animal conservation india.doc
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India: A Biodiversity Hot Spot
India is an enchanting land of ancient cultures, diverse environments and fantastic wildlife. It
has snow-capped mountains, deserts, forests, wetlands and fertile plains, and its climate
ranges from temperate to tropical monsoon. Within Indias borders are some of the most
charismatic animals on the planet, including lions, tigers, lesser pandas, camels and
elephants. It is also home to a bounty of distinctly Indian species such as cobras, chinkaras,blue bulls and a variety of leaf-eating monkeys called langurs.
The people of India are passionate lovers of nature and wildlife, and India has one of the most
extensive networks of protected areas in the world. However, as the second most populous
nation in the world, there is often conflict between human communities and wildlife. In
recent decades, India has seen a number of its beloved animals go extinct. And although it is
still one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world, the fight to save animal
species is only becoming more intense as the population grows.
Langur Monkeys
Langurs, or leaf monkeys, are Old World primates that feed primarily on leaves. They havelong limbs, slender bodies, and opposable thumbs and toes. They are very social animals but
can also be extremely territorial. They are found in both the forests and towns of India, and
typically coexist quite well with humans.
Hanuman Langurs
Hanuman langurs are named after the beloved Hindu monkey god Hanuman. They have
silvery or brownish fur, long tails and black skin. They stand about 2 feet tall and have tails
that are between 2 and 3 feet long. Hanuman langurs eat a variety leaves, seeds, fruit and
insects. They also eat bark and soil, which is thought to protect their stomach from the toxins
in the plant material that makes up the bulk of their diet. Hanuman langurs are found
throughout India in a variety of forest and scrubland habitats, but they also thrive in urban
settings.
Scientists have long been fascinated by the Hanuman langur's ability to survive in the
harshest environments, including the snow-covered Himalayas and scorching hot Indian
desert. They are also studied for the flexibility of their social systems, which can range from
large and friendly groups to fiercely defended harems. No matter what the social arrangement
of a group, most Hanuman langurs typically spend the majority of their time lounging and
grooming one another.
Hanuman langurs are worshipped for their strength and bravery, and are the sacred monkeyof India. In some parts of India they are abundant. In others, they are threatened due to habitat
loss and capture for the exotic species trade.
Golden Langurs
Golden langurs are found in the forests of the Indian state of Assam and neighboring Bhutan.
They have black faces and beautiful, long, golden brown fur that forms a pointed tuft on the
tops of their heads. They live in groups led by dominant males and spend most of their time
in the forest canopy feeding on leaves, fruit and seeds.
Like the Hanuman langur, the golden langur is considered a sacred animal in India.
Unfortunately, it is also seriously endangered. In recent years, the forest habitat of the golden
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langur has been destroyed by grazing and timber interests. Unless deforestation in their range
is stopped, golden langurs will not survive.
Chinkaras
Chinkaras, also called Indian gazelles, are the smallest antelope on the Asian continent. They
are shy, nocturnal, mostly solitary animals found in woodland, grassland and desert regionsof India. The males typically have short horns, though some may grow to 11 inches or more.
Chinkaras have the remarkable ability to go without water for many days. They have a life
expectancy of 12-15 years.
Chinkaras require large, open habitat rather than dense forest. They were once abundant in
India, but are currently endangered and may be on the verge of extinction. The decline is
mainly due to loss of suitable habitat and is also a result of poaching, which is the illegal
hunting of an animal.
Blue Bulls
Blue bulls are a kind of antelope found throughout India's northern plains and woodlands.They have narrow, elongated faces and large bodies that can weigh up to about 500 pounds.
Female blue bulls are light brown, but mature males have a bluish coloration. Both sexes
have distinctive white markings on their legs and ears, and males have a pair of curved horns
on their heads that may grow to a length of about 8 inches. Although blue bulls are
considered a sacred animal in India, their numbers are in decline in some areas due to hunting
and habitat loss.
Conservation in India
In a country as densely populated as India, space is a hot commodity. Animals in India must
compete with more than 1 billion people for land and resources. Often critical animal habitat
is lost to development projects, logging interests, agriculture, and industrial operations. In
addition, animals in India are subject to poaching and being harassed or killed when they
wander into farmland or urban areas.
Fortunately, conservation in India is often helped by the fact that the Indian people consider
forests and many animals to be sacred. Wildlife and landscapes are protected in India through
generations-old traditions, beliefs, and social customs. In the coming years, these customs
may prove to be a critical component in the fight to save pristine ecosystems and essential
animal habitat.
Get Involved!Would you like to help protect the animals of India? Community Conservation is an
organization that is working to save langurs in India. Learn more now. Find out how you can
participate in the golden langur conservation project of India.
Wildlife is one of the most gracious gifts of nature to this land, which is as rich in its variety
and colours as its number.
The majestic lion, the grateful yet fearsome tiger, unproductive leopard, powerful elephant,
the nimble deer, attractive antelope, the picturesque peafowl, the gorgeous pelican, the
beautiful parakeets, wood-pecker and the elegant flamingo are some of these of which any
country might be proud.
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There are 312 species of mammals, 1175 species of birds, 399 species of reptiles, 60000
species of insects and 181 species of amphibians and 46610 species of plants. Over the past
2000 years about 106 species of animals and about 140 species of birds have become extinct
because of climate and geographic changes and also by over hunting by man for food,
medicine, fur and many other reasons. According to ecologist more than 600 species of
animals and birds are expected to be extinct if not protected by wildlife management.
Wildlife Management is an ancient phenomenon. Vedas contain hymns in praise of animals.
Sanatana Dharma has linked some animals with the specific God or Goddess as the best way
of conservation of wildlife.
For example, python has been associated with God Vishnu, snake with God Shiva, swan with
Goddess Saraswati, and lion with Goddess Durga rendering the animal pious and protected.
In Mahabharata, Rishis and Munis have been indicated to conserve wildlife fauna such as
deer and birds around ashrams. In Arthashastra, Chanakya had imposed severe penalties for
killing, entrapping and molesting birds, fishes and deer, etc. in protected areas.
About 250 species of animals and birds have become extinct due to several factors including
the human population, which has reached the pinnacle of progress and prosperity ignoring the
other forms of life.
Human activities pose the biggest threat to wildlife because expanding human population
results in expanding needs of man. With scientific progress and technological development
man has started utilizing natural resources at a much larger scale. Continuous increase in
population caused an increasing demand for resources.
Wildlife is considered a renewable resource and hence its conservation is essential if we
desire sustainable yields. Nature has endowed India with such abundant and varied flora that
it compares favorably with that of any country in the world whether it is developed,
developing or underdeveloped.
India has large geographical size and variety of climate and habitat, wild animals constitute
great national resources. These wild animals form important resources because they provide
food (meat), skin, etc. which are used in research as experimental animals and for education.
They are also used for recreational purposes. The niche requirement of these animals is
different. Their scientific and rational explanation is not being answered. Conservationists are
often expected to justify their concern about the extinction of species. Preservation andprotection of wildlife is important from the ecological point of view.
The role of individual species in ecosystem (for example in food chain) cannot be
undermined. Today amphibians are under a threat their population has declined. This is cause
of ecological concern because some habitats and biomass of amphibians can exceed all other
large animals combined.
Their role in food chain is crucial; they eat both plants and small animals like insects
including mosquitoes and amphibians themselves constitute food for birds, mammals, man,
reptiles and fishes.
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Wildlife, besides its crucial role in preventing ecological degradation has other values like
serving as a genetic pool for livestock improvement, for pharmaceutical industry and other
commercial value like providing furs and wools.
Taking example of amphibians again, it has been discovered that many species of these
animals have been found containing compounds that are being used in pain killing medicinesand for treatment of burns. It is documented fact that tribal in Ecuador have been using
secretions from the skin of frogs for killing pains. A pharmaceutical company is engaged in
research to developing a drug from a secretion of frog.
There are many management plans to conserve wild life such as:
1. The Indian Board of Wild life was set up in 1952, to ensure protection and scientific
management of the diminishing wildlife in the country.
2. Countrywide uniform legislation in the form of the Wild life (Protection) Act was enacted
in 1972 with object of ensuring stricter protection to wildlife and its better management.
3. The 'Project tiger' was launched in 1973 in the Corbett National Park today; there is 28 per
cent tiger reserve in all over the country, covering an area 1.5 per cent of the total area of
country.
4. The Forest (Conservation) Act was passed 1980, to impose a severe restriction, on the
diversion of forestland to non-forest use.
5. In order to preserve the inviolate, 7fragile ecosystem on hilly and mountainous areas, a ban
has been imposed since 1983 on the felling of trees at an elevation of 1000 m and above.
6. As against 19 national parks and 205 wildlife sanctuaries in 1980, now their number is 95
national parks and 500 wildlife sanctuaries.
7. With the launching of the crocodile project, three endangered species of crocodilians have
been saved.
8. A wildlife institute at the national level has been set up in 1982, to provide scientific
training in wildlife management.
9. A national wildlife action plan was launched by the then Prime Minister in Novem 1983, toimpart tempo, scientific direction and completeness to wildlife manage~ and administration.
10. New scheme has been formulated for captive breeding and for rehabilitation endangered
species.
CONCLUSION
The need for conservation of wildlife in India is often questioned because of the apparently
incorrect priority in the face of direct poverty of the people. However, Article 48 of the
Constitution of India specifies that, "The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country" and Article 51-A statesthat "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural
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environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living
creatures."[11]
Large and charismatic mammals are important for wildlife tourism in India, and several
national parks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these needs. Project Tiger, started in 1972, is a
major effort to conserve the tigerand its habitats.[12] At the turn of the 20th century, oneestimate of the tigerpopulation in India placed the figure at 40,000, yet an Indian tiger census
conducted in 2008 revealed the existence of only 1,411 tigers. The passing of the Forest
Rights Act by the Indian government in 2008 has been the final nail in the coffin and has
pushed the Indian tiger to the verge of extinction. Various pressures in the later part of the
20th century led to the progressive decline ofwildernessresulting in the disturbance of viable
tigerhabitats. At the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources(IUCN) General Assembly meeting inDelhiin 1969, serious concern was voiced
about the threat to several species ofwildlife and the shrinkage of wilderness in India. In
1970, a national ban on tiger hunting was imposed, and in 1972 theWildlife Protection Act
came into force. The framework was then set up to formulate a project for tiger conservation
with an ecological approach.
Launched on April 1, 1973, Project Tiger has become one of the most successful
conservation ventures in modern history. The project aims at tiger conservation in specially
constituted 'tiger reserves' which are representative of various bio-geographical regions
falling within India. It strives to maintain a viable tiger population in their natural
environment. Today, there are 39 Project Tigerwildlife reserves in India covering an area
more than of 37,761 km.
Project Elephant, though less known, started in 1992 and works for elephant protection in
India.[13]Most of India's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga National Park.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Rights_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Rights_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Rights_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Rights_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_India#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park