animal communication i.defined -provision of information by a sender to a receiver, and the...
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
I. DEFINED
-PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING HOW TO RESPOND.
SIGNAL: VEHICLE OF INFORMATION
1) MUST PROVIDE (POTENTIAL) BENEFIT TO SENDER AND THE RECEIVER
-SO, AN OWL HEARING A MOUSE MOVE AND USING THIS SOUND TO LOCALIZE IT IS NOT COMMUNICATION
-SOUND MOVEMENT: CUE, NOT SIGNAL-OWL HEARING: EAVESDROPPING, NOT COMMUNICATING
II. SIGNAL COMPONENTS:SIGNAL CONTENT – WHAT DOES THE SIGNAL CONVEY?
SIGNAL DESIGN – HOW IS THE SIGNAL DESIGNED TO BEST CONVEY THE CONTENT TO THE RECEIVER
- SUBJECT TO SELECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF
THE RECEIVER BIASES
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT
A. PARENT OFFSPRING
BEGGING IN CHICKS
-BEGGING SIGNALS HUNGER STATE (SIGNAL CONTENT)
-MORE ACTIVE (LOUD AND FREQUENT) GETS MORE FOOD
TEST: FLYCATCHERS BY OTTOSON ET AL. 87
-MALE OR FEMALE FITTED WITH CHIP THAT ACTIVATES RECORDING OF BEGGING UPON APPROACH
-PARENT WITH CHIP FED THE CHICKS MORE OFTEN THAN PARENTS WITHOUT CHIPS
-SUGGESTS THAT BEGGING COMMUNICATES HUNGER STATUS OF CHICK
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT
A. PARENT OFFSPRING
DISTRESS AND HELP CALL IN CROCODILES
- EGGS ARE LAID IN NESTS THAT HARDEN
1. UPON HATCHING, YOUNG CROCODILE CALL FOR HELP TO BREAK FREE
2. WHEN THREATEND, YOUNG CROCODILES CALL FOR HELP
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/potm-oct00.html
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT
B. GROUP COMMUNICATION: RECOGNITION OF KIN IN A LARGE GROUP
e.g., RHESUS MACAQUES BY RENDALL ET AL. 96
-LIVE IN GROUPS-CAN INDIVIDUALS RECOGNIZE KIN BASED ON VOCALIZATIONS “CONTACT CALLS”-RECORDED AND PLAYED BACK RECORDINGS TO SEE RESPONSE-SIGNIFICANTLY RESPONDED TO KIN: QUICKER AND LONGER-SUGGESTS THAT CALL IS FOR RECOGNITION
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIII. CONTEXT
B. DOMINANCE: AVOID CONFLICT
-FIGHTS CAN BE VERY COSTLY, SO ANIMALS
SHOULD EVOLVE SIGNALS TO AVOID
PHYSICAL FIGHTS – SIGNALS!
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
C. PREY TO PREDATOR
1. GAZELLLE STOTTING REDUCES LIKELIHOOD OF CHASE & CAPTURE
SIGNAL OF GAZELLE CONDITION? BY FITZPATRICK AND FANSHAWE
SIGNAL INDIVIDUAL CONDITION
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
C. PREY TO PREDATOR
2. UNPALATIBILITY OR TOXICITY POISON-DART FROGS (DONDROBATIDS)
PITOHUIS OF NEW GUINEA
Both groups have batrachotoxins, neurotoxins that cause paralysis.
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONIV. MODES OF COMMUNICATION IN VERTEBRATES
A. VISUAL: BASED ON COLOR AND BLACK & WHITE CONTRASTS
B. SMELL: BASED ON CHEMICALS (OLFACTORY SIGNALS)
C. SOUND: BASED ON DISTURBANCES OF A MEDIUM LIKE AIR OR WATER (AUDITORY)
D. TOUCH: BASED ON STIMULATING SENSORS ON THE SKIN (TACTILE)
E. ELECTRICAL: BASED ON CHANGING OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
clown fish, Amphiprion ocellaris
Paracheirodon axelrodi (red neon tetra)
http://malawicichlids.com/index.htm
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
Trinidad Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
• dimorphic – males smaller and colorful, females drab and larger
• native to Trinidad &Venezuela
females prefer colorful males
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
electric fish: fish that can perceive and create an electric field
Can generate100V to stun prey
Primarily used like a radar but also used in communication, especially mate choice
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
electric fish mate choice by
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
olfactory (chemical) signaling in minnows and pikes
FLATHEAD MINNOW BY CHIVERS AND COLLEAGUES
-WHEN MINNOW IS TAKEN BY PIKE, RELEASES CHEMICAL CUES
-ATTRACTS OTHER PIKE AND INCREASES HANDLING TIME – SOMETIMES ALLOW FOR ESCAPE (5 OF 13 IN THE EXPERIMENT DID)
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY
VISUAL – Poison dart frogs
two color forms of Dendrobates pumilo in Panama
Pre
fere
nce
fo
r o
wn
Co
lor
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY
AUDITORY –
-males call out in Spring
-females prefer (approach) long calls
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY
AUDITORY AND VISUAL ARE NECESSARY!
e.g., Poison Dart Frog by Narins and colleagues
Is call and visible vocal sac necessary?
-just calls, no fake frog: approach, no aggression
-calls with various visual signals: see graph
*Need both sound and pulsating vocal sacto initiate aggression
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY
OLFACTORY – SALAMANDER
Many salamanders use chemical secretion to mark territories and to attract mates
e.g., California Slender Salamander
-tested with moss with own chemicals vs. foreign
-more aggressive (ATR – trunk raised) and retreat
behavior when smelling foreign chemical
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
3. REPTILES: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY
VISUAL – ANOLIS DEWLAP PUSH UP DISPLAYS – FENCE LIZARDS AND AUSTRALIAN AGAMIDS
THREAT DISPLAYS ARE USED TO DEFEND TERRITORIES
http://galliform.bhs.mq.edu.au/lizard2/
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
3. REPTILES: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY
OLFACTORY – MARSHALL LIZARD
e.g. Lacerta monticola lizard by Martin and Lopez
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY
VISUAL SIGNALS – VOGELKOP BOWERBIRDS
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY
AUDITORY – Song Sparrow
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL ANDAUDITORY
usually both, in a complex courtship
e.g., White-collared manakins in Central America
- complex dance, which involves rapid flight between samplings near ground- extension of elaborate and bright plumage- vocalizations (grunts)- snapping of wing feathers
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY (ALSO TOUCH)
-BODY SIZE
-WEAPON SIZE
-PHYSICAL BATTLES
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY
e.g., fallow deer by Clutton-Brock and colleagues-males aggregate in leks to attract females-groan rate correlates with mating success
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY
experiment – men wore shirt for two nights in a row, and women were blindfolded and allowed to sniff shirts. Choose most attractive smell and relate this to MHC alleles
e.g., olfactory – Humans and MHC
results 1:
women not taking oral contraceptives: found disimilar males more attractive than similar males
women taking contraceptives: found similar males more attractive than dissimilar males
results 2: odors of MHC-dissimilar men reminded women of their ex- or current partners more often than MCH-similar males
freq
uen
cy
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY (ALSO TOUCH)
e.g., all four in wolves
howling: long-distance signaling to pack
growling: aggressive
whimpering: submissive
aggressive: teeth exposed, ears and hair erect
urine and chemicals from scent glands communicate territory
wolves reciprocally groom
pack mates – social bonds
submissive: ears tucked, body low
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
VI. SIGNAL DESIGN
HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?
A. BASED ON ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
e.g., VISUAL SIGNALS
-ANIMAL SIGNALS HAVE TO CONTRAST THE
ENVIRONMENT (NOISE) AND BE CONSPICUOUS
-ENVIRONMENT SHOULD SELECT FOR SPECIFIC
SIGNALS THAT BEST FIT THAT ENVIRONMENT
(PART OF PROCESS CALLED SENSORY DRIVE)
-e.g., IN DARK HABITATS, MORE BRIGHT PATCHES
THAN OPEN HABITATS
Phylloscopus warblers of India
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
VI. SIGNAL DESIGN
HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?
A. BASED ON ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
Karen Marchetti (UCSD) on Phylloscopus warblers of India
Number of Bright Patches Correlate with Lighting Conditions
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ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
VI. SIGNAL DESIGN
HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?
B. BASED ON RECEIVER PHYSIOLOGY
e.g., Rodd and colleagues’ work on guppies
-Females prefer orange males
-But different populations have different degree of preference for orange and amount of orange in males
-guppies feed on orange fruits that fall to the rivers
-tested several different food types, most populations preferred orange food
-extent of preference for orange related to extent of preference for orange males!