Animal Biotechnology

Animal Biotech• Animals provide a number of

products we use in every day life.

• Milk• Leather• Wool

Animal Biotech• Eggs

• Meat

Roles of Animals in Biotech

• Animals are involved in lab experiments.

• Without the use of animals humans might be in danger.

Animal Models• 4 models apply for the use of

animals.• Living animals

• Living animal tissues or systems

• Non-Living systems

Animal Models• Computer and Mathematical

approaches

Living Animals• These animals are living and

usually have no threat to their well being.

• Such animals may be known as laboratory or scientific animals.

Living Animals• Agricultural Research often

uses experimental groups of animals.

Living animal tissues or systems

• Animal tissues can be cultured in a lab.

• This saves the use of animals as well as the expense of feeding, housing, and cleaning up after the animals.

Non-Living Systems• Involves using non living

mechanical models that reflect animal activity.

• These often relate to skeletal movement and locomotion

Non-Living Systems• Artificial replacement parts,

such as hip joints can be studied using non living systems.

Computer and mathematical approaches

• Computer simulations with virtual reality and other uses help in biotechnology.

• Computer modeling may be done with a propose biotechnology practice before it is tested with animals.

Laboratory animals• A laboratory animal is an

animal used for laboratory or research purpose.

• Good tending is needed to assume that the research is properly carried out.

Laboratory animals• Without research involving

animals, scientists would not have a base of information.

Animal Species• Most animals are subjects of

study at one time or another.

• Most common species used in research laboratories are mice, rats, and hamsters.

Animal Species• A primate is an animal with

thumb and forefinger opposition.

• A non human primate is similar to humans but is not a human.

Animal Reproduction• Reproduction is a process by

which offspring are produced.• Sexual Reproduction is the

union of a sperm and egg to ultimately produce a new individual.

Animal Reproduction• The union of the sperm and

egg is called fertilization.• Semen- the fluid produced by

the male reproductive organs, contains sperm.

Animal Reproduction• Copulation- is the sexual

uniting of animals so the male can ejaculate semen near the eggs in the reproductive tract of the female.

Reproductive Development

• Puberty-is the time at which an animal is capable of reproduction.

• Fertilization- union of the sperm and egg results in the formation of a zygote

Reproductive Development

• Gestation- is the period of pregnancy in animals.

• Parturition- is the birthing process.

• Lactation- is the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

Reproductive Development

• Dry time is a time when mammals are not lactating.

The Estrous Cycle• Estrous is a time when a

female is fertile and receptive to a male.

• The estrous cycle is the time between the estrous.

The Estrous Cycle• The three periods in the

estrous cycle that follow estrous are metestrus, diestrus, and proestrus.

Artificial Insemination

• Artificial insemination is the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female. It is used with sheep, beef cattle, turkeys, and swine.

• Generally female estrous cycles are regulated with hormone injections.

Artificial Insemination

• Sperm are collected from males by artificially promoting ejaculation.

Gender Preselection• Gender preselection is

choosing the gender of a potential offspring.

• Gender preselection may be done by sorting sperm.

Gender Preselection• The DNA content of sperm

varies slightly based on the gender of the offspring that would result from conception.

Embryo Transfer

• Embryo transfer is the harvesting of fertilized ova from a donor and implanting them into a recipient.

• The harvested embyros are transferred to a recipient.

Embryo Transfer• Non surgical transfer

involves flushing the embryos from the uterine horn.

Bovine Somatotropin• Bovine somatotropin is a natural

occurring growth hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the endocrine system.

• By treating dairy cattle with the hormone, milk production is increased approximately 15%.

Bovine Somatotropin• Some small dairy producers

do not use BST and incorporate that fact in their advertising.

Transgenic Animals and Products

• Pigs- have been used to manufacture human hemoglobin.

• A xenograft is the practice of grafting an organ or a tissue from one species into another.

Transgenic Animals and Products

• Mice- transgenetic mice have been used in several ways.

• One of the best known is to produce human antibodies.

• Cattle- are used to control disease such as mastitis in dairy cows.

Methods of creating transgenetic animals

• Step One- collect embryos• With proper stimulation far

more embryos can be obtained than would be the natural result of the reproductive process.

Methods of creating transgenetic animals

• Step Two- Inject embyros.

• A pro nucleus is the haploid nucleus of the sperm or ovum that have united in fertilization to form a zygote.

Methods of creating transgenetic animals

• Step Three- Zygote Culture

• The zygotes are placed in the oviduct of a recipient female.