angelach20waterpollution lecture
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Pollution
G. Tyler MillersG. Tyler Millers
Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment
Chapter 20Chapter 20
G. Tyler MillersG. Tyler Millers
Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment
Chapter 20Chapter 20
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Types and Sources of Water Pollution
Point sourcesPoint sources
Nonpoint sourcesNonpoint sources
Biologicaloxygen
demand
Biologicaloxygen
demandWater qualityWater qualityWater qualityWater quality
WaterWater
QualityQuality
GoodGood 8-98-9
Do (ppm) at 20CDo (ppm) at 20C
SlightlySlightly
pollutedpollutedModeratelyModerately
pollutedpolluted
HeavilyHeavily
pollutedpolluted
GravelyGravely
pollutedpolluted
6.7-86.7-8
4.5-6.74.5-6.7
Below 4.5Below 4.5
Below 4Below 4Pg. 535
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Point and Nonpoint Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT
SOURCES
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Water pollution
Bacteria,Viruses,Protozoa, Parasitic worms
Oxygen demanding substances
Inorganic plant nutrients Organic chemicals
Sediment or suspended matter
Thermal pollution Genetic pollution
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Rainbow smelt1.04 ppm
Zooplankton0.123ppm
Phytoplankton0.0025 ppm
Water0.000002 ppm
Herring gull124 ppm
Lake trout4.83 ppm
Herring gull eggs124 ppm
Biological
Magnification
Biological
Magnification
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Pollution of Streams
Oxygen sag curveOxygen sag curveOxygen sag curveOxygen sag curve
Fig. 20-5
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Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication EutrophicationDischarge of untreated
municipal sewage(nitrates and phosphates)
Nitrogen compoundsproduced by cars
and factories
Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage
(primary and secondarytreatment:
nitrates and phosphates)
Discharge ofdetergents
( phosphates)
Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates
Manure runoffFrom feedlots(nitrates andPhosphates,ammonia)
Dissolving ofnitrogen oxides
(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)
Runoff and erosion(from from cultivation,mining, construction,and poor land use)
Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction
lots (nitrates andphosphates)
Lake ecosystemnutrient overloadand breakdown ofchemical cycling
Fig .22.7, p. 499
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Solutions to better water quality
Drainage Area Management Plans
Agriculture plots
1987 Water Quality Act
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Aquifer
Water well
Migratingvapor phase
Contaminant plume moveswith the groundwater
Free gasolinedissolves ingroundwater(dissolvedphase)
Groundwaterflow
Watertable
Gasolineleakage plume(liquid phase)
Leakingtank
Bedrock
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Groundwater Pollution: Causes
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Accidental
spills
Groundwater
flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty
casing
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Gasoline station
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool
septic tank
De-icing
road salt
Uncon
finedfr
eshwa
teraq
uifer
Confinedfr
eshwa
teraqu
ifer
Water pumping
well Landfill
Fig. 20-11
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Groundwater Pollution Prevention
Monitoring aquifersMonitoring aquifers
Strictly regulating hazardous wastedisposal
Strictly regulating hazardous wastedisposal
Storing hazardous materials aboveground
Storing hazardous materials aboveground
U b lCitiI d t
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Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-richwaters promote growthof plankton and sea grasses,and support fish.
Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses, useup oxygen, and degrade habitat.
Red tidesExcess nitrogen causesexplosive growth oftoxicmicroscopic algae,
poisoning fish and
marine mammals.
Farms
Runoff of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.
Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxicmetals contaminateshellfish beds, killspawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.
Construction sitesSediments are washed intowaterways, choking fish and plants,clouding waters, and blockingsunlight.
Urban sprawlBacteria and virusesfromsewers and septic tankscontaminate shellfish
beds
Oxygen-depletedzone
Closed
beach
CitiesToxic metalsand oil fromstreets and
parking lotspollute waters;
IndustryNitrogen oxidesfrom autos andsmokestacks,toxic chemicals,and heavy metals ineffluents flow into
bays and estuaries.
Closedshellfish beds
Fi . 20-15
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Reducing Water Pollution throughSewage Treatment
Primary and Secondary sewage treatment.
Figure 20-19Figure 20-19
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Technological Approach: UsingWetlands to Treat Sewage
((
((
45 centimeterlayer of limestonegravel coated with
decomposing bacteriaFirst concrete pool Second concrete pool
SewageSewage
Wetland typeWetland type
plantsplantsWetland typeWetland type
plantsplants
TreatedTreatedwaterwater
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Global Outlook: Stream Pollution in DevelopingCountries
Water in many ofcentral China's rivers
are greenish black fromuncontrolled pollutionby thousands offactories.
Figure 20-7Figure 20-7
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Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion,Poverty, and Health
Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, anda large population interact to cause severepollution of the Ganges River in India.Very little of the sewage is treated.
Hindu believe in cremating the dead to free the souland throwing the ashes in the holy Ganges.
Some are too poor to afford the wood to fully cremate. Decomposing bodies promote disease and depletes DO.
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Case Study: Indias Ganges River: Religion,Poverty, and Health
Daily, more than 1million Hindus in India
bathe, drink from, or
carry out religiousceremonies in thehighly polluted Ganges
River.
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Drinking Water Quality
Safe DrinkingWater Act
Safe DrinkingWater Act
Maximum contaminantlevels
Maximum contaminantlevels
Bottled
water
Bottled
water
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Is Bottled Water the Answer?
Some bottled water is not as pure as tap waterand costs much more.1.4 million metric tons of plastic bottles are thrown
away.Fossil fuels are used to make plastic bottles. The oil used to produce plastic bottles in the U.S. each
year would fuel 100,000 cars.
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Using Laws to Protect DrinkingWater
The U.N. estimates that 5.6 million Americansdrink water that does not meet EPA standards.
1 in 5 Americans drinks water from a treatmentplant that violated one or more safety standard.
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What Can You Do?
Water Pollution
Fertilize garden and yard plants with manure or compost
instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer.
Minimize your use of pesticides.
Do not apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water.
Grow or buy organic foods.
Do not drink bottled water unless tests show that your tap water is
contaminated. Merely refill and reuse plastic bottles with tap
water.
Compost your food wastes.
Do not use water fresheners in toilets.
Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet.
Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other
products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto theground.
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Roger Rosenblatt
It is a hard truth to swallow, but nature doesnot care if we live or die. We cannot survive
without the oceans, for example, but theycan do just fine without us.
End chapter 20