MARTIN JOHNSON HEADE

Martin Johnson Heade (August 11, 1819 – September 4, 1904) was a prolific American painter known for his salt marsh landscapes, seascapes, and depictions of tropical

birds (such as hummingbirds), as well as lotus blossoms and other still lifes. His painting style and subject matter, while derived from the romanticism of the time, are regarded by art historians as a significant departure from those of his

peers.

Heade was not a widely known artist during his lifetime, but his work attracted the notice of scholars, art historians, and collectors during the 1940s. He quickly became recognized

as a major American artist. Although often considered a Hudson River School artist, some critics and scholars take exception to this categorization. Heade's works are now in

major museums and collections. His paintings are occasionally discovered in unlikely places such as garage

sales and flea markets.

CHILDHOOD AND EARLY CAREER

Heade was born (in 1819) and raised in Lumberville, Pennsylvania, a small hamlet along the Delaware River in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Until the mid-1850s, his family ran what is

now called the Lumberville Store and Post Office, the village's sole general store. The family spelling of the name was Heed.

Heade received his first art training from the folk artist Edward Hicks, who lived in nearby Newton, and possibly also from

Edward's cousin, Thomas Hicks. Heade was painting by 1839; his earliest known work is a portrait from that year. He traveled

abroad and lived in Rome for two years. He first exhibited his work in 1841, at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in

Philadelphia, and again in 1843 at the National Academy of Design in New York. Heade began exhibiting regularly in 1848,

after another trip to Europe, and became an itinerant artist until he settled in New York in 1859.

TRANSITION TO LANDSCAPE PAINTING

Around 1857 Heade became interested in landscape painting, partly by meeting the established artists John Frederick Kensett and Benjamin Champney in the White

Mountains of New Hampshire. Heade moved to New York City and took a

studio in the Tenth Street Studio Building, which housed many of the

famous Hudson River School artists of the time, such as Albert Bierstadt,

Sanford Gifford, and Frederic Edwin Church. He became socially and

professionally acquainted with them, and struck up a particularly close

friendship with Church. Landscapes would ultimately form a third of

Heade's total oeuvre

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TROPICAL SUBJECTS

Heade's interest in the tropics was piqued at least partly by the impact of Church's monumental painting Heart of the Andes (1859), now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Heade travelled in

Brazil from 1863 to 1864, where he painted an extensive series of small works, eventually numbering over forty, depicting hummingbirds. He intended the series for a planned book titled "The Gems of Brazil",

but the book was never published due to financial difficulty and

Heade's concerns about the quality of the reproductions. Heade

nevertheless returned to the tropics twice, in 1866 journeying to Nicaragua, and in 1870 to

Colombia, Panama, and Jamaica. He continued to paint romantic works of tropical birds and lush foliage

into his late career.

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SALT MARSH SCENES

Heade's primary interest in landscape, and the works for which

he is perhaps best known today, was the New England coastal salt marsh.

Contrary to typical Hudson River School displays of scenic mountains,

valleys, and waterfalls, Heade's marsh landscapes avoided

depictions of grandeur. They focused instead on the horizontal expanse of

subdued scenery, and employed repeating motifs that included small haystacks and diminutive figures. Heade also concentrated on the

depiction of light and atmosphere in his marsh scenes. These and similar works have led some historians to characterize Heade as a Luminist painter. In 1883 Heade moved to

Saint Augustine, Florida and took as his primary landscape subject the

surrounding subtropical marshland.

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LATER LIFE AND STILL LIFES

Heade married and moved to St. Augustine, Florida in 1883. He

remained there and continued to paint until his death in 1904.During

his later years in St. Augustine, Heade painted numerous still lifes of

southern flowers, especially magnolia blossoms laid on velvet.

This was a continuation of an interest in still life that Heade had

developed since the 1860s. His earlier works in this genre typically depict a display of flowers arranged

in an ornate vase of small or medium size on a cloth-covered table. Heade was the only 19th

century American artist to create such an extensive body of work in both still life and landscape. Heade

died in St. Augustine in 1904.

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HEADE AND THE HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL

Art historians have come to disagree with the common view

that Heade is a Hudson River School painter, a view given wide currency by Heade's inclusion in a

landmark exhibition of Hudson River School landscapes at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in

1987.Heade had less interest in

topographically accurate views than the Hudson River painters,

and instead focused on mood and the effects of light. Stebbins wrote, "If the paintings of the

shore as well as the more conventional compositions...might

lead one to think of Heade as a Hudson River School painter, the [marsh scenes] make it clear that

he was not."

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LEGACY AND COLLECTIONS

Heade was not a famous artist during his time, and for much of the first part of the 20th century was nearly forgotten.[2] A re-awakening of interest in 19th century American art around World War II sparked new appreciation of his work. Heade's work in particular received critical attention with the exhibition in 1943 of his painting Thunderstorm Over Narragansett Bay (1868), as part of the show "Romantic Painting in America" at the Museum of Modern Art.[2] Art historians have come to consider him as one of the most important American artists of his generation. His work has inspired contemporary artists such as David Bierk and Ian Hornak.

His works are in most major American museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, which owns the nation's most outstanding collection of his works, including about 30 paintings as well as numerous drawings and sketchbooks; the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City; and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

In 1955, Robert McIntyre, art historian and director of the Macbeth Gallery, donated a cache of Heade's personal papers to the Archives of American Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution. These papers included, among other things, Heade's sketchbook, notes, and letters from his friend and fellow artist Frederic Edwin

Church. In 2007, these papers were digitized and made accessible on the Web as the Martin Johnson Heade Papers Online.

In 1999 and 2000, Heade was the subject of a major exhibition organized by Theodore E. Stebbins, Jr. It traveled from the

Museum of Fine Arts in Boston to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, ending at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

In 2004, Heade was honored with a stamp from the U.S. Postal Service featuring his 1890 oil-on-canvas painting, "Giant

Magnolias on a Blue Velvet Cloth."[6] As Stebbins notes in his writings, Heade's work has also been copied and forged

extensively. It should be noted, however, that since Heade was not popular during his lifetime, there were few contemporaries

who emulated his work. 20th century copies are therefore readily apparent as fakes, since it takes oil paint decades to dry out and

harden.