Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 1

How Scientists group living Things?Classification of Living Thing

Five Kingdom Characteristics Examples

Animals Many-celled, feed on other living things

Mouse, dogs, fish, frogs

Plants Many-celled, make their own food

Trees, flowers, grass

Fungi Most many celled, absorb food from other living or dead things

Mushrooms,molds

Protista one cell, make their own food or feed on other ling things

Algae, amoebas

Monerans no cell nuclei, make their own food or feed

Bacteria

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 2

Classification goes beyond kingdom levelAll kingdoms can be broken in small groups according

common characteristics.• A detail classification should includes the following steps in

the ladder.– Phylum – Second highest classification it covers different

groups with a common physical characteristics.

– Class – Grouped families according a shared attribute. (mammals)

– Order– How the a class group survive? (carnivorous, herbivorous)

– Family – Taxonomic group containing one or more genera.

– Genus – The second smallest group

– Species –Smallest group whose members can interbreed. • The science of classifying things is called Taxonomy.

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 3

Classification beyond kingdom level

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 4

Animal Kingdom-is composed of living things made of many cells. They must eat

other animals or plants to survive.

• Vertebrate animals have backbone.Examples

• Amphibians (moist skin, no scale)– Frogs, toads and newts.

• Birds (wings,feather,beak)

• Fish (fins, scales, gill)

• Mammals ( hair, milk)– Dog, cats, bears.

• Reptiles (dry, scale skin)– Snakes, turtles, alligator.

Phylum

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 5

Animal Kingdom Continues

• Invertebrate animals do not have backbone.

Examples• Arthropods (joints, shells)

– Crustaceans (crab, lobster)– Insects (beetles, ants)– Arachnids (spiders)

• Mollusks (sea creatures)– sponge– Snails– leaches

Phylum

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 6

Classifying the group of the animals according to the physical characteristics

Vertebratea. Amphibiansb. Birdsc. Fishd. Mammalse. Marsupialsf. Primatesg. Cetaceansh. Reptiles

Invertebratei. Annelidsj. Arachnids k. Crustaceansl. Echinodermsm. Insects n. Molluskso. Protozoa

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 7

Plant Kingdom-is composed of all plants made of many cells with nuclei. Plants

produce their own food.• Phylum• Vascular plants – have

tubes on roots, stem, and leaves.

• Examples– Trees, bushes, and

ornamental plants

• Seed plants– Angiosperms make their

seeds in flowers.– Gymnosperms produced

seed in cones (conifers, pine)

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 8

Plant Kingdom Cont’s…• Phylum

• Nonvascular plants – don’t have tubes.

• Examples

1. Lichens

2. Liverworts

• Non-Seed plants are able to produce new plants without seeds. (Spore a single reproductive cell)

3. Ferns

4. Mosses

5. Algae

(1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 9

Plants Anatomy• Botany is the study of plants. A scientist who studies

plants is a botanist, and anatomy is a science that study how living things are including their parts.

• Two main types of root:1. taproot system, a single

large root that grows straight down.

2. fibrous root system, smaller branching roots.

(1) (2)

• Two main types of stem: 3. green stems are thin flexible

tubes in a bundle that holds the plant.

4. woody stems grows taller and thicker every year. (3) (4)

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 10

Plants Anatomy Cont’s…

• Two main types of leaves1. Needle leaves are thin pointed, and very tough.

2. Broad leaves, are wider and expose more surface to the sun.

(1) (2)

The tubes which carry water are called xylem, and the ones that carry the food are called phloem.

• Main parts of a leaf3. Central stalk called the “petiole”. 4. Lamina is the blade of a leaf.5. Veins carry the water and food.6. Tiny holes microscopic in size,

called “stomates”.

7. Midrib is the central rib of a leaf. (3 to 7)

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I. Anatomy of a flower– Anther - tip of a flower's stamen

– Stamen - male reproductive organ, contains the pollen.

– Filament - holds the anther and part of the stamen.

– Ovary - is a female reproductive organ, base of the pistil.

– Petal - leafy structures that comprise a flower.

– Sepal - small leaves located directly under a flower.

– Stem - supports the plant.– Stigma - uppermost part of the

pistil, receives the male pollen.

Flowering plants have a characteristics that all other kinds of plants do not have: A flower as part of the plant where seeds are made.

(I)

– Pistil - female reproductive tissue of a flower.

– Style - is a long tube on top of the ovary, and below the stigma.

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 12

Classifying LeavesStudents should classify different leaves

according to their: LEAF SHAPES

(Commonly-employed terms.)

– Ovate-egg-shaped with the larger end at the bottom.

– Elliptic-shaped like an ellipse, tapered at both ends and with curved sides.

– Oblong-tapered to both ends, but with the sides more or less parallel.

– Lanceolate-shaped like the tip of a lance.

Processes of Life USF/NSF/STARS 13

Classifying LeavesLEAF SHAPES (Commonly-employed terms.)

– Linear- long and thin, with the sides parallel. Like grass leaves.

– Orbicular-nearly circular in outline

– Cordate-heart-shaped with the wide part at the bottom

– Hastate-with two basal lobes that point straight out

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Classifying Leaves

LEAF SHAPES (Commonly-employed terms.)

– Sagittate-with two basal lobes that point backwards

– Peltate-with the petiole attached to the center of the underside of the blade

– Perfoliate-with the petiole appearing to run through the center of the leaf

– Terete-circular in cross-section.

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Common CharacteristicsAnimals Plants

Cells as part of the anatomy

Cells as part of the anatomy

Arteries and Veins Xylem and phloem, roots

Reproductive System Eggs

Reproductive System, Seeds

Respiratory System Respiratory System

Skeletal Structure Branches, Leaves,

Stem

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Different Characteristics

• Animals move freely and plants are rooted in the soil.

• Animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

• Animals do not make their own food and do not have chlorophyll.

• Animal cells do not have a cell wall.

• Animals eat plants, but plants do not eat animals generally.

• Animals in general are more advanced in their structure than plants.