORMANCE IMPACT IN PIGLET FEED. .................................................. 315 TABLE 73 SOFTACID II IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGLETS
COMPARED TO CONTROL WITH LACTIC FORMIC ACID............................................................... 316 TABLE 74 PROVIMAX VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS INCREASE EGG PRODUCTION AND FCR IN LAYERS .............. 326 TABLE 75 GLOBAL ANIMAL FEED PRODUCTION BY SPECIES ....................................................................... 334 TABLE 76 PROJECTION OF ANIMAL HEALTH FEED ADDITIVES MARKET: PERCENT OF
REVENUES BY ADDITIVE TYPE (EUROPE), 2006 ................................................................... 335 TABLE 77 POULTRY LIFE STAGES TYPICAL IN UK AS SPECIFIC TARGETS FOR ADDITIVES ............................. 335 TABLE 78 TYPICAL EXCRETA OUTPUTS OF UK PIGS AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES .......................................... 335 TABLE 79 PIG WEIGHTS AT SLAUGHTER AND KEY LIFE STAGES TYPICAL IN UK ........................................... 336
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TABLE 80 TOTAL ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES MARKET: KEY POPULATIONS BY
GEOGRAPHIC REGION (EUROPE), 2005 ................................................................................ 337 TABLE 81 FEED ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS .................................................................................. 340 TABLE 82 RAW MATERIAL PHOSPHORUS CONTENT/DIGESTIBILITY WITHOUT PHYTASE .............................. 347 TABLE 83 SELECTED ENZYME PRODUCTS, THEIR ACTIVE ENZYMES AND THEIR USES ................................ 352 TABLE 84 ANIMAL FEED ENZYMES FROM SPECIALTY ENZYMES AND BIOCHEMICALS COMPANY ............... 372 TABLE 85 QUILLAJA ULTRA TECHNICAL DATA SHEET ................................................................................ 388 TABLE 86 YUCCA SARSAPONIN TECHNICAL DATA SHEET ........................................................................... 389 TABLE 87 CONCENTRATION OF FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS IN UK WHEAT STRAW .......................................... 424 TABLE 88 MYCOTOXIN LEVELS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTING PIG PERFORMANCE & IMMUNE FUNCTION ........ 423 TABLE 89 CLINICAL EFFECTS OF ZEARALENONE .......................................................................................... 414 TABLE 90 GUIDANCE VALUES FOR FUSARIUM AND ASPERGILLUS RELATED MYCOTOXINS IN FEED ............. 448 TABLE 91 CRITICAL EFFECTS OF TRICHOTHECENES ...................................................................................... 453 TABLE 92 EFFECT OF MYCO-AD ON DAILY FEED INTAKE (DFI), AVERAGE
DAILY GAIN (ADG), FEED CONVERSION RATE (FCR) AND INITIAL/FINAL BODY WEIGHT
OF AFLATOXIN-FED, 24-DAY-OLD BROILERS. ........................................................................ 484 TABLE 93 EFFECT OF MYCO-AD ON LIVER SIZE AND LESIONS, AND MORTALITY RATE
OF AFLATOXIN FED 24-DAY-OLD BROILERS. .......................................................................... 485 TABLE 94 EFFECT OF MYCO-AD ON DAILY FEED INTAKE (DFI), AVERAGE DAILY
GAIN (ADG), FEED CONVERSION RATE (FCR), AND INITIAL AND FINAL BODY
WEIGHT (BW) OF OCHRATOXIN-FED 28-DAY-OLD BROILERS. ............................................... 485 TABLE 95 MYCO-AD EFFECT ON LIVER AND KIDNEY SIZE, AS WELL AS LESIONS IN
OCHRATOXIN FED 28-DAY-OLD BROILERS. ............................................................................ 485 TABLE 96 EFFECT OF MYCO-AD ON FEED CONVERSION RATE, EGG PRODUCTION,
EGG WEIGHT, AND EGG MASS OF 30-WEEK-OLD COMMERCIAL LAYERS FED A NATURALLY
MYCOTOXIN-CONTAMINATED FEED FOR 19 DAYS ................................................................ 486 TABLE 97 EFFECTS OF MYCO-AD ON BODY WEIGHT, FEED INTAKE, FEED CONVERSION
RATE (FCR), AND ORGANS DEVELOPMENT OF BROILERS FED T-2 TOXIN
AT 40 DAYS OF AGE. .............................................................................................................. 487 TABLE 98 EFFECTS OF MYCO-AD ON BODY WEIGHT (BW), ORAL LESIONS, AND
BURSAL DEVELOPMENT OF BROILER CHICKENS FED T-2 TOXIN AT DIFFERENT AGES. ............ 487 TABLE 99 EFFECTS OF MYCO-AD ON AVERAGE DAILY GAIN (ADG), DAILY
FEED INTAKE (DFI), FEED CONVERSION RATE (FCR), ORAL LESIONS, AND BONE
MINERALIZATION OF 38 DAY-OLD BROILERS EXPOSED TO TEST DIETS FOR 33 DAYS ............. 488 TABLE 100 STRUCTURES OF CLAYS OF DIFFERENT ORIGINS ........................................................................... 489 TABLE 101 PHYCOSILICATE FORMATION ........................................................................................................ 490 TABLE 102 STRUCTURE OF A TRIOCTAHEDRAL VS. DIOCTAHEDRAL .............................................................. 490 TABLE 103 CATIONIC EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) OF CLAYS........................................................ 491 TABLE 104 CLAY TYPES: CEC’S AND SOURCE OF CHARGES ......................................................................... 491 TABLE 105 CONTENTS OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF
NATURAL OR EXCHANGED CLINOPTILOLITES AND MONTMORILLONITES ............................... 494 TABLE 106 AFB1 CHEMISORPTION INDEXES (CA) FOR THE DIFFERENT ION EXCHANGED
CLINOPTILOLITES AND MONTMORILLONITES ......................................................................... 495 TABLE 107 CHEMISORPTION INDEXES OF CU, ZN, MN, CO ON CA-RICH
CLINOPTILOLITE AND CA-RICH MONTMORILLONITE .............................................................. 496 TABLE 108 FEED COSTS AT HIGHER HOG FINISHING WEIGHTS AND VALUE..................................................... 548 TABLE 109 FEED COSTS AT HIGHER HOG FINISHING WEIGHTS WITH LOWER VALUE ....................................... 548 TABLE 110 SOME OF THE POTENTIAL PENS STUDIED AS REPLACEMENT AGP’S. ........................................... 554 TABLE 111 EFFECT OF PHYTOGENICS AND OA ALONE OR IN COMBINATION ON
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS IN PIGLETS .............................................................................. 556 TABLE 112 FORMULAS, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF (IN)ORGANIC ACIDS. ..................... 570 TABLE 113 VITAMEX NV FEED ENZYME PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN EU ......................................................... 650 TABLE 114 OTHER VITAMEX FEED ENZYME PRODUCTS AVAILABLE OUTSIDE EU ......................................... 650 TABLE 115 FEED ENZYME TRIAL RESULTS FROM VITAMEX IN PIGLET AND POULTRY .................................. 650 TABLE 116 IMPACT OF MCFA PLUS HERBAL EXTRACT ON POULTRY PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ............. 651
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FIGURES
FIGURE 1 RELATIVE COST, FLEXIBILITY AND BENEFITS IN USE FOR CLINOPTIOLITE
COMPARED TO OTHER FEED INGREDIENTS ............................................................................................ 52 FIGURE 2 STRUCTURE OF CLINOPTILOLITE ................................................................................................................ 59 FIGURE 3 SPECIFICATION SHEET FOR ZMC ZEOLITE ................................................................................................. 81 FIGURE 4 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZMC ZEOLITE ........................................................................................ 82 FIGURE 5 SUSTAINED LAYER PRODUCTION WITH ZEOLITE USE ................................................................................ 162 FIGURE 6 INCREASED CUMULATIVE EGG PRODUCTION WITH ZEOLITES ................................................................... 162 FIGURE 7 CHANGE IN PREDICTED EGG OUTPUT WITH ZEOLITES USED ..................................................................... 162 FIGURE 8 ZAR-MIN ZEOLITE SUPPLEMENTED VS ETHACAL DIET INCREASES EGG PRODUCTION............................... 163 FIGURE 9 ZAR-MIN ZEOLITE SUPPLEMENTATION VS ETHACAL REDUCES LAYER MORTALITY ................................. 163 FIGURE 10 FUSARIUM MOULD ON MAIZE ................................................................................................................. 189 FIGURE 11 ASPERGILLUS MOULD ON MAIZE ........................................................................................................... 189 FIGURE 12 INTERACTION OF ZEARALENONE WITH YEAST GLUCOMANNAN ............................................................. 196 FIGURE 13 STRUCTURE OF SEPIOLITE ...................................................................................................................... 197 FIGURE 14 EFFECT OF EXAL-SEPIOLITE ON THE QUALITY OF PELLETED FOOD ....................................................... 206 FIGURE 15 EFFECT OF CONTAMINATED FEED AND BENTONITE CONDITIONADE ON BLOOD PARAMETERS ............... 217 FIGURE 16 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS BENTONITE ...................................................................... 217 FIGURE 17 AFLATOXIN BINDING OF CALCIUM BENTONITE CLAYS WITH DIFFERENT CATIONS .................................. 218 FIGURE 18 AFLATOXIN BINDING OF SODIUM BENTONITE CLAYS WITH DIFFERENT CATIONS .................................... 218 FIGURE 19 SCHEMATIC FERMENTATION OF PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATES BY THE INTESTINAL MICROFLORA. .... 237 FIGURE 20 STARTER PIG PERFORMANCE RESULTS WITH YEAST CELL WALL GLUCANS ............................................ 253 FIGURE 21 REDUCED MEDICATION COSTS IN PIGS FED YEAST CELL WALL ............................................................... 254 FIGURE 22 1-3, 1-6 BETA-GLUCAN ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES ................................................................ 255 FIGURE 23 DISEASE RELATED IMPROVEMENTS OBTAINED WITH YEAST WALL FRAGMENTS .................................... 256 FIGURE 24 ANTICIPATED RESPONSE OF IGM TITRES DURING VACCINATION ............................................................ 257 FIGURE 25 HIGHER SPECIFIC IGM RESPONSE FOLLOWING VACCINATION IN PIGS FED YEAST
CELL WALL FRAGMENTS .................................................................................................................... 258 FIGURE 26 YEAST CELL WALL FRAGMENTS SUSTAIN HIGHER LEVELS OF
GENERAL IMMUNE RESPONSE AS TOTAL IGG ..................................................................................... 258 FIGURE 27 PERFORMANCE TRIAL RAW DATA FOR PIGLETS FED WITH YEAST CELL WALL FRAGMENTS ................... 259 FIGURE 28 WEIGHT GAIN IN PIGLET TRIAL USING YEAST CELL WALLS .................................................................... 260 FIGURE 29 REDUCED STANDARD DEVIATIONS IN PIGLET WEIGHT GAINS WHEN FED YEAST CELL WALL .................. 260 FIGURE 30 PATHOGEN EXCLUSION AT EPITHELIAL SURFACE ................................................................................... 262 FIGURE 31 BENEFITS OF INULIN WHEN USED AS A PREBIOTIC ................................................................................. 262 FIGURE 32 VARIABILITY IN BENEFIT OF S. BOULDARDII ON DLWG IN WEANERS. IMPACT
IN DIFFERENT MARKETS..................................................................................................................... 265 FIGURE 33 IMPROVED FCR WITH PEDIOCOCCI SEEN IN FINISHER PIGS IN DIFFERENT MARKETS .............................. 266 FIGURE 34 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC ACID IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS IN PIGS ............... 273 FIGURE 35 PROPORTIONS OF MAJOR ORGANIC ACIDS USED IN EU FEED .................................................................. 284 FIGURE 36 FORMIC ACID PRODUCERS (SOURCE KEMIRA) ....................................................................................... 294 FIGURE 37 PH IN FRESH DUODENAL DIGESTA (MROZ ET AL., 2000) ......................................................................... 297 FIGURE 38 ACIDS AND OTHER DIGESTION AIDS ....................................................................................................... 307 FIGURE 39 EFFECT OF AN ACIDIFIER ON LIVE WEIGHT IN BROILERS ....................................................................... 309 FIGURE 40 GROWTH RATE OF PIGLETS WITH FREE AND LIGNOSULPOHANTE BOUND FORMIC ACID (SOFTACID I) .... 314 FIGURE 41 PRODUCT IMPACT ON GUT MICROFLORA IN PIGLETS COMPARED
CONTROL USING LACTIC / FORMIC ACID. ............................................................................................ 316 FIGURE 42 COMPROMISES IN FORMATS BETWEEN HANDLING AND PERFORMANCE .................................................. 322 FIGURE 43 MICROSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPH OF A PRODUCTS PARTICLES ...................................................................... 322 FIGURE 44 SALMONELLA CONTROL WITH A PRODUCT ............................................................................................. 323 FIGURE 45 AGWG PERFORMANCE INCREASE IN PIGLETS WITH ORGANIC ACID BLEND ........................................... 323
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FIGURE 46 FCR REDUCTION WITH ORGANIC ACID BLEND IN PIGLETS ...................................................................... 324 FIGURE 47 RAW MATERIALS CONSUMPTION BY THE COMPOUND FEED INDUSTRY IN THE EU ............................... 332 FIGURE 48 CONCENTRATION OF FEED MANUFACTURERS ....................................................................................... 333 FIGURE 49 CATEGORIZATION OF FEED ENZYMES USES .......................................................................................... 340 FIGURE 50 TYPES OF NSP’S FOUND IN FEED GRAINS .............................................................................................. 342 FIGURE 51 THE EFFECT OF NSP (STARCH)-ENZYMES ON DIGESTION PHYSIOLOGY AND INTESTINAL MICROFLORA. 344 FIGURE 53 INTESTINAL FUNCTIONS MODIFIABLE BY NUTRITIONAL INGREDIENTS ................................................... 375 FIGURE 54 DAILY WEIGHT GAINS WITH STRUCTURAL PLANT FRACTIONS AND EXTRACTS ....................................... 376 FIGURE 55 FEED CONVERSION RATIOS FOR PLANT FRACTIONS AND EXTRACTS ....................................................... 377 FIGURE 56 FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATE AND EXPRESSION OF INFLAMATION
RELATED GENES IN PIG INTESTINE ..................................................................................................... 379 FIGURE 57 BUTYRATE AND EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATION RELATED GENES IN PIG INTESTINE. SAMPLING ........... 380 FIGURE 58 BUTYRATE AND EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATION RELATED GENES IN PIG INTESTINE. RESULTS ............. 380 FIGURE 59 YUCCA EXTRACTS IN CONTROL OF ODOUR EMISSIONS ........................................................................... 382 FIGURE 60 ESSENTIAL OILS: OCCURRENCE AND COMPOSITION ............................................................................... 383 FIGURE 61 VARIABLE OUTCOMES OF ESSENTIAL OILS IN WEANING PIGLETS ............................................................ 384 FIGURE 62 A PRODUCTS MODE OF ACTION ............................................................................................................... 393 FIGURE 63 RECOVERY RATE FROM SCOURS WITH A PRODUCT IN PIGLETS ............................................................... 394 FIGURE 64 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF FUSARIUM MYCOTOXIN
CONCENTRATIONS IN UK WHEAT STRAW SAMPLES ............................................................................ 425 FIGURE 65 CRITICAL PARAMETERS AND VISIBLE SIGNS OF MYCOTOXICOSIS IN PIGS ............................................... 410 FIGURE 66 STRUCTURE OF AFLATOXIN .................................................................................................................... 411 FIGURE 67 AFLATOXIN B1 AND M1 ........................................................................................................................ 411 FIGURE 68 AFLATOXIN G1 ....................................................................................................................................... 411 FIGURE 69 CRITICAL PARAMETERS AND VISIBLE SIGNS OF MYCOTOXICOSIS IN POULTRY ....................................... 426 FIGURE 70 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT BINDING AGENTS ON MILK AFLATOXIN RESIDUES. ............................................ 432 FIGURE 71 TITRATION OF MYCOSORB AND AFLATOXIN LEVELS. ............................................................................. 433 FIGURE 72 STRUCTURE OF OCHRATOXIN A. ............................................................................................................ 434 FIGURE 73 FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS: DEOXYNIVALENOL (VOMITOXIN), T-2 TOXIN ................................................ 434 FIGURE 74 FUSARIUM MYCOTOXIN : FUMONISIN B1 ............................................................................................... 435 FIGURE 75 FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS: ZEARALENONE AND FUSARIC ACID ............................................................... 435 FIGURE 76 EFFECT OF MYCOSORB (1 KG/T) ON INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF ZEARALENONE IN VITRO. ......... 436 FIGURE 77 LOLITREM B, A TREMORGEN PRODUCED BY ACREMONIUM LOLII .......................................................... 437 FIGURE 78 ERGOVALINE PRODUCED BY A. COENOPHIALUM ................................................................................... 437 FIGURE 79 EFFECT OF SORGHUM ERGOT ALKALOID (SEA) AND ADSORBENTS ON
BROILER LIVEWEIGHT AT 23 DAYS. ................................................................................................... 438 FIGURE 80 EFFECT OF 2% EXAL SEPIOLITE ON CARCASS QUALITY OF GROWING PIGS FED PRACTICAL DIETS .......... 474 FIGURE 81 INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF ORAL LESIONS IN BROILERS FED THE CONTROL DIET,
THE T- 2 TOXIN CONTAMINATED DIET, AND THE T-2 TOXIN CONTAMINATED
DIET TREATED WITH MYCO-AD® DURING THE ENTIRE TEST. ........................................................... 488 FIGURE 82 MAIN CAUSAL AGENTS OF PIGLET SCOURS ............................................................................................. 504 FIGURE 83 MANAGEMENT FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PIGLET SCOURS ................................................................. 508 FIGURE 84 AGGREGATION OF A LACTOBACILLUS STRAIN WITH S. ENTERITIDIS SHOWING STRANDS OF LAB .......... 521 FIGURE 85 PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC INDEX OF BROILERS FED VARIOUS GROWTH PROMOTERS
FROM 1-21 DAYS AGE ........................................................................................................................ 525 FIGURE 86 PHYTASE ACTIVITY RETAINED IN HEAT TREATED FEED .......................................................................... 545 FIGURE 87 COATED PHYTASE IS AS EFFECTIVE IN ANIMAL AS UNCOATED PHYTASE ............................................... 546 FIGURE 88 FEED COSTS AT HIGHER HOG FINISHING WEIGHTS ................................................................................. 548 FIGURE 89 FEED COSTS AT HIGHER HOG FINISHING WEIGHTS IF LOWER VALUE ...................................................... 549 FIGURE 90 PIGLET GUT SENSITIVITY TO DISEASE ..................................................................................................... 553 FIGURE 91 2005 WORK FLOW PLAN FOR PLANT EXTRACTS IN PIG GUT HEALTH ...................................................... 555 FIGURE 92 THE SUB-DIVISION OF THE AVIAN GASTRO-INTESTINAL IN RELATION TO ITS
MICROBIAL POPULATION: CROP, PROVENTRICULUS, ILEUM, CAECA, COLON AND CLOACA. ............... 565 FIGURE 93 THE IMMUNE CELLS IN THE GUT AND INTERACTIONS WITH PARTICLES/ANTIGENS OR
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS. ....................................................................................................................... 580
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FIGURE 94 MACROPHAGES HAVE SPECIAL RECEPTORS FOR Β-1,3/1,6-GLUCANS. .................................................... 581