anesthesia or project

8/3/2019 Anesthesia or PROJECT

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Created By: JACKIE LOU V. BOADO

BSN 3Y1-4


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ANESTHESIAInvolves the use of medicines to

block pain sensations (analgesia)

during surgery and other medical

procedures. Anesthesia also

reduces many of your body'snormal stress reactions to surgery.


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Types of Anesthesia

GENERAL is given into a vein (intravenously) or is inhaled.

It affects the brain as well as the entire body. Youare completely unaware and do not feel painduring the surgery. Also, general anesthesia

often causes forgetfulness (amnesia) right aftersurgery (postoperative period).


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LOCAL involves injection of a local anesthetic

(numbing agent) directly into the surgical areato block pain sensations. It is used only forminor procedures on a limited part of the body.You may remain awake, though you will likelyreceive medicine to help you relax or sleepduring the surgery.


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REGIONAL involves injection of a local anesthetic

(numbing agent) around major nerves or thespinal cord to block pain from a larger but still

limited part of the body. You will likely receivemedicine to help you relax or sleep duringsurgery. Major types of regional anesthesiainclude:

PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCKS EPIDURAL AND SPINAL ANESTHESIA


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Peripheral Nerve BlocksA local anesthetic is injected near a specificnerve or group of nerves to block pain from

the area of the body supplied by the nerve.Nerve blocks are most commonly used for

procedures on the hands, arms, feet, legs, orface. Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia

A local anesthetic is injected near the spinalcord and nerves that connect to the spinalcord to block pain from an entire region of

the body, such as the belly, hips, or legs.


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Medicines used for AnesthesiaMedicines used for anesthesia help you relax, help relieve pain, inducesleepiness or forgetfulness, or make you unconscious. Anesthesiamedicines include:

Local anesthetics

such as bupivacaine or lidocaine, tetracaine, or procaine that areinjected directly into the body area involved in the surgery.

Intravenous (IV) anesthetics such as morphine sulfate,alfentanil, remifentanil, suffentanil,

fentanyl, diazepam, ketamine, midazolam, propofol, or sodium

thiopental, that are given through a vein. Inhalation anesthetics

such as halothane, enflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane,oxygen, or nitrous oxide, that you breathe through a mask.


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Other medicines that are often used duringanesthesia include:

Muscle Relaxants which block transmission of nerve impulses to

the muscles. They are used during anesthesia totemporarily relax muscle tone as needed. Reversal Agents

which are given to counteract or reverse the

effects of other medicines such as musclerelaxants or sedatives given during anesthesia.Reversal agents may be used to reduce the timeit takes to recover from anesthesia


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The 4 Stages of Anesthesia ONSET/INDUCTION

extends from the administration of anesthesiato the time of loss of consciousness.

EXCITEMENT/DELIRIUM extends from the time of loss of consciousness

to time of lid reflex. It may be characterized byshouting, struggling of the patient.


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SURGICAL extends from the loss of the lid reflex tothe loss of most of the reflexes. Surgical

procedure is started.

MEDULLARY/ STAGE OF DANGER

respiratory/ cardiac depression or arrest. Itis due to anesthesia overdose. CPR must bedone.


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Complications of Anesthesia

Local Anesthesia allergic sensitivity to the local anesthetic agent Local infection or malignancy Septicemia Extreme nervousness, apprehension, excitability

or inability to cooperate because of mental stateor age


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Spinal Anesthesia spinal headache Auditory and other ocular disturbances Tinnitus and diplopia

General Anesthesia potentially toxic to the liver depresses the respiration Limited relaxation of the abdominal muscles May lower the blood pressure

anesthesia or project

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