android

Android 5.0 home screen

Developer Google

Open Handset Alliance

Written in C (core), C++, Java (UI)[1]

OS family Unix-like

Working state Current

Source model Open source[2] and in most

devices with proprietary

components[3]

Initial release September 23, 2008[4]

Android

Android (operating system)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based onthe Linux kernel and currently developed by Google.With a user interface based on direct manipulation,Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobiledevices such as smartphones and tablet computers, withspecialized user interfaces for televisions (Android TV),cars (Android Auto), and wrist watches (AndroidWear). The OS uses touch inputs that looselycorrespond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping,pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screenobjects, and a virtual keyboard. Despite being primarilydesigned for touchscreen input, it has also been used ingame consoles, digital cameras, regular PCs, and otherelectronics. As of 2015, Android has the largestinstalled base of all operating systems.[11]

As of July 2013, the Google Play store has had over onemillion Android applications ("apps") published, andover 50 billion applications downloaded.[12] AnApril–May 2013 survey of mobile applicationdevelopers found that 71% of them create applicationsfor Android;[13] another 2015 survey, found that 40% offull-time professional developers see Android as the"priority" target platform, which is more than iOS(37%) or other platforms.[14] At Google I/O 2014, thecompany revealed that there were over one billionactive monthly Android users, up from 538 million inJune 2013.[15]

Android's source code is released by Google under opensource licenses, although most Android devicesultimately ship with a combination of open source andproprietary software, including proprietary softwaredeveloped and licensed by Google.[3] Initiallydeveloped by Android, Inc., which Google bought in2005,[16] Android was unveiled in 2007, along with thefounding of the Open Handset Alliance – a consortiumof hardware, software, and telecommunicationcompanies devoted to advancing open standards formobile devices.[17]

Android is popular with technology companies whichrequire a ready-made, low-cost and customizableoperating system for high-tech devices.[18] Android'sopen nature has encouraged a large community ofdevelopers and enthusiasts to use the open-source codeas a foundation for community-driven projects, which

Android (operating system) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)

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Latest release 5.1.1 "Lollipop" / April 21,

2015

Latest preview 6.0 "Marshmallow" (developer

preview 3) / August 17, 2015

Marketing target Smartphones, tablet computers,

TVs, cars and wearable devices

Available in 70 languages[a]

Package manager Google Play, APK

Platforms 32- and 64-bit: ARM

architectures, x86,[5] x86-64,

MIPS[6] and MIPS64[b]

Kernel type Monolithic (modified Linux

kernel)

Userland Bionic libc,[7] mksh shell,[8]

native core utilities with a few

from NetBSD[9]

Default user interface Graphical (Multi-touch)

License Apache License 2.0

GNU GPL v2 for the Linux

kernel modifications[10]

Official website www.android.com

(https://www.android.com/)

add new features for advanced users[19] or bringAndroid to devices which were officially releasedrunning other operating systems. The operating system'ssuccess has made it a target for patent litigation as partof the so-called "smartphone wars" between technologycompanies.[20][21]

Contents

1 History2 Features

2.1 Interface2.2 Applications2.3 Memory management

3 Hardware4 Development

4.1 Update schedule4.2 Linux kernel4.3 Software stack4.4 Open-source community

5 Security and privacy6 Licensing

6.1 Leverage over manufacturers7 Reception

7.1 Market share7.2 Adoption on tablets7.3 Platform usage7.4 Application piracy

8 Legal issues9 Use outside of smartphones and tablets

9.1 Desktops and laptops10 See also11 Notes12 References13 External links

History

See also: Android version history

Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder ofDanger),[22] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[23] Nick Sears (once VP atT-Mobile),[24] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV[16]) to develop, inRubin's words, "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences".[16] Theearly intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras. Though,when it was realized that the market for the devices was not large enough, the company diverted its effortstoward producing a smartphone operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft WindowsMobile.[25] Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operatedsecretly, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones.[16] That same year, Rubin ran outof money. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a


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Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin and Hugo

Barra at a 2012 press conference

announcing Google's Nexus 7 tablet

stake in the company.[26]

In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million, whose key employees, including Rubin,Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.[11][16] Not much was known about AndroidInc. at the time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with thismove.[16] At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linuxkernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible,upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaledto carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[27][28][29]

Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build throughDecember 2006.[30] An earlier prototype codenamed "Sooner" had a closer resemblance to a BlackBerryphone, with no touchscreen, and a physical, QWERTY keyboard, but was later re-engineered to support atouchscreen, to compete with other announced devices such as the 2006 LG Prada and 2007 Apple iPhone.[31][32] In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filedseveral patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[33][34]

On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium oftechnology companies including Google, device manufacturers suchas HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nexteland T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and TexasInstruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open standards formobile devices.[17] That day, Android was unveiled as its firstproduct, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version2.6.25.[17][35] The first commercially available smartphone runningAndroid was the HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008.[36]

In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices – a line ofsmartphones and tablets running the Android operating system, andbuilt by manufacturing partners. HTC collaborated with Google to release the first Nexus smartphone,[37] theNexus One. Google has since updated the series with newer devices, such as the Nexus 5 phone (made byLG) and the Nexus 7 tablet (made by Asus). Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as theirflagship Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest software and hardware features. Until January2015, Google offered several Google Play Edition devices over Google Play, as Google-customized Androidphones and tablets that, while not carrying the Google Nexus branding, run an unmodified version ofAndroid.

On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Androiddivision to take on new projects at Google.[38] He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who also continues his roleas the head of Google's Chrome division,[39] which develops Chrome OS.

Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system,adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical orderafter a dessert or sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 "Cupcake" was followed by 1.6 "Donut". Version4.4.4 "KitKat" appeared as a security-only update; it was released on June 19, 2014, shortly after 4.4.3 wasreleased.[40][41] Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was released on November 14, 2014, introducing "material design"as a new design language and one of its key new features; it was followed by two bugfix releases (5.0.1 and5.0.2).[42]

In 2014, Google launched Android One, a standardized smartphone, mainly targeting customers in thedeveloping world. Android One smartphones running the latest version of Android (e.g. the latest Android5.1) close to the stock version of the operating system. As of March 3, 2015, the newest version of theAndroid operating system, 5.1, is available for selected devices including the Android One series, the Nexus


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Notifications are accessed by sliding

from the top of the display; individual

notifications can be dismissed by

sliding them away, and may contain

additional functions (such as on the

"missed call" notification seen here).

6 phablet, and the Nexus 9 tablet.[43]

From 2010 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at both pressconferences and Google I/O, Google’s annual developer-focused conference. Barra's product involvementincluded the entire Android ecosystem of software and hardware, including Honeycomb, Ice CreamSandwich, Jelly Bean and KitKat operating system launches, the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smartphones, theNexus 7[44] and Nexus 10 tablets,[45] and other related products such as Google Now[46] and Google VoiceSearch, Google’s speech recognition product comparable to Apple’s Siri.[46] In 2013, Barra left the Androidteam for Chinese smartphone maker Xiaomi.[47]

In May 2015, Google announced Project Brillo as a cut-down version of Android that uses its lower levels(excluding the user interface), intended for the "Internet of Things" (IoT) embedded systems.[48]

Features

See also: List of features in Android

Interface

Android's default user interface is based on direct manipulation,[49]

using touch inputs, that loosely correspond to real-world actions, likeswiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulateon-screen objects, and a virtual keyboard.[49] The response to userinput is designed to be immediate and provides a fluid touchinterface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device toprovide haptic feedback to the user. Internal hardware such asaccelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors[50] are used bysome applications to respond to additional user actions, for exampleadjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how thedevice is oriented, or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racinggame by rotating the device, simulating control of a steeringwheel.[51]

Android devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation andinformation "hub" on Android devices that is analogous to thedesktop found on PCs (Android also runs on regular PCs, asdescribed below). Android homescreens are typically made up of appicons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereaswidgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weatherforecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on thehomescreen.[52] A homescreen may be made up of several pages thatthe user can swipe back and forth between, though Android'shomescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user toadjust the look and feel of the device to their tastes.[53] Third-partyapps available on Google Play and other app stores can extensivelyre-theme the homescreen, and even mimic the look of otheroperating systems, such as Windows Phone.[54] Most manufacturers,and some wireless carriers, customise the look and feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselvesfrom their competitors.[55]

Present along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity.This status bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps display important


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information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS text, in a way that does not immediatelyinterrupt or inconvenience the user.[56] Notifications are persistent until read (by tapping, which opens therelevant app) or dismissed by sliding it off the screen. Beginning on Android 4.1, "expanded notifications"can display expanded details or additional functionality; for instance, a music player can display playbackcontrols, and a "missed call" notification provides buttons for calling back or sending the caller an SMSmessage.[57]

Android provides the ability to run applications which change the default launcher and hence the appearanceand externally visible behaviour of Android. These appearance changes include a multi-page dock or nodock, and many more changes to fundamental features of the user interface.[58]

Applications

See also: Android software development and Google Play

Applications ("apps"), which extend the functionality of devices, are written using the Android softwaredevelopment kit (SDK) and, often, the Java programming language that has complete access to the AndroidAPIs. Java may be combined with C/C++, together with a choice of non-default runtimes that allow betterC++ support;[59][60][61] the Go programming language is also supported since its version 1.4, which can alsobe used exclusively although with a restricted set of Android APIs.[62] The SDK includes a comprehensiveset of development tools,[63] including a debugger, software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU,documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Initially, Google's supported integrated development environment(IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin; in December 2014, Google releasedAndroid Studio, based on IntelliJ IDEA, as its primary IDE for Android application development. Otherdevelopment tools are available, including a native development kit (NDK) for applications or extensions inC or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers, and various cross platformmobile web applications frameworks. In January 2014, Google unveiled an framework based on ApacheCordova for porting Chrome HTML 5 web applications to Android, wrapped in a native application shell.[64]

Android has a growing selection of third-party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloadingand installing the application's APK (Android application package) file, or by downloading them using anapplication store program that allows users to install, update, and remove applications from their devices.Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google'scompatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software.[3][65] Google Play Store allowsusers to browse, download and update applications published by Google and third-party developers; As ofJuly 2013, there are more than one million applications available for Android in Play Store.[66] As of May2013, 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play Store[67] and in July 2013, 50 billionapplications were installed.[68][69] Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Google Play applicationpurchases, where the cost of the application is added to the user's monthly bill.[70]

Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android,either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provideapplications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons.Examples of these third-party stores have included the Amazon Appstore, GetJar, and SlideMe. F-Droid,another alternative marketplace, seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and opensource licenses.[3][71][72][73]

Memory management

Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) to keeppower consumption at a minimum, in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they areconnected to unlimited mains electricity. When an Android application is no longer in use, the system will


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automatically suspend it in memory; while the application is still technically "open", suspended applicationsconsume no resources (for example, battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background untilneeded again. This brings a dual benefit by increasing the general responsiveness of Android devices, sinceapplications do not need to be closed and reopened from scratch each time, and by ensuring that backgroundapplications do not consume power needlessly.[74][75]

Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically: when memory is low, the system willbegin killing applications and processes that have been inactive for a while, in reverse order since they werelast used (oldest first). This process is designed to be invisible to the user, so that users do not need tomanage memory or the killing of applications themselves.[76][77] In 2011, third-party task killers werereported by Lifehacker as doing more harm than good.[78]

Hardware

See also: Android hardware requirements

The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures),with x86 and MIPS architectures also officially supported (the latter two became officially supported in laterAndroid versions). Since Android 5.0 "Lollipop", 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition tothe 32-bit variants.[79] Unofficial Android-x86 project used to provide support for the x86 and MIPSarchitectures ahead of the official support.[5][80] Since 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began toappear, including phones[81] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first madeto run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.

Android 5.1 has a varying minimum RAM requirements; 512 MB of RAM for normal density screens up toabout 1.8 GB, as a minimum, for high density screens.[82] Android 4.4 recommends at least 512 MB ofRAM,[83] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not includememory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[84] Android 4.4 requiresa 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports),[5][85] togetherwith an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[86] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1,2.0, 3.0 and 3.1. Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitableGPU hardware is required to run such applications.[86]

Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components, including still or video cameras, GPS,orientation sensors, dedicated gaming controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers,proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens. Some hardware components are notrequired, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additionalrequirements apply if they are present. Some other hardware was initially required, but those requirementshave been relaxed or eliminated altogether. For example, as Android was developed initially as a phone OS,hardware such as microphones were required, while over time the phone function became optional.[69]

Android used to require an autofocus camera, which was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera[69] if it is evenpresent at all, since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely when Android started to be used onset-top boxes.

In addition to running on smartphones and tablets, several vendors run Android natively on regular PChardware with a keyboard and mouse.[87][88][89] In addition to their availability on commercially availablehardware, similar PC hardware–friendly versions of Android are freely available from the Android-x86project, including customized Android 4.4.[90] Using the Android emulator that is part of the Android SDK,or by using BlueStacks or Andy, Android can also run non-natively on x86.[91][92] Chinese companies arebuilding a PC and mobile operating system, based on Android, to "compete directly with Microsoft Windowsand Google Android".[93] The Chinese Academy of Engineering noted that "more than a dozen" companies


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Android green figure, next to its

original packaging

were customising Android following a Chinese ban on the use of Windows 8 on government PCs.[94][95][96]

Development

Android is developed in private by Google until the latest changesand updates are ready to be released, at which point the source codeis made available publicly.[97] This source code will only run withoutmodification on select devices, usually the Nexus series of devices.The source code is, in turn, adapted by OEMs to run on theirhardware.[98] Android's source code does not contain the oftenproprietary device drivers that are needed for certain hardwarecomponents.[99]

The green Android logo was designed for Google in 2007, by agraphic designer Irina Blok. The design team was tasked with aproject to create a universally identifiable icon with the specificinclusion of a robot in the final design. After numerous designdevelopments based on science-fiction and space movies, the team eventually sought inspiration from thehuman symbol on restroom doors and modified the figure into a robot shape. As Android is open-sourced, itwas agreed that the logo should be likewise, and since its launch the green logo has been reinterpreted intocountless variations on the original design.[100]

Update schedule

See also: Android version history

Google provides major incremental upgrades to Android every six to nine months, with confectionery-themed names, which most devices are capable of receiving over the air.[101] The latest major release isAndroid 5.0 "Lollipop".[42]

Compared to its primary rival mobile operating system, iOS, Android updates typically reach various deviceswith significant delays. For devices not under the Nexus brand, updates often arrive months from the timethe given version is officially released, if at all.[102] This is partly due to the extensive variation in hardwareof Android devices, to which each upgrade must be specifically tailored, as the official Google source codeonly runs on their flagship Nexus devices. Porting Android to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consuming process for device manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often leave older onesbehind.[102] Hence, older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer decides it is not worththeir time, regardless of whether the phone is capable of running the update. This problem is compoundedwhen manufacturers customize Android with their own interface and apps, which must be reapplied to eachnew release. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who, after receiving updates frommanufacturers, further customize and brand Android to their needs and conduct extensive testing on theirnetworks before sending the upgrade out to users.[102]

The lack of after-sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumergroups and the technology media.[103][104] Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financialincentive not to upgrade their devices, as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase of newerones,[105] an attitude described as "insulting".[104] The Guardian has complained that the method ofdistribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it thatway.[104] In 2011, Google partnered with a number of industry players to announce an "Android UpdateAlliance", pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its release;[106] however,there has not been another official word about that alliance.[102][107]


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In 2012, Google began decoupling certain aspects of the operating system (particularly core applications) sothey could be updated through Google Play Store, independently of Android itself. One of thesecomponents, Google Play Services, is a closed-source system-level process providing APIs for Googleservices, installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android version 2.2 and higher. With thesechanges, Google can add new operating system functionality through Play Services and application updateswithout having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself. As a result, Android 4.2 and 4.3contained relatively fewer user-facing changes, focusing more on minor changes and platformimprovements.[3][108]

Linux kernel

Android's kernel is based on one of the Linux kernel's long-term support (LTS) branches. Since April 2014,Android devices mainly use versions 3.4 or 3.10 of the Linux kernel.[109][110] The specific kernel versiondepends on the actual Android device and its hardware platform;[111][112][113] Android has used variouskernel versions since the version 2.6.25 that was used in Android 1.0.[35]

Android's variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Googleoutside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like Binder,ashmem, pmem, logger, wakelocks, and different out-of-memory (OOM) handling.[114][115][116] Certainfeatures that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called"wakelocks", were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly because they felt that Google did not showany intent to maintain its own code.[117][118][119] Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire twoemployees to work with the Linux kernel community,[120] but Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linuxkernel maintainer for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was nolonger trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.[118] Some Google Android developershinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process," because they were a small team and hadmore urgent work to do on Android.[121]

In August 2011, Linus Torvalds said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a commonkernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years".[122] In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartmanannounced the start of Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android drivers, patches andfeatures back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3.[123] Linux included the autosleep and wakelockscapabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but theupstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the traditional suspendthat Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known on the desktop).[124] Google maintains a publiccode repository that contains their experimental work to re-base Android off the latest stable Linux versions.[125][126]

The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as /system for the operatingsystem itself, and /data for user data and application installations.[127] In contrast to desktop Linuxdistributions, Android device owners are not given root access to the operating system and sensitivepartitions such as /system are read-only. However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flawsin Android, which is used frequently by the open-source community to enhance the capabilities of theirdevices,[128] but also by malicious parties to install viruses and malware.[129]

Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation,[130] Google's open-source chief ChrisDiBona,[131] and several journalists.[132][133] Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say thatAndroid is not Linux in the traditional Unix-like Linux distribution sense; Android does not include the GNUC Library (it uses Bionic as an alternative C library) and some of other components typically found in Linuxdistributions.[134]

Software stack


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Android's architecture diagram

On top of the Linux kernel, there are themiddleware, libraries and APIs written in C, andapplication software running on an applicationframework which includes Java-compatiblelibraries based on Apache Harmony.Development of the Linux kernel continuesindependently of other Android's source codebases.

Until version 5.0, Android used Dalvik as aprocess virtual machine with trace-basedjust-in-time (JIT) compilation to run Dalvik"dex-code" (Dalvik Executable), which isusually translated from the Java bytecode.Following the trace-based JIT principle, inaddition to interpreting the majority ofapplication code, Dalvik performs thecompilation and native execution of selectfrequently executed code segments ("traces") each time an application is launched.[135][136][137] Android 4.4introduced Android Runtime (ART) as a new runtime environment, which uses ahead-of-time (AOT)compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the installation of anapplication. In Android 4.4, ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default; it became the onlyruntime option in the next major version of Android, 5.0.[138]

Android's standard C library, Bionic, was developed by Google specifically for Android, as a derivation ofthe BSD's standard C library code. Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to theLinux kernel. The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the GNU C Library (glibc) or uClibc are itssmaller runtime footprint, and optimization for low-frequency CPUs. At the same time, Bionic is licensedunder the terms of the BSD licence, which Google finds more suitable for the Android's overall licensingmodel.[137]

Aiming for a different licensing model, toward the end of 2012 Google switched the Bluetooth stack inAndroid from the GPL-licensed BlueZ to the Apache-licensed BlueDroid.[139]

Android does not have a native X Window System by default, nor does it support the full set of standardGNU libraries. This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android,[134] untilversion r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in Cor C++.[140] Libraries written in C may also be used in applications by injection of a small shim and usage ofthe JNI.[141]

Open-source community

Android has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use the Android Open Source Project

(AOSP) source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system.[142]

These community-developed releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than throughthe official manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive testing or quality assurance;[19]

provide continued support for older devices that no longer receive official updates; or bring Android todevices that were officially released running other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad. Communityreleases often come pre-rooted and contain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, such as theability to overclock or over/undervolt the device's processor.[143] CyanogenMod is the most widely usedcommunity firmware,[144] and acts as a foundation for numerous others. There have also been attempts withvarying degrees of success to port Android to iPhones, notably the iDroid Project.[145]


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Permissions are used to

control a particular

application's access to

system functions.

Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-partyfirmware development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices runningunofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.[146] Moreover, modified firmwares such asCyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such as tethering, for which carriers would otherwise charge apremium. As a result, technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to rootpermissions are common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown morepopular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the"jailbreaking" of mobile devices,[147] manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding thirdparty development, with some, including HTC,[146] Motorola,[148] Samsung[149][150] and Sony,[151] providingsupport and encouraging development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent hardwarerestrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped withunlocked or unlockable bootloaders, similar to Nexus series of phones, although usually requiring that userswaive their devices' warranties to do so.[146] However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in theUS still require that phones are locked down, frustrating developers and customers.[152][152]

Security and privacy

See also: Mobile security

Android applications run in a sandbox, an isolated area of the system that doesnot have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access permissionsare explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed. Beforeinstalling an application, Play Store displays all required permissions: a gamemay need to enable vibration or save data to an SD card, for example, butshould not need to read SMS messages or access the phonebook. Afterreviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or refuse them,installing the application only if they accept.[153] The sandboxing andpermissions system lessens the impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications,but developer confusion and limited documentation has resulted in applicationsroutinely requesting unnecessary permissions, reducing its effectiveness.[154]

Google has now pushed an update to Android Verify Apps feature, which willnow run in background to detect malicious processes and crack them down.[155]

The fragmentation of Android is also a problem for security, since patches tobugs found in the core operating system may not reach users of older devices.[156][157]

As of 2015, Android does not have a user-accessible system for managing theprivileges of individual applications, for example to block applications from having capabilities to access themicrophone and camera. An "App Ops" privacy and application permissions control system, used forinternal development and testing by Google, was introduced in Google's Android 4.3 release for the Nexusdevices; initially hidden, this feature was discovered publicly.[158] Access to the App Ops was later restrictedby Google starting with Android 4.4.2 with an explanation that the feature was accidentally enabled and notintended for end-users; for such a decision, Google received criticism from the Electronic FrontierFoundation.[159][160][161] Individual application permissions management, through the App Ops or third-partytools, is currently only possible with root access to the device.[162][163]

Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most common type ofAndroid malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium-rate telephone numberswithout the consent or even knowledge of the user.[164] Other malware displays unwanted and intrusiveadverts on the device, or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties.[164] Security threats onAndroid are reportedly growing exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and


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virus threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial reasons,[165][166] andhave accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection software to users.[165] Googlemaintains that dangerous malware is actually extremely rare,[166] and a survey conducted by F-Secureshowed that only 0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store.[167]

Google uses Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan applications available in the GooglePlay Store.[168] It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential threat with anapplication before they download it.[169] Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was released in 2012 with enhancedsecurity features, including a malware scanner built into the system, which works in combination withGoogle Play but can scan apps installed from third party sources as well, and an alert system which notifiesthe user when an app tries to send a premium-rate text message, blocking the message unless the userexplicitly authorises it.[170] Several security firms, such as Lookout Mobile Security,[171] AVGTechnologies,[172] and McAfee,[173] have released antivirus software for Android devices. This software isineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications, limiting their ability to scan the deeper system forthreats.[174][175]

Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phoneusers move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of suchaccess points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps likeFoursquare, Google Latitude, Facebook Places, and to deliver location-based ads.[176] Third partymonitoring software such as TaintDroid,[177] an academic research-funded project, can, in some cases, detectwhen personal information is being sent from applications to remote servers.[178] In August 2013, Googlereleased Android Device Manager (ADM), a component that allows users to remotely track, locate, andwipe their Android device through a web interface.[108][179] In December 2013, Google released ADM as anAndroid application on the Google Play store, where it is available to devices running Android version 2.2and higher.[180][181]

The open-source nature of Android allows security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them forhighly secure uses. For example, Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open KernelLabs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the "Knox" project.[182][183]

As part of the broader 2013 mass surveillance disclosures it was revealed in September 2013 that theAmerican and British intelligence agencies, the National Security Agency (NSA) and GovernmentCommunications Headquarters (GCHQ), respectively, have access to the user data on iPhone, BlackBerry,and Android devices. They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information, including SMS,location, emails, and notes.[184] In January 2014, further reports revealed the intelligence agencies'capabilities to intercept the personal information transmitted across the Internet by social networks and otherpopular applications such as Angry Birds, which collect personal information of their users for advertisingand other commercial reasons. GCHQ has, according to The Guardian, a wiki-style guide of different appsand advertising networks, and the different data that can be siphoned from each.[185] Later that week, theFinnish Angry Birds developer Rovio announced that it was reconsidering its relationships with itsadvertising platforms in the light of these revelations, and called upon the wider industry to do the same.[186]

The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches andqueries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk.[185] The NSAand GCHQ insist their activities are in compliance with all relevant domestic and international laws,although the Guardian stated "the latest disclosures could also add to mounting public concern about howthe technology sector collects and uses information, especially for those outside the US, who enjoy fewerprivacy protections than Americans."[185]

Licensing


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The source code for Android is open source; it is developed in private by Google, with the source codereleased publicly when a new version of Android is released. Google publishes most of the code (includingnetwork and telephony stacks) under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2.0. which allowsmodification and redistribution.[187][188] The license does not grant rights to the "Android" trademark, sodevice manufacturers and wireless carriers have to license it from Google under individual contracts.Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2,developed by the Open Handset Alliance, with the source code publicly available at all times. Typically,Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device (part of the Nexus series)featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source code available after that device has beenreleased.[189] The only Android release which was not immediately made available as source code was thetablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post,was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom,[190] and they did not want thirdparties creating a "really bad user experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Androidintended for tablets.[191]

Only the base Android operating system (including some applications) is open-source software, whereasmost Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software, such as Google MobileServices, which includes applications such as Google Play Store, Google Search, and Google PlayServices—a software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Google-provided services, amongothers. These applications must be licensed from Google by device makers, and can only be shipped ondevices which meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements.[65][108] Custom, certifieddistributions of Android produced by manufacturers (such as TouchWiz and HTC Sense) may also replacecertain stock Android apps with their own proprietary variants and add additional software not included inthe stock Android operating system.[3] There may also be "binary blob" drivers required for certain hardwarecomponents in the device.[3][99]

Some stock applications in AOSP code that were formerly used by earlier versions of Android, such asSearch, Music, and Calendar, have been abandoned by Google in favor of non-free replacements distributedthrough Play Store (Google Search, Google Play Music, and Google Calendar) that are no longer opensource. Some apps in source code also exclude functions that that are present in non-free versions, such asPhotosphere panoramas in Camera, and a Google Now page on the default home screen (exclusive to theproprietary version "Google Now Launcher", whose code is embedded within that of the main Googleapp).[3][192][193][194]

Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have been critical of Android and have recommendedthe usage of alternatives such as Replicant, because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning ofAndroid devices are usually proprietary, and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly installor deinstall applications and, as a result, invite non-free software.[195][196]

Leverage over manufacturers

Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software, along with Android trademarks, only to hardwaremanufacturers for devices that meet Google's compatibility standards specified in the Android CompatibilityProgram document.[197] Thus, forks of Android that make major changes to the operating system itself donot include any of Google's non-free components, stay incompatible with applications that require them, andmust ship with an alternative software marketplace in lieu of Google Play Store.[3] Examples of suchAndroid forks are Amazon's Fire OS (which is used on the Kindle Fire line of tablets, and oriented towardAmazon services), the Nokia X Software Platform (a fork used by the Nokia X family, oriented primarilytoward Nokia and Microsoft services), and other forks that exclude Google apps due to the generalunavailability of Google service in that country and licensing fees (such as in China).[198][199] In 2014,Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Services softwaredisplay a prominent "Powered by Android" logo on their boot screens.[65]


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Android-x86 running on an ASUS

EeePC netbook; Android has been

unofficially ported to traditional PCs

for use as a desktop operating system.

Members of the Open Handset Alliance, which include the majority of Android OEMs, are alsocontractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS;[3][200] in 2012, Acer Inc.was forced by Google to halt production on a device powered by Alibaba Group's Aliyun OS with threats ofremoval from the OHA, as Google deemed the platform to be an incompatible version of Android. AlibabaGroup defended the allegations, arguing that the OS was a distinct platform from Android (primarily usingHTML5 apps), but incorporated portions of Android's platform to allow backwards compatibility withthird-party Android software. Indeed, the devices did ship with an application store which offered Androidapps; however, the majority of them were pirated.[201][202][203]

Reception

Android received a lukewarm reaction when it was unveiled in 2007.Although analysts were impressed with the respected technologycompanies that had partnered with Google to form the Open HandsetAlliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers wouldbe willing to replace their existing operating systems withAndroid.[204] The idea of an open-source, Linux-based developmentplatform sparked interest,[205] but there were additional worries aboutAndroid facing strong competition from established players in thesmartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and rival Linuxmobile operating systems that were in development.[206] Theseestablished players were skeptical: Nokia was quoted as saying "wedon't see this as a threat,"[207] and a member of Microsoft's WindowsMobile team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are goingto have."[207]

Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system[18][208] and"one of the fastest mobile experiences available."[209] Reviewers have highlighted the open-source nature ofthe operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing companies such as Nokia (Nokia Xfamily),[210] Amazon (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook), Ouya, Baidu and others to fork the softwareand release hardware running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been described bytechnology website Ars Technica as "practically the default operating system for launching new hardware"for companies without their own mobile platforms.[18] This openness and flexibility is also present at thelevel of the end user: Android allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freelyavailable from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been cited as among the mainadvantages of Android phones over others.[18][211]

Despite Android's popularity, including an activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reportsthat Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Androidinto the money maker that analysts had expected.[212] The Verge suggested that Google is losing control ofAndroid due to the extensive customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services—Amazon'sKindle Fire line uses Fire OS, a heavily modified fork of Android which does not include or support any ofGoogle's proprietary components, and requires that users obtain software from its competing AmazonAppstore instead of Play Store.[3] In 2014, in an effort to improve prominence of the Android brand, Googlebegan to require that devices featuring its proprietary components display an Android logo on the bootscreen.[65]

Android has suffered from "fragmentation",[213] a situation where the variety of Android devices, in terms ofboth hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developingapplications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS wherehardware and software varies less. For example, according to data from OpenSignal in July 2013, there were


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11,868 models of Android device, numerous different screen sizes and eight Android OS versionssimultaneously in use, while the large majority of iOS users have upgraded to the latest iteration of thatOS.[214] Critics such as Apple Insider have asserted that fragmentation via hardware and software pushedAndroid's growth through large volumes of low end, budget-priced devices running older versions ofAndroid. They maintain this forces Android developers to write for the "lowest common denominator" toreach as many users as possible, who have too little incentive to make use of the latest hardware or softwarefeatures only available on a smaller percentage of devices.[215] However, OpenSignal, who develops bothAndroid and iOS apps, concluded that although fragmentation can make development trickier, Android'swider global reach also increases the potential reward.[214]

Market share

Main article: Mobile operating system § Market share

Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share ofworldwide smartphone shipments.[216] By the fourth quarter of 2010, this had grown to 33% of the marketbecoming the top-selling smartphone platform,[217] overtaking Symbian.[218] By the third quarter of 2011Gartner estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone sales belonged to Android.[219] By thethird quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global smartphone market according to the researchfirm IDC.[220]

In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 new Android devices were being activated every day,[221] up from400,000 per day in May,[222] and more than 100 million devices had been activated[223] with 4.4% growthper week.[221] In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million activations perday.[224][225] In May 2013, at Google I/O, Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices hadbeen activated.[226]

Android market share varies by location. In July 2012, "mobile subscribers aged 13+" in the United Statesusing Android were up to 52%,[227] and rose to 90% in China.[228] During the third quarter of 2012,Android's worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75%,[220] with 750 million devices activated intotal. In April 2013 Android had 1.5 million activations per day.[225] As of May 2013, 48 billion applications("apps") have been installed from the Google Play store,[67] and by September 2013, one billion Androiddevices have been activated.[229]

As of July 2013, the Google Play store has had over one million Android applications published, and over 50billion applications downloaded.[12] A developer survey conducted in April–May 2013 found that Android isused by 71% of mobile developers.[13] The operating system's success has made it a target for patentlitigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between technology companies.[20][21]

Android devices account for more than half of smartphone sales in most markets, including the US, while"only in Japan was Apple on top" (September–November 2013 numbers).[230] At the end of 2013, over 1.5billion Android smartphones have been sold in the four years since 2010,[231][232] making Android the mostsold phone and tablet OS. Three billion Android smartphones are estimated to be sold by the end of 2014(including previous years). According to Gartner research company, Android-based devices outsold allcontenders, every year since 2012.[233] In 2013, it outsold Windows 2.8:1 or by 573 million.[234][235][236] Asof 2015, Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems;[11] Since 2013, devices running italso sell more than Windows, iOS and Mac OS X devices combined.[237]

Since July 2014, Android is the most popular mobile operating system when it comes to use for webbrowsing, according to Net Applications.[238] In India and other countries, Android is the most popularoperating system overall (not just counting the "mobile" ones) for web browsing usage. According to


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The first-generation Nexus 7 tablet

StatCounter, "mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including India, South Africaand Saudi Arabia",[239] with several countries in Africa having done so already, including Ethiopia andKenya in which mobile usage is at 72.23%.[240]

While Android phones in the Western world commonly include Google's proprietary add-ons (such asGoogle Play) to the otherwise open-source operating system, this is increasingly not the case in emergingmarkets; "ABI Research claims that 65 million devices shipped globally with open-source Android in thesecond quarter of [2014], up from 54 million in the first quarter"; depending on country, percent of phonesestimated to be based only on Android's source code (AOSP), forgoing the Android trademark: Thailand(44%), Philippines (38%), Indonesia (31%), India (21%), Malaysia (24%), Mexico (18%), Brazil (9%).[241]

According to a January 2015 Gartner report, "Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014, andwill continue to grow at a double-digit pace in 2015, with a 26 percent increase year over year." This made itthe first time that any general-purpose operating system has reached more than one billion end users within ayear: by reaching close to 1.16 billion end users in 2014, Android shipped over four times more than iOS andOS X combined, and over three times more than Microsoft Windows. Gartner expected the whole mobilephone market to "reach two billion units in 2016", including Android.[242]

According to a Statistica's estimate, Android smartphones had an installed base of 1.6 billion units in 2014,which was 75% of the estimated total number of smartphones worldwide.[243][244][c] Android has the largestinstalled base of any mobile operating system and, since 2013, the highest-selling operating systemoverall[234][246][247][237][248] with sales in 2012, 2013 and 2014[249] close to the installed base of all PCs.[250]

In the third quarter of 2013, Android's share of the global smartphone shipment market was 81.3%, thehighest ever,[251] and the Android share—led by Samsung products—was 81.3%.[251][252][253]

By August 2015, two continents have gone mobile-majority, by web use, because of Android. See Usageshare of web_browsers.

Adoption on tablets

Despite its success on smartphones, initially Android tablet adoptionwas slow.[254] One of the main causes was the chicken or the eggsituation where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tabletdue to a lack of high quality tablet applications, but developers werehesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applicationsuntil there was a significant market for them.[255][256] The contentand app "ecosystem" proved more important than hardware specs asthe selling point for tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specificapplications in 2011, early Android tablets had to make do withexisting smartphone applications that were ill-suited to larger screensizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's iPad was reinforced by thelarge number of tablet-specific iOS applications.[256][257]

Despite app support in its infancy, a considerable number of Androidtablets (alongside those using other operating systems, such as the HPTouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook) were rushed out to market inan attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad.[256] InfoWorld hassuggested that some Android manufacturers initially treated their firsttablets as a "Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investmentopportunity by placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (beforeAndroid 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was available) on a device whileneglecting user interface. This approach, such as with the Dell Streak, failed to gain market traction withconsumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.[258][259] Furthermore, several


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Lollipop (21.0%)

KitKat (39.2%)

Jelly Bean (31.8%)

Ice Cream Sandwich (3.7%)

Gingerbread (4.1%)

Froyo (0.2%)

Android tablets such as the Motorola Xoom were priced the same or higher than the iPad, which hurt sales.An exception was the Amazon Kindle Fire, which relied upon lower pricing as well as access to Amazon'secosystem of applications and content.[256][260]

This began to change in 2012 with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google fordevelopers to write better tablet applications.[261] According to International Data Corporation, shipments ofAndroid-powered tablets surpassed iPads in Q3 2012.[262]

As of the end of 2013, over 191.6 million Android tablets had sold in three years since 2011.[263][264] Thismade Android tablets the most-sold type of tablet in 2013, surpassing iPads in the second quarter of2013.[265]

According to the StatCounter's June 2015 web use statistics, Android tablets represent the majority of tabletdevices used on the South American[266] and African continents (60.23%),[267] while they have equaled withthe iPad's market share in major countries on all continents (with the North America as an exception, thoughin El Salvador Android has the majority[268]), and getting close to representing the majority on the wholeAsian continent[269] having done so already in India (65.9%),[270] Indonesia (62.22%),[271] and most Middle-Eastern countries.[272] In about half of the European countries, Android tablets have a majority marketshare.[273] China is an exception for the major developing countries, in which Android phablets (classified assmartphones while similar in size to tablets) are more popular than Android tablets or iPads.

Platform usage

Charts in this section provide breakdowns of Android versions, based ondevices accessing the Google Play Store in a seven-day period ending onSeptember 7, 2015.[274][d] Therefore, these statistics exclude devicesrunning various Android forks that do not access the Google Play Store,such as Amazon's Fire tablets.

Version Code name Release dateAPI

levelDistribution

5.1.xLollipop

March 9, 2015 22 5.1%

5.0–5.0.2 November 3, 2014 21 15.9%

4.4–4.4.4 KitKat October 31, 2013 19 39.2%

4.3.x

Jelly Bean

July 24, 2013 18 4.5%

4.2.x November 13, 2012 17 15.2%

4.1.x July 9, 2012 16 12.1%

4.0.3–4.0.4Ice CreamSandwich

December 16, 2011 15 3.7%

2.3.3–2.3.7 Gingerbread February 9, 2011 10 4.1%

2.2–2.2.3 Froyo May 20, 2010 8 0.2%

Application piracy

In general, paid Android applications can easily be pirated.[275] In a May 2012 interview with Eurogamer,the developers of Football Manager stated that the ratio of pirated players vs legitimate players was 9:1 fortheir game Football Manager Handheld.[276] However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were anissue; for example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind-up Knight said that piracy levels of theirgame were only 12%, and most of the piracy came from China, where people cannot purchase apps from


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Google Play.[277]

In 2010, Google released a tool for validating authorized purchases for use within apps, but developerscomplained that this was insufficient and trivial to crack. Google responded that the tool, especially its initialrelease, was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on theirneeds, not as a finished piracy solution.[278] Android "Jelly Bean" introduced the ability for paid apps to beencrypted, so that they may only work on the device for which they were licensed.[279][280]

Legal issues

Further information: Oracle v. Google, Smartphone wars and Patent troll

Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. OnAugust 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to theJava programming language.[281] Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion,[282] but this valuationwas rejected by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate.[283] In response,Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle's patentsor copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is basedon Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independentlydeveloped virtual machine called Dalvik.[284] In May 2012, the jury in this case found that Google did notinfringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google wasnot copyrightable.[285][286] The parties agreed to zero dollars in statutory damages for a small amount ofcopied code.[287] On May 9, 2014, the Federal Circuit partially reversed the district court ruling, ruling inOracle's favor on the copyrightability issue, and remanding the issue of fair use to the district court.[288][289]

In addition to lawsuits against Google directly, various proxy wars have been waged against Androidindirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging manufacturers fromadopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market.[290] Both Apple andMicrosoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing legal action againstSamsung being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011, Microsoft said they had signed patentlicense agreements with ten Android device manufacturers, whose products account for "70% in the U.S."(http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2012/jan12/01-12lgpr.aspx). and 55% of the worldwiderevenue for Android devices.[291] These include Samsung and HTC.[292] Samsung's patent settlement withMicrosoft includes an agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketingphones running Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system.[290]

Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusingApple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovatingand competing with better products and services.[293] In 2011–12, Google purchased Motorola Mobility forUS$12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since MotorolaMobility held more than 17,000 patents.[294] In December 2011, Google bought over a thousand patentsfrom IBM.[295]

In 2013, FairSearch, a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle and others, filed a complaintregarding Android with the European Commission, alleging that its free-of-charge distribution modelconstituted anti-competitive predatory pricing. The Free Software Foundation Europe, whose donors includeGoogle, disputed the Fairsearch allegations.[296]

Use outside of smartphones and tablets

The open and customizable nature of Android allows it to be used on other electronics aside from


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Ouya, a video game console which

runs Android.

smartphones and tablets, including laptops and netbooks,smartbooks,[297] smart TVs (Android TV, Google TV) and cameras(E.g. Galaxy Camera).[298] In addition, the Android operating systemhas seen applications on smart glasses (Google Glass),smartwatches,[299] headphones,[300] car CD and DVD players,[301]

mirrors,[302] portable media players,[303] landline[304] and Voice overIP phones.[305] Ouya, a video game console running Android, becameone of the most successful Kickstarter campaigns, crowdfundingUS$8.5m for its development,[306][307] and was later followed byother Android-based consoles, such as Nvidia's Shield Portable – anAndroid device in a video game controller form factor.[308]

In 2011, Google demonstrated "Android@Home", a home automation technology which uses Android tocontrol a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets and thermostats.[309] Prototypelight bulbs were announced that could be controlled from an Android phone or tablet, but Android headAndy Rubin was cautious to note that "turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new", pointing to numerousfailed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was touse their position as a cloud services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes.[310][311]

Parrot unveiled an Android-based car stereo system known as Asteroid in 2011,[312] followed by a successor,the touchscreen-based Asteroid Smart, in 2012.[313] In 2013, Clarion released its own Android-based carstereo, the AX1.[314] In January 2014, at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Google announced theformation of the Open Automotive Alliance, a group including several major automobile makers (Audi,General Motors, Hyundai, and Honda) and Nvidia, which aims to produce Android-based in carentertainment systems for automobiles, "[bringing] the best of Android into the automobile in a safe andseamless way."[315]

On March 18, 2014, Google announced Android Wear, an Android-based platform specifically intended forsmartwatches and other wearable devices; only a developer preview was made publicly available.[316] Thiswas followed by the unveiling of two Android-Wear-based devices, the LG G Watch and Moto 360.[317]

On June 25, 2014, at Google I/O, it was announced that Android TV, a Smart TV platform, is replacing thepreviously released Google TV. On June 26, 2014, Google announced Android Auto for the car.

Desktops and laptops

Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops (a similar functionality of running Android applications is alsoavailable in the Google Chrome OS) and can also be installed on most personal computers by end users. Onthose platforms Android provides additional functionality for non-virtual keyboards and mice, together withthe "Alt-Tab" key combination for switching applications quickly with a keyboard; such functionality isusually not considered essential for "mobile" platforms, while it is also usable on them with accessories.

One reviewer commented on "desktop" use of Android, comparing it with traditional Linux desktops:

“ The notification center is vastly more complete and robust than in most environments. Justabout every type of notification comes through this one user interface, functionality thatother desktops only dream of. [..]

If one can get over the whole “every app runs full screen” shebang, Android actually makesfor an astoundingly usable, easy to learn, fairly peppy and relatively good-looking desktopenvironment. ”


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Would I enjoy the Android user experience as my primary Linux Desktop experience? Yes.Absolutely. In fact, for long periods of time, Android has been my primary computingplatform. And the environment is absolutely usable for that purpose.

—Bryan Lunduke, Network World[318]

See also

Android rootingAndroid version historyComparison of mobile operating systemsIndex of Android OS articlesList of GPS software for mobile phonesOpenmokoStagefright (bug)

Notes

As of Android 5.0, the following languages are supported: Afrikaans, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Melayu, Català,Čeština, Dansk, Deutsch, Eesti, English (Australia), English (India), English (United Kingdom), English (UnitedStates), Español (España), Español (Estados Unidos), Euskara, Filipino, Français (Canada), Français (France),Galego, Hrvatski, IsiZulu, Íslenska, Italiano, Kiswahili, Latviešu, Lietuvių, Magyar, Nederlands, Norsk bokmål,Polski, Português (Brasil), Português (Portugal), Română, Slovenčina, Slovenščina, Suomi, Svenska, Tiếng Việt,Türkçe, Eλληνικά, Български, Кыргызса, Македонски, Монгол, Русский, Српски, Українська,

ქართული, Հայերեն, فارسی, العربية, עברית , አማርኛ, नेपाल�, मराठ, �ह द�, ��, தமி�, ��, ಕನ�ಡ,

��, �ංහල, ไทย, ລາວ, ែខម រ, 한국어, 中文 (简体), 中文 (繁體), 中文 (香港), and 日本語.

a.

Official 64-bit support for all platforms was introduced in Android 5.0 "Lollipop".b. To put the Statistica's numbers in context: by Strategy Analytics estimates, Windows the most popular"desktop" operating system, has an estimated installed base of about 1.3 billion at best;[245] they also estimatethe overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will havesurpassed them by 2018.

c.

Versions accounting for less than 0.1% are not included.d.

References

"Android Code Analysis" (http://www.ohloh.net/p/android/analyses/latest). Retrieved June 6, 2012.1. "The Android Source Code: Governance Philosophy" (http://source.android.com/source/index.html).source.android.com. December 17, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.

2.

"Google’s iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary" (http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary). Ars Technica.Retrieved December 8, 2013.

3.

"Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1" (http://android-developers.blogspot.in/2008/09/announcing-android-10-sdk-release-1.html). September 9, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2012.

4.

Shah, Agam (December 1, 2011). "Google's Android 4.0 ported to x86 processors"(http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9222323/Google_s_Android_4.0_ported_to_x86_processors).Computerworld. International Data Group. Retrieved February 20, 2012.

5.

"MIPS gets sweet with Honeycomb" (http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4215490/MIPS-gets-sweet-with-Honeycomb). Eetimes.com. Retrieved February 20, 2012.

6.

"android/platform/bionic/" (https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/master/libc/).7. "android/platform/external/mksh/" (https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/mksh/+/master).8.


19 of 34 9/10/2015 12:06 PM

"android/platform/system/core/toolbox/" (https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/toolbox/).

9.

"Licenses" (http://source.android.com/source/licenses.html). Android Open Source Project. Open HandsetAlliance. Retrieved September 9, 2012. "The preferred license for the Android Open Source Project is the

Apache Software License, 2.0. ... Why Apache Software License? ... For userspace (that is, non-kernel)

software, we do in fact prefer ASL2.0 (and similar licenses like BSD, MIT, etc.) over other licenses such as

LGPL. Android is about freedom and choice. The purpose of Android is promote openness in the mobile

world, but we don't believe it's possible to predict or dictate all the uses to which people will want to put our

software. So, while we encourage everyone to make devices that are open and modifiable, we don't believe it

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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Android

(operating system).

Palladino, Valentina (September 30, 2013). "Google reveals Android Wear, an operating system forsmartwatches" (http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/google-reveals-android-wear-an-operating-system-designed-for). The Verge. Retrieved March 20, 2014.

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Lunduke, Bryan (December 1, 2014). "The Linux desktop-a-week review: Android as a desktop environment"(http://www.networkworld.com/article/2851031/opensource-subnet/the-linux-desktop-a-week-review-android-as-a-desktop-environment.html). Network World. Retrieved March 24, 2015.

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External links

Official website (http://www.android.com/)Android Developers YouTube Channel(https://www.youtube.com/user/androiddevelopers)Android Demo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FJHYqE0RDg) on YouTube, November 11, 2007Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry (http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/071128.html): lecture given by Google Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner atStanford University (video archive (http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=071128-ee380-300.asx))Android Internals: Fragment of a course detailing the architecture of Android and interaction of itscomponents (http://technologeeks.com/Courses/Android-Excerpt.pdf)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_(operating_system)&oldid=680104460"

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