andy mortenson-measuring transportation connectivity by rdi
TRANSCRIPT
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measuringmeasuringmeasuring
Transportation ConnectivityTransportation Connectivitybybyby
Route Directness IndexRoute Directness Indexusingusingusing
*
* Trademarks provided under license from ESRI.
2009 Transportation Summit 2009 Transportation Summit –– Portland, OregonPortland, Oregon
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Background Policy IssuesBackground Policy Issues
Z Complete Streets PolicyZ Concurrency Program RefinementsZ VMT and GHG per Capita ReductionZ Multi-Modal Level-of-Service (LOS)Z Street Connectivity Policies
Connectivity between new/existing developed landsNon-motorized public accessways and limiting cul-de-sacsGrid-based standards for streets (500 feet ) and Non-motorized (330 feet) –emphasis on smaller block lengthsDeveloping connectivity metrics
Cities are looking at a host of transportation, land use, energyCities are looking at a host of transportation, land use, energy, environmental and sustainability , environmental and sustainability policy issues and considering new measurement techniques:policy issues and considering new measurement techniques:
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Testing Connectivity MetricsTesting Connectivity Metrics
Link / Node RatioIntersection Density
% 4-Way IntersectionsRoute Directness Ratio
1990’s Hierarchical Network
1990’s Hierarchical Network1950’s Grid Network
A B
C D
A B
C D
261 / 146 = 1.79107
40 %.74
158 / 143 = 1.1093
20 %.44
(Miles on Perimeter Arterial)0.4 2.7
Connectivity measurements in small subareas are straightConnectivity measurements in small subareas are straight--forward; but what about cityforward; but what about city--wide?wide?
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Achieving VMT per Capita ReductionAchieving VMT per Capita Reduction
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
% C
hang
e in
Per
son
Mile
s Tr
avel
led
Residential Office Park Retail / Service
Land Density Land Use Diversity Design
DESIGNAverage Block Size
% 4-Way Intersections% Sidewalk Coverage- 4 %
- 2 %
- 5%
Measures of connectivity help indicate transportationMeasures of connectivity help indicate transportation--efficient efficient land uses that yield lower VMT and GHG per capitaland uses that yield lower VMT and GHG per capita
Research conducted in Seattle area by C. Lee and Anne Moudon (University of Washington), 2006: Quantifying Land Use and Urban Form Correlates of Walking
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Intersection DensityIntersection Density
Intersection Density 4-Way Intersection Density
GIS mapping techniques can illustrate cityGIS mapping techniques can illustrate city--wide measures of intersection density wide measures of intersection density but have difficulty illustrating but have difficulty illustrating ““PlanPlan”” benefitsbenefits
LinkLink--Node, Intersection Density and Walkscore Measures are only Node, Intersection Density and Walkscore Measures are only ProxiesProxies for for connectivity connectivity –– RDI is a direct measure of connectivityRDI is a direct measure of connectivity
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Composite Accessibility IndicesComposite Accessibility Indices
Can help identify and prioritize plans, but miss the important mCan help identify and prioritize plans, but miss the important measure of system easure of system connectivity and notable gaps.connectivity and notable gaps.
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Defining RDIDefining RDIZ Define Route
Directness Index
Z The Route Directness Index (RDI) can be used to quantify how well a street network connects destinations.
Z The RDI can be measured separately for motorized and non-motorized travel, taking into account non-motorized shortcuts, such as paths that connect cul-de-sacs, and barriers such as highways and streets that lack sidewalks.
Z The RDI is calculated by dividing direct travel distances by actual travel distances. For example, if streets are connected, have good sidewalks, and blocks are relatively small, people can travel nearly directly to destinations, resulting in a high index. If the street network has many unconnected dead-ends and blocks are large, people must travel farther to reach destinations, resulting in a low index.
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RDI CreditsRDI Credits
Z Jennifer Dill, Portland State UniversityResearch – Connectivity Metrics
Z Victoria Transport Policy InstitutePolicy – Connectivity Metrics
Z Charlier & Associates & Otak Intl. – CNUPractice
Z Others
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RDI Example: RDI Example: Pre Neighborhood Pre Neighborhood ConnectorConnector
Route Directness Index can better illustrate Route Directness Index can better illustrate ““beforebefore--andand--afterafter”” Plan improvementsPlan improvements
Existing Shared-Use Path
Route Directness IndexRoute Directness Index
Crow FlightCrow Flight
Walk DistanceWalk Distance
1850 ft1850 ft
1850 ft1850 ft
RDIRDI
RDI: .20RDI: .20
.20.20
//
==
375 ft375 ft
375 ft375 ft
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Route Directness Index can better illustrate Route Directness Index can better illustrate ““beforebefore--andand--afterafter”” Plan improvementsPlan improvements
RDI Example: RDI Example: Post Neighborhood Post Neighborhood ConnectorConnector
Existing Shared-Use Path
Route Directness IndexRoute Directness Index
Crow FlightCrow Flight
Walk DistanceWalk Distance
RDIRDI==
375 ft375 ft
375 ft375 ft
RDI: .83RDI: .83
.83.83
New Neighborhood
Connectors
450 ft450 ft
450 ft450 ft
//
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RDI RDI –– GIS Focal ExamGIS Focal Exam
Testing RDI on a larger, cityTesting RDI on a larger, city--wide scale is the challengewide scale is the challenge
Poor
Good
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Examples Using RDI DesktopExamples Using RDI DesktopTMTM
Z Access to Commuter Rail Station
X Bike Access to LRT Station
Z Pedestrian Access to LRT Station
Z Neighborhood Design / Growth ManagementNon-Motorized Concurrency and Quality of
Service
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Using Using RDI DesktopRDI Desktop to to demonstrate functional demonstrate functional implementation of a implementation of a Master Master PlanPlan area:area:
•• Measuring connectivity Measuring connectivity with & without with & without exclusive exclusive pedestrian routespedestrian routes
Z RDI Measure: Neighborhood Connectivity
Growth Management: Growth Management: NonNon--Motorized Concurrency and Motorized Concurrency and
Quality of ServiceQuality of Service11
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Planned NeighborhoodPlanned NeighborhoodZ Neighborhood design:
Mixture of villa plot sizeNeighborhood centers
Z Maximized public realm for non-motorized connectivity through:
Quality street pedestrian zoneConnecting exclusive exclusive pedestrianpedestrian routes, and park/open spaces
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Neighborhood RDI ScoreNeighborhood RDI ScoreZMeasured
withoutPedestrianPedestrianconnections
Z Fair RDI scores
Poor
Fair
ExcellentParcelParcel
RDI DesktopTM Metric
ParcelParcel
Average RDI Score: Fair .65
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Neighborhood RDI ScoreNeighborhood RDI ScoreZMeasured with
PedestrianPedestrianconnections
ZGood-Excellent RDI scores
Poor
Fair
Excellent
ParcelParcel
RDI DesktopTM Metric
ParcelParcel
Average RDI Score: Good .73
RDI scoring can be used to establish nonRDI scoring can be used to establish non--motorized motorized concurrency measuresconcurrency measures and and thresholds, used to evaluate future land thresholds, used to evaluate future land development plans for policy compliancedevelopment plans for policy compliance
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Comparative RDI ScoringComparative RDI ScoringZRDI Score
Difference: Withand WithoutPedestrian Pedestrian connections
ParcelParcel
RDI DesktopTM Metric
ParcelParcel
Plots that benefit significantly Plots that benefit significantly by by PedestrianPedestrian connectivityconnectivity
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Intersection Density ScoringIntersection Density ScoringZ Intersection
Density Score Without SUPsSUPs
Poor
Fair
Excellent
Average Density Score: Poor 68
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Intersection Density ScoringIntersection Density ScoringZ Intersection
Density Score With SUPsSUPs
Fair
Average Density Score: Good 142
Poor
Excellent
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LinkLink--Node ScoringNode ScoringZNode-Link
Score WithoutSUPsSUPs
Link-Node Ratio: 1.66
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LinkLink--Node ScoringNode ScoringZNode-Link
Score WithSUPsSUPs
Link-Node Ratio: 1.67
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SeattleSeattle’’s Mt. Baker s Mt. Baker Link LRT Station Link LRT Station
ExampleExample
Z RDI Measure: Pedestrian Access to LRT Station
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Establish GIS DatabaseEstablish GIS DatabaseZ Study areaZ Light rail lineZ Street centerlineZ Parcel data
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Create Pedestrian NetworkCreate Pedestrian NetworkZ Create Pedestrian
NetworkZ Illustrate
Importance of “Hanford Steps”
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Calculate Base Year RDICalculate Base Year RDIZ Study Parcels
(2,000 foot radius buffer from LRT station)
Z Pedestrian RDI to Mt. Baker Station
Z Baseline Conditions (assumes no Hanford Steps)
Z RDI Average = 0.67
ParcelParcel
RDI DesktopTM Metric
StationStation
Average RDI Score: Fair .67
Poor
Good
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Calculate PMP RDICalculate PMP RDIZ Pedestrian RDI to
Mt. Baker StationZ RDI Impact of
Hanford Steps
Poor
GoodParcelParcel
RDI DesktopTM Metric
StationStation
Average RDI Score: Good .72
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Estimate RDI EnhancementEstimate RDI EnhancementZ Pedestrian RDI to
Mt. Baker StationZ Difference between
Baseline RDI and Hanford Steps RDI
Z Baseline: 58% of parcels above RDI 0.65 threshold.
Z Steps RDI: 73% of parcels above threshold.
Z Additional 40 more parcels.
RDI scoring can be used to sharpen plan RDI scoring can be used to sharpen plan priorities, particularly as federal and state priorities, particularly as federal and state
funding becomes more competitivefunding becomes more competitive
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Intersection DensityIntersection DensityZ Without linkZ Average: 296
intersections per mi2
Poor
Good
Average Density Score: Fair 296
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Intersection DensityIntersection DensityZ With projectZ Average: 302
intersections per mi2
Z Marginal increase
Average Density Score: Fair 302
Poor
Good
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Comparing Station Area ScoresComparing Station Area ScoresBaseline Sidewalk Project Improvement
Average Score Average Score Increased Connectivity
Inte
rsec
tion
Den
sity
Rou
te D
irect
ness
In
dex
Not Available
Mea
sure
d C
onne
ctiv
ity B
etw
een
La
nd P
arel
s an
d LR
T S
tatio
n
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
RDI - .67 RDI - .72
Int / Sq Mi - 296
7.5 % Increase
Int / Sq Mi - 302
Improved Connectivity for 52 residential lots
2 % Increase
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SeattleSeattle’’s Beacon Hill s Beacon Hill Link LRT Station Link LRT Station
ExampleExample
X RDI Measure: Bike Access to LRT Station
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Import GIS DatabaseImport GIS DatabaseX Study areaX Light rail lineX Street centerlineX Parcel data
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Create Bicycle NetworkCreate Bicycle NetworkX Create bike networkX Bicycle Master Plan
– existing conditions (2004)
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Route Choice AnalysesRoute Choice AnalysesX Route Directness
Index
X Weighted Distance based on bicycle network characteristics Weighted Distance = Distance / [ [ x * (0.80) + y * (0.20)] * (0.10) ]
Impedancewhere Bike Facility Type (FT) Score (x) SDOT Code
Shared-Use Path 10 9, 23Bike Boulevard 9.5 8Bike Lane (both sides) 8 1, 16Bike Lane (one side) 6 2, 19Sharrow 5 3, 14Shared Lane 5 30, 40Shared (arterial) 2 10Shared (other) 0 15, 21, 77
Slopeand Slope Score (y)
< 2 % 102 - 4 % 84 - 8 % 58 -12 % 3> 12 % 0
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Calculate Base Year RDICalculate Base Year RDIX Study parcels (one-
mile link distance)X Routes from parcels
to Beacon Hill Station
X Existing Conditions (2004)
Poor
Good
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Calculate BMP RDICalculate BMP RDIX Added Bike Lanes
noted in Bicycle Master Plan (BMP)
Poor
Good
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Estimate RDI EnhancementEstimate RDI EnhancementX Difference between
Existing RDI and BMP RDI
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Alternatives AnalysisAlternatives AnalysisX Testing new Bicycle
Boulevard project to improve E-W connectivity
Poor
Good
BMP oriented mostly
north-south (arterials)…
…instead of to LRT sta.
RDI scoring can be used to identify RDI scoring can be used to identify supplemental master plans, using supplemental master plans, using detailed routedetailed route--choice analyses that choice analyses that
integrate integrate walkabilitywalkability and bicycle and bicycle compatibility indicescompatibility indices
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RDI ComparisonRDI ComparisonX Difference between
BMP RDI and RDI with added Bike Boulevard project
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Connectivity to LRTConnectivity to LRT
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Baseline Measure:Baseline Measure:Bicycle Master Plan
Plan Refinement:
New Bicycle Boulevard
Bicycle System Connectivity ScoresBicycle System Connectivity Scores
Project Impact:
Improved Connectivity
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NonNon--motorized System Plan motorized System Plan EvaluationEvaluation
Z RDI Measure: Pedestrian Network Connectivity
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Existing ConditionsExisting Conditions
Shared-Use Path Connections
Average RDI Score: Poor / Fair .58
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New SharedNew Shared--Use PathsUse Paths
Shared-Use Path Connections
Average RDI Score: Fair / Good .66 14 % improvement
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RDI RDI –– ““Before & AfterBefore & After””
Shared-Use Path Connections
Sensitive to Block Sensitive to Block LengthLength
Sensitive to CulSensitive to Cul--dede--Sac LengthSac Length
305 ft 330ft
RDI scoring is sensitive to urban design RDI scoring is sensitive to urban design principles principles –– because it directly measures because it directly measures
connectivityconnectivity
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RDI RDI –– ““Before & AfterBefore & After”” DeltaDelta
Shared-Use Path Connections
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LinkLink--Node: BeforeNode: Before
Link-Node Ratio: 1.45
Nodes 74
Links 107
Ratio 1.45
Shared-Use Path Connections
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LinkLink--Node: AfterNode: After
Shared-Use Path Connections
Link-Node Ratio: 1.53 5.5 % improvement
Nodes 92
Links 141
Ratio 1.53
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Lakewood Lakewood Sounder Commuter Rail Station Sounder Commuter Rail Station
ExampleExample
Z RDI Measure: Access to Commuter Rail Station
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Shared-Use PathBike Lanes & Sidewalks
Non-Motorized Railroad OverpassI-5 Overpass Retrofit / Bike Lanes and Sidewalks
Option A
Option B
Sounder Commuter Rail
St Claire Hospital
115th Street
47th
Ave
nue
Non-Motorized Improvement Options
"Sharrow" - Shared-Lane
112th Street
111th Street
Lake
view
Ave
.
Brid
gepo
rt W
ay
Bike Lanes
LakewoodLakewood’’s NMTPs NMTPNew Pedestrian-Bicycle ConnectionsRR Over-crossing
I-5 Over-crossing
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RDI RDI -- BaselineBaselineZ Testing RDI: Land Use – to
Sounder StationZ Land Use (building
structures) within One-Mile Radius
Z “Baseline” = Existing Pedestrian System Connectivity
Poor
Fair
Good
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RDI RDI –– After IAfter I--5 Crossing5 CrossingZ Impact of I-5 Over-Crossing
ImprovementsZ Addition of Sidewalks and
Bike Lanes
Poor
Fair
Good
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RDI RDI –– After RR CrossingAfter RR CrossingZ Impact of New Railroad
Over-CrossingZ Exclusive Non-Motorized
Facility
Poor
Fair
Good
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Why Use Route Directness IndexWhy Use Route Directness Index
Z RDI metric can enumerate important quality of connectedness, a primary factor (along with land mix and density) in urban transportation sustainability by:
Directly measuring street / pathway connections, rather than proxy measures, andMapping spatial variation in land use connectivity
Z RDI calculates numerical metrics to evaluate the quality of a connection between an origin location and one or more destinations. These metrics can be mapped thematically at the origin location to highlight areas of connectivity quality (range, good-bad).
Z Using these metrics, before and after analyses can be performed to quantify and locate the impacts of improved connections (especially non-motorized connections), establishing Comparative RDI Benefit to Existing Land Use
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Route Choice ModelingRoute Choice ModelingZ Non-motorized
system quality, or levels and types of obstacles (impedances) are important factors to consider in walking and cycling route choice sub-models
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How Can RDI DesktopHow Can RDI DesktopTMTM Help?Help?
Z Street Design Policy Implementation – measurable guidelinesZ Establish Non-motorized Neighborhood Connectivity
StandardsDesign guide thresholds for neighborhood planning site plan review – non-motorized concurrency
Z Non-Motorized Plan Strategic PrioritizationMeasure current networks - target critical non-motorized connectionsMinimizing expensive and unnecessary data collectionHelp expedite Draft Non-motorized Plan project identification and prioritiesConsistently evaluate and rank multi-modal projects for federal Transportation Enhancement Program grant applications
Z Critical Plan Priority Analysis and Ranking – consistent and robust technique (with other sub-models) to measure important:
Neighborhood ConnectorsTransit Access ConnectorsUrban Boulevard Crossings
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Andy MortensenAndy Mortensen
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