anemia
DESCRIPTION
Group Presentation, my section completed.TRANSCRIPT
ANEMIAPresented by:
Amy Kelly, Karl Russell, Caleb Smith
INTRODUCTION
Pathophysiology Exercise Response Exercise Training Management & Medications Exercise Testing Exercise Programming Special Considerations Case Study Conclusion
OVERVIEW
One of the most common blood disorders in the United States
3.5 million Americans are affected
Condition of having less than normal # of rbc per cubic mm Amount of hemoglobin per in 100 ml of blood Or even the volume of packed rbc 100 ml of
blood This results in the reduction of oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood
WHAT IS THE NORMAL AMOUNT?
Men = 4.7 – 6.1 million/uL Women = 4.2 – 5.4 million/uL Children = 4.6 – 4.8 million/uL
Men = 13.8 – 15.1g/dl Women = 12.1 – 15.1g/dl Children = 11 – 16g/dl Pregnant Women = 11 – 12g/dl
Red Blood Cells
Hemoglobin
WHO IS AT RISK?
ALL age, race, and ethnic groups
Women of child bearing age are more susceptible to anemia
Individuals who have other medical conditions
Infants <2 years of age
TYPES OF ANEMIA
Aplastic Benzene Poisoning Fanconi Hemolytic Iron Deficiency Osteopetrosis Pernicious Sickle Cell Disease Thalassemia Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Types of Anemia Description Examples of Causes
Iron DeficiencyLack of iron leads to
decreased amounts of hemoglobin in turn leads to
decreased production of normal RBCs
Blood loss; diet low in iron; poor absorption of iron
Pernicious Anemia & B Vitamin Deficiency
Lack of B vitamins does not allow RBCs to grow and then
divide as they normally would during development; leads to
decreased production of normal RBCs
Lack of intrinsic factor; diet low in B vitamins; decreased
absorption of B vitamins
AplasticDecreased production of all cells produced by the bone
marrow of which RBCs are one type
Cancer therapy, exposure to toxins, autoimmune disorders,
viral infections
HemolyticRBCs survive less than the
normal 120 days in the circulation; leads to overall decreased numbers of RBCs
Inherited causes include sickle cell and thalassemia; other causes include transfusion
reaction, autoimmune disease, certain drugs
(penicillin)
Anemia of Chronic Diseases
Various conditions over the long term can cause
decreased production of RBCs
Kidney disease, diabetes, tuberculosis or HIV
MAJOR RISK FACTORS
Insufficient diets low in iron, vitamins, and minerals
Blood loss from surgery or injury
Intestinal disorder which affects nutrient absorption(Crohn’s disease or celiac disease)
Pregnancy and menstruation
Chronic or serious illnesses/infections (kidney disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS)
Inherited
SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF ANEMIA
Reduced RBC production Reduced serum ferritin levels Marrow damage by drugs or tumor
infiltration Failure of erythropoietin response to
anemia Abnormal RBC precursor maturation
SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF ANEMIA
Iron, B12, folate deficiency Thalassemia Drug Toxicity Increase RBC destruction or loss Hemolytic Blood Loss
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE RESPONSE
•Resting • Low oxygen & carbon dioxide = increase in
cardiac output & breathing rate• Bohr effect
•Submaximal Exercise•Cardiac output & muscle blood flow increases faster & remains higher for time of exercise
•Peak Exercise• Low hemoglobin levels associated with
anemia can’t compensated for• Cardiac output, muscle flood flow, & oxygen
extraction• Limits energy production & performance
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TRAINING
•Chronic anemia keeps a limit on aerobic performance
•Studies on animals • Shows that aerobic exercise endurance levels
can be superior to nonanemic sedentary individuals
•Endurance training can increase submaximal performance
•Women with iron deficiency but not yet anemic can experience a decrease in endurance capacity, this can simply be corrected by supplementation of iron.